There are 15 messages in this issue.
Topics in this digest:
1a. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
From: Carsten Becker
1b. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
From: taliesin the storyteller
1c. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
From: Sally Caves
1d. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
From: Paul Roser
1e. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
From: Sally Caves
2a. Fw: CA Bay Area (and nearby) conlang meetup next month
From: Sally Caves
2b. Re: Fw: CA Bay Area (and nearby) conlang meetup next month
From: Peter Ara Guekguezian
3a. Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
From: Steven Williams
3b. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
From: Roger Mills
3c. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
From: Larry Sulky
3d. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
From: Sai Emrys
3e. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
From: Sai Emrys
4. Re: Emphasis markers AND 2nd pers. polite
From: Roger Mills
5. Re: book recommendation - "Volapuk"
From: Hanuman Zhang
6. Re: Project: Contact!
From: Hanuman Zhang
Messages
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1a. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
Posted by: "Carsten Becker" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 5:38 am (PDT)
From: "Sally Caves" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Sent: Thursday, July 27, 2006 4:33 AM
>> I for instance would have been adressed as Kandidaten
>> (i.e. the academic Candidate degree9 for most of
>> my life. In fact _min Herre/Herrn_ or _Frun_ was used
>> only with people so lowly as to not have any occupational
>> tiles, although servants would address their employers
>> with these titles, and _Frun_ of course was the correct
>> address for a housewife, so there were proportionally
>> more women addressed _Frun_ than there were men adressed
>> _Herrn_ -- once you knew their occupation that is.
>
> Interesting. Sounds like the "Sehr geerhter Herr Doktor
> Professor Wilhelm Wolfgang."
> Too cumbersome in T; everybody is Hmeo if you are being
> respectful. Although maybe I'll adapt that for formal
> letters.
That seems very Austrian or Swiss German to me, although I
don't know to what extent they use titles in Switzerland.
My dad once worked in Switzerland for a year, and he was
addressed as "Herr Ingenieur" instead of plain "Herr
Becker" -- Here in *Germany* (de-DE so to speak), you're
addressed as "Herr X" or "Frau X" once you seem old enough
to be called so, but not throughout: you usually use the
2nd person plural pronoun "Sie" to address people after
greeting -- as Sally said later in her posting, this is only
a matter of politeness and general respect. Besides, note
that the pronouns belonging to "Sie" are always written with
a capital first letter. You did that with the familiar 2nd
person "Du" as well in letters until they reformed the
orthography. Now that they reformed it again (and again and
again ...), they reinforced the capitalization of _du_. I
don't know whether this might be of interest in this
discussion, I just wanted to mention it.
As for my Ayeri conpeople, they would use the 2nd person
singular pronoun _eva_ as familiar pronoun and the 2nd
person plural pronoun _va_ as the polite form, though
colloquially, _eva_ tends to be reduced to _va_ as well. And
then, there's the honorable pronoun _vay_, which you use to
address a really honorable person, like a king, or gods/God
(haven't decided yet) -- this should not imply that kings
have a god-like status, though!
Carsten
NB (this is *VERY* OT, though): Y'all are aware that the
list turns 15 years old this Saturday? It was started on my
brother's birthday coincidentally, which is July 29, 1991,
which is why I remembered the date. I dug out the first
postings to the list some time ago when I downloaded some
of the Old Archives (i.e. the ones of the years before
1997).
--
"Miranayam kepauarà naranoaris." (Kalvin nay Hobbes)
Tingraena, Tyemuyang 18, 2315 ya 26:00:32 pd
Messages in this topic (34)
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1b. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
Posted by: "taliesin the storyteller" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 6:12 am (PDT)
Beware of much snipping!
* Benct Philip Jonsson said on 2006-07-26 16:26:46 +0200
> Sally Caves skrev:
> > But there are honorific and non honorific forms of the second
> > person, that I have unimaginatively labeled "familiar" and "formal."
>
> Schlabels schmabels. I think that "familiar" vs. "honorific"
> are the popular terms now, while "formal" was popular in an
> earlier, more formal period. Whatever label you use you
> still have to know what you mean by it!(*)
How about "normal" vs. "rude"? See more below.
> > Another form of the honorific in Teonaht is to address the person by
> > his title, constantly: Does the Sir/Madam wish to examine another
> > coat?
>
> Swedish, until some forty years ago, did that, but went
> one step further, using not only Sir/Madam, but the
> persons occupational title as a word of address.
>
> One interresting aspect of this is that when the system
> eventually was abolished people started using the familiar
> second person singular pronoun _du_ to everyone.
This is what happened in Norway as well, polite _De_ lost to informal
_du_. But there is a twist: I and many with me now consider _De_ to be
directly rude! It seems to used by (though not personal experience):
* very old people when talking down to the lousy uncouth younger
generations: "De glemte å ta av dem skoene, (unge) herre/frøken"
Eng. You forgot to remove your shoes, (young) mister/miss
(This also has a very uncomfortable tone of voice, clearly meant to
be rude.)
* by the clerks at the dole-office/social-security office towards their
unemployed/poor clients, complete with icky tone of voice.
* by the judge when annoucing a sentence/by prosecuting attorneys
towards witnesses
* when you've forgotten to pay a bill for so long it's one step from
going to the courts
* etc.
Basically whenever it is wished that the addressee should feel like a
bug. I don't dare use it, might earn me a fist in the face if the other
party is in the right (wrong) mood.
Hence, I call _du_ "normal and _De_ "rude".
t.
Messages in this topic (34)
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1c. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
Posted by: "Sally Caves" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 6:52 am (PDT)
I see something similar happening in American discourse, Taliesin.
Especially on email. If you're cool, you call everyone by their first name.
If you are being lofty, disapproving, reproachful, angry, you express that
by saying "Mr. Smith." Instead of John, John now becomes "Mr. Smith" in an
address: "I suppose Mr. Smith would think that I was being hypocritical, but
that's his private opinion. Perhaps Mr. Smith would conisder reading a book
on hypocrisy."
Sally
----- Original Message -----
From: "taliesin the storyteller" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> This is what happened in Norway as well, polite _De_ lost to informal
> _du_. But there is a twist: I and many with me now consider _De_ to be
> directly rude! It seems to used by (though not personal experience):
> * very old people when talking down to the lousy uncouth younger
> generations: "De glemte å ta av dem skoene, (unge) herre/frøken"
> Eng. You forgot to remove your shoes, (young) mister/miss
> (This also has a very uncomfortable tone of voice, clearly meant to
> be rude.)
> * by the clerks at the dole-office/social-security office towards their
> unemployed/poor clients, complete with icky tone of voice.
> * by the judge when annoucing a sentence/by prosecuting attorneys
> towards witnesses
> * when you've forgotten to pay a bill for so long it's one step from
> going to the courts
> * etc.
>
> Basically whenever it is wished that the addressee should feel like a
> bug. I don't dare use it, might earn me a fist in the face if the other
> party is in the right (wrong) mood.
>
> Hence, I call _du_ "normal and _De_ "rude".
>
>
> t.
>
Messages in this topic (34)
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1d. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
Posted by: "Paul Roser" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 8:45 am (PDT)
On Wed, 26 Jul 2006 16:26:46 +0200, Benct Philip Jonsson
<[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>A language may distinguish number, and person,
>in its pronouns without distinguishing number/person
>in its verbs. In fact it is quite common. To go
>only to my front yard (ha, I love standing set
>phrases on their head!) Swedish has lost all person
>and number distinction in verbs (using the erstwhile
>third person singular throughout), but preserved its
>personal pronouns. I wonder if the opposite --
>number/person distinctions in the verb but not in
>pronouns -- even exists.
I can easily envision a polysynthetic language where person & number marking
are on the verb and pronouns have dropped from the language or evolved into
something else (but what? emphatic markers, perhaps?), and I'd be willing to
wager that there are natlangs that have gone to polypersonal marking of the
verb with only pronouns for speech act participants, but I'm having
difficulty envisioning a language with a pronoun that doesn't distinguish
person or number...
Messages in this topic (34)
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1e. Re: Second person/polite pronouns (fuit Re: Another Ozymandias)
Posted by: "Sally Caves" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 8:49 am (PDT)
----- Original Message -----
From: "Paul Roser" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> I can easily envision a polysynthetic language where person & number
> marking
> are on the verb and pronouns have dropped from the language or evolved
> into
> something else (but what? emphatic markers, perhaps?), and I'd be willing
> to
> wager that there are natlangs that have gone to polypersonal marking of
> the
> verb with only pronouns for speech act participants, but I'm having
> difficulty envisioning a language with a pronoun that doesn't distinguish
> person or number...
Well, Sie in German (takes same verbal ending as sie plural)... a huge
confusion to me always in spoken German. Context is all. What about the
increasing use of "they" in English to mean both "one" and "they"? Except
there is usually an antecedant for the first to clarify meaning: "When a
someone wants to get into graduate school they have to compete pretty hard.
They often have a hard time finding just what they want."
I guess a conlang could do the same, using context, and specify only animate
and inanimate in its pronoun. Pronouns usually do have antecedants.
Sally
Messages in this topic (34)
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2a. Fw: CA Bay Area (and nearby) conlang meetup next month
Posted by: "Sally Caves" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 6:52 am (PDT)
Forwarding this, as it was rejected, last night, by the LISTSERV (six in a
row):
Wow, that's weird... I'll be in California at the same time, but in Southern
California. Too
complicated (with family) to be able to get away. Anybody in Southern
California?
Sally
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Sai Emrys" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
> Sent: Wednesday, July 26, 2006 6:20 PM
> Subject: Re: CA Bay Area (and nearby) conlang meetup next month
>
>
>> Arthaey, didn't I copy you on the separate email to the meetup group?
>>
>> Current decision is 2pm August 12th at Vik's Chaat Corner:
>> http://www.vikdistributors.com/chaat/chaatMenu.html
>>
>> Hopefully that works for you. At present we don't have anyone needing
>> a ride that I know of, since that's been resolved.
>>
>> See you there.
>>
>> - Sai
>>
>> On 7/26/06, Arthaey Angosii <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>>> Emaelivpeith Sai Emrys 'sa <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>:
>>> > I'd like to have a meetup of localish people. I'm suggesting Saturday
>>> > one month from now - i.e. August 12th in Berkeley, at a chinese place
>>> > or teahouse. I could possibly host at my apt if it's a small # of
>>> > people (beware my cooking though >:D).
>>> >
>>> > Suggestions for better time, location or venue welcome though.
>>>
>>> That sounds like it could be fun! I'm busy from 3:30 onward that day,
>>> but before then I'll actually be in Oakland anyway. How does a
>>> noon-time lunch sound?
>>>
>>> I'm living in Sunnyvale for the summer, and could give 2 people a ride
>>> there (but not back, at least not until after midnight).
>>>
>>>
>>> --
>>> AA
>>> http://conlang.arthaey.com
>>>
>>
>
Messages in this topic (2)
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2b. Re: Fw: CA Bay Area (and nearby) conlang meetup next month
Posted by: "Peter Ara Guekguezian" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 11:26 am (PDT)
Sally Caves wrote:
> Forwarding this, as it was rejected, last night, by the LISTSERV (six
> in a row):
>
> Wow, that's weird... I'll be in California at the same time, but in
> Southern California. Too
> complicated (with family) to be able to get away. Anybody in Southern
> California?
>
> Sally
>
>> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Sai Emrys" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>> To: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
>> Sent: Wednesday, July 26, 2006 6:20 PM
>> Subject: Re: CA Bay Area (and nearby) conlang meetup next month
>>
>>
>>> Arthaey, didn't I copy you on the separate email to the meetup group?
>>>
>>> Current decision is 2pm August 12th at Vik's Chaat Corner:
>>> http://www.vikdistributors.com/chaat/chaatMenu.html
>>>
>>> Hopefully that works for you. At present we don't have anyone needing
>>> a ride that I know of, since that's been resolved.
>>>
>>> See you there.
>>>
>>> - Sai
>>>
>>> On 7/26/06, Arthaey Angosii <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>>>> Emaelivpeith Sai Emrys 'sa <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>:
>>>> > I'd like to have a meetup of localish people. I'm suggesting
>>>> Saturday
>>>> > one month from now - i.e. August 12th in Berkeley, at a chinese
>>>> place
>>>> > or teahouse. I could possibly host at my apt if it's a small # of
>>>> > people (beware my cooking though >:D).
>>>> >
>>>> > Suggestions for better time, location or venue welcome though.
>>>>
>>>> That sounds like it could be fun! I'm busy from 3:30 onward that day,
>>>> but before then I'll actually be in Oakland anyway. How does a
>>>> noon-time lunch sound?
>>>>
>>>> I'm living in Sunnyvale for the summer, and could give 2 people a ride
>>>> there (but not back, at least not until after midnight).
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> --
>>>> AA
>>>> http://conlang.arthaey.com
>>>>
>>>
>>
>
Luckily, I live in the armpit of California (i.e., the Central Valley,
more specifically Fresno). Thus, I'm equidistant from both the Bay Area
and LA (about 2-3 hours each). Tho' it'd be nicer to be equidistant on
the coast instead of in the valley. The only thing the valley has going
for it (besides the food and my Armenian connections) is the proximity
of the Sierras. Wish I were there right now, instead of in the ~110
degree heat :(
Don't believe I'll be able to do both in one week; but, I'm just as
capable to do a meeting in SoCal as I am for the Bay.
Messages in this topic (2)
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3a. Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
Posted by: "Steven Williams" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 3:19 pm (PDT)
Having been a lurker (and occasional contributor) to
this mailing list for several years, I've gained a
gnawing desire to go off and travel the world, so I
can annoy my future children of tales of "when I was
in (insert exotic foreign locale here)".
And, being at that stage in every university student's
life where he _finally_ commits to a career path, I've
decided to become a teacher of English as a second
language.
These two desires the desire to travel and the
desire to get somewhere in my future career means
that my best option would be to teach English abroad,
which sounds exciting ("you mean they'll _pay_ me to
do that? There's gotta be a catch!").
I've been exploring options, weighing my choices, but
can't find very many people in my social circle who've
done such a thing; most people I know have only been
abroad on vacation.
And so, I beg to draw upon the experience and
knowledge of my fellow list-members, to enlighten a
naïve and unworldly young man.
___________________________________________________________
Telefonate ohne weitere Kosten vom PC zum PC: http://messenger.yahoo.de
Messages in this topic (5)
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3b. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
Posted by: "Roger Mills" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 4:15 pm (PDT)
Steven Williams wrote:
> And, being at that stage in every university student's
> life where he _finally_ commits to a career path, I've
> decided to become a teacher of English as a second
> language.
>
> These two desires - the desire to travel and the
> desire to get somewhere in my future career - means
> that my best option would be to teach English abroad,
> which sounds exciting ("you mean they'll _pay_ me to
> do that? There's gotta be a catch!").
>
> I've been exploring options, weighing my choices, but
> can't find very many people in my social circle who've
> done such a thing; most people I know have only been
> abroad on vacation.
>
Do you have, or plan to get, an MA in ESL? That's the official way to do it
:-)) To my knowledge, the English Lang. Institute at the Univ. of Michigan
is one of the best; course work in the Ling. Dept., some "pedagogical"
courses (ridiculous stuff!), plus actual practice teaching. It's not
immediately "abroad", but it does get you credentials.
Are there any organizations that promote such things?? Like the Peace Corps,
but privately sponsored?? It could also be that some of the mega-corps need
people to teach Engl. to the locals. The downside there is that many of them
(the oils, e.g.) are in places one wouldn't want to be).
Otherwise, get on a plane/boat to the country of your choice and put an ad
in the local paper or hunt up the local version of Berlitz. Maybe?? That
used to work... Nowadays, hang around an internet café?? You might have to
investigate rules and regulations regarding work permits etc., or else just
do it on the sly. I have no idea what one would charge. The places with the
most lax laws might not be the most desirable spots...And you might discover
you're teaching English to the local mafia Don. Oh well, their money is
green/red/yellow whatever, too.
Just off the top of my head (and from some previous acquaintance) I might
look seriously at Vietnam (esp. Ho Chi Minh City ex-Saigon, probably still
the Paris of the Orient) or Cambodia. In the other direction, the 3 Baltic
countries; maybe even Russia, Romania, Bulgaria...Armenia, Georgia???
Personally too, I'd investigate Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile-- good
climates :-) though I'm not sure they're in desperate need of ESL teachers.
Once upon a time colleges in Saudi Arabia hired lots of ESL teachers, at
very attractive salaries, but in today's world that seems less than
tempting.
Messages in this topic (5)
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3c. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
Posted by: "Larry Sulky" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 5:57 pm (PDT)
On 7/27/06, Steven Williams <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> And so, I beg to draw upon the experience and
> knowledge of my fellow list-members, to enlighten a
> naïve and unworldly young man.
>
I'm hoping Dave MacLeod and Jens Wilkinson will reply with their
perspectives based on personal experience.
In the meantime, here is my own perspective, based on my choice NOT to
do that as a young graduate, instead opting to earn money:
GO ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
There are several programs in Korea, but you can surely find programs
that will suit you all over the world. Not all require an MA in ESL,
though all require a degree and most seem to prefer a degree that
suggests particular facility with the English language (such as an
English BA). Many state a preference for an "American" accent,
whatever that might be. :-)
Good luck! Have fun! Go do it!
--larry
Messages in this topic (5)
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3d. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
Posted by: "Sai Emrys" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 5:59 pm (PDT)
Oh, and I should have mentioned: you've got waaaaay less chances if you don't:
a) have a bachelor's degree in something (nobody cares what exactly)
b) have an American or British native accent
c) have a good brain
d) have plenty of ballsyness
That's just for the TESL part. Hopefully you've read up on the, ah,
more "interesting" sides of extensive foreign travel and what that
entails.
- Sai
Messages in this topic (5)
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3e. Re: Waa-a-a-ay OT: Teaching English abroad.
Posted by: "Sai Emrys" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 6:03 pm (PDT)
1. Are you going to get a cert?
2. Are you intending to a) go backpacking / wandering and not spending
too long in one place, or are you intending to b) dig in somewhere for
at least some months and get a "real" job?
- if a) then you are basically going to be doing under-the-table work
most likely, advertising at coffee shops or the like. Beware of visa
restrictions and how strict the local cops are about it
- if b) then you'll probably need a cert to get a job anywhere where
there's competition. If there isn't, then the fact that you're a
native English speaker with some amount of brains should be enough.
3. Consider the JET programme and its Chinese and Korean analogues. Google it.
4. Realize that English teaching in most places doesn't pay much more
than enough to live; the richer places are also more competitive. E.g.
salaries for full-time TESL in Japan are USD$20-30k, maybe (!) more
with experience & credentials. Significantly less in poorer countries,
but the cost of living is also less.... but as a traveler, you're
going to need to be saving for more expensive places too.
5. Where exactly will you be going, at what level of expense, for how
long, and for how long in any particular place?
<-- has been considering similar plans, just got some more vaccinations :-)
Messages in this topic (5)
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4. Re: Emphasis markers AND 2nd pers. polite
Posted by: "Roger Mills" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 3:24 pm (PDT)
Emphasis markers are in short supply so far in Kash. I suspect
displeasure/dismay etc. might be communicated telepathically, while using
ordinary speech.
"Never" can be emphasized by using a double negative:
talunda minahan numu toluka
never we-eat fish raw
'We don't eat raw fish' (but it might be interesting to try...)
ta minahan tolunda numu toluka
not we-eat never .....
'We NEVER eat raw fish' (and what an disgusting idea!!)
------------------------
Polite forms exist, but Holunda is much less class-ridden than other Kash
nations. Still, the royal family and titled nobles get special deference, as
do legislators, senior priests and professors. And a salespeople/waiters
etc. are usually properly obsequious to customers......
Usually, the title suffices; if one isn't sure, substitute _simbi, lumbi_
'Mr., Sir; Ms., Madam.
There's also pracalengi 'excellency' (pra- honorific, caleñ 'best'+
(irreg.) -ki 2nd pers. pl.)
prasinuñ 'gentleman, "milord"
pralumañ 'lady, "milady"
prakambi 'you hon.' (contraction of pra + kambra 'friend' + my)
Children of royalty/titles are addressed by their numeric: mesa '1st born',
rona '2nd', sina '3rd' prana '4th et seq.' (usually the mesa is well known--
think Prince Charles; if the others are wearing their official sarongs one
would know.
Not in the dictionary, but I think _priya/e_ (hon. + he/she) would do for
respectful 3d person.
I don't think the "royal we" is used. Official pronouncements might begin
"mam karun tita...," 'I Duke order...' or perhaps "e karun tita..." 'The
Duke orders...", "mila temandombrila tita..." 'we chief-judges order...'
or in less official settings, perhaps the karun would refer to him/herself
in the third person:
ta ne yaloko 'it does not amuse him/her(=me)'
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5. Re: book recommendation - "Volapuk"
Posted by: "Hanuman Zhang" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 8:14 pm (PDT)
on 7/23/06 11:19 AM, Rick Harrison at [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Loha. Just wanted to recommend the historical novel VOLAPUK by Andrew
> Drummond, ISBN 1904598676, recently published by Polygon. It made me laugh out
> loud several times, which no book has succeeded in doing to me in quite some
> time. I obtained my copy from Amazon UK.
Sounds intriguing. But kind of wish for more - much more - details.
(Mr. Harrison, long time no "see"... glad to "hear" from you again)
--
Hanuman Zhang
"One thing foreigners, computers, and poets have in common
is that they make unexpected linguistic associations." --- Jasia Reichardt
Messages in this topic (2)
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6. Re: Project: Contact!
Posted by: "Hanuman Zhang" [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Date: Thu Jul 27, 2006 8:22 pm (PDT)
Likewise... I was on AuxLang when pidgins and creoles were still looked down
upon (late 1990's- early 2000's) and when AuxLang was flamewar-happy ... I
have heard that has changed a bit.
on 7/22/06 11:58 PM, Joseph B. at [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Sounds like fun. Pidgins & creoles have been a long-time interest of mine.
>
>> Two people who each have their own distinct conlang
>> get together and devise a contact language using
>> elements of both conlangs, such that native speakers
>> of the two conlangs can communicate with each other in
>> a basic way.
>>
--
Hanuman Zhang, MangaLanger
"Some Languages Are Crushed to Powder but Rise Again as New Ones" -
title of a chapter on pidgins and creoles, John McWhorter,
_The Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language_
"We use words to understand each other and even, sometimes,
to find each other." - Jose Saramago
Messages in this topic (8)
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