>Can you post the benchmark source?
Before the source, here are the time ranges runs were stabilizing in for lucky executions (using 1.7 for compiler compliance level, and win7 / core i7) : | original | peter7 | peter7 | peter8 | peter8 | | | | no loop | | no loop | ---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+ jdk7u51 | 0.56-59s | 0.66-68s | 0.62-64s | 0.60-63s | 0.70-74s | jdk8u20 | 0.54-58s | 0.64-66s | 0.58-60s | 0.58-61s | 0.73-76s | jdk9 | 0.59-61s | 0.65-67s | 0.73-75s | 0.60-63s | 0.76-78s | => The no-loop version seems only better for jdk <= 8 and your webrev 07, and for webrev 08, it seems actually (much) worse whatever the jdk. => jdk 8 looks faster than 7, but for some reason also faster than 9. public class IdentityHashMapPerf { private static final int MAX_NBR_OF_MAPPINGS = 1*1000; private static final int MAX_NBR_OF_CALLS = 100*1000*1000; private static final int NBR_OF_RUNS = 10; public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(IdentityHashMapPerf.class.getSimpleName()+"..."); for (int k=0;k<NBR_OF_RUNS;k++) { // Quick run for code discovery for k = 0. final int maxNbrOfCalls = (k == 0) ? MAX_NBR_OF_MAPPINGS : MAX_NBR_OF_CALLS; bench_put(new IdentityHashMap<Integer, Integer>(), maxNbrOfCalls); //bench_put(new IdentityHashMapPeter7<Integer, Integer>(), maxNbrOfCalls); //bench_put(new IdentityHashMapPeter7NoLoop<Integer, Integer>(), maxNbrOfCalls); //bench_put(new IdentityHashMapPeter8<Integer, Integer>(), maxNbrOfCalls); //bench_put(new IdentityHashMapPeter8NoLoop<Integer, Integer>(), maxNbrOfCalls); } System.out.println("..."+IdentityHashMapPerf.class.getSimpleName()); } private static void bench_put(Map<Integer, Integer> map, int maxNbrOfCalls) { for (int k=0;k<2;k++) { final Integer[] keys = newKeys(MAX_NBR_OF_MAPPINGS); final int nbrOfClearAndPuts = maxNbrOfCalls/MAX_NBR_OF_MAPPINGS; long a = System.nanoTime(); { for (int cap=0;cap<nbrOfClearAndPuts;cap++) { map.clear(); for (int i=0;i<MAX_NBR_OF_MAPPINGS;i++) { final Integer kv = keys[i]; map.put(kv, kv); } if (map.size() != MAX_NBR_OF_MAPPINGS) { throw new AssertionError("anti optim"); } } } long b = System.nanoTime(); System.out.println(nbrOfClearAndPuts+" * "+MAX_NBR_OF_MAPPINGS +" "+map.getClass().getSimpleName()+".put(,) took "+((b-a)/1e9)+" s"); } } private static Integer[] newKeys(int size) { final Integer[] keys = new Integer[size]; for (int i=0;i<keys.length;i++) { keys[i] = i; } return keys; } } -Jeff