[fwd from Siddhartha Chatterjee [[EMAIL PROTECTED]]]
The Natural Science Note-Books Of Marx And Engels: Middle Of 1877 Early 1883
Somnath Ghosh (AM-18210) and Pradip Baksi
It is customary to associate the names of Marx and Engels
with the emergence of scientific socialism in the 19thcentury Europe. Students of
socialist literature also associate the name of Engels with the study of natural
sciences of the last century, from within the socialist movement. However, the
natural science studies of Karl Marx remain relatively unknown. The present
communication announces the publication of the 31st Volume of Section IV of the MEGA
(Marx-Engels-Gesammtausgabe; Complete Works of Marx-Engels)1, on the 16th of
December, 1999.2 This volume contains Marxs notes and excerpts on Inorganic and
Organic Chemistry and Electricity. Together with Engels excerpts and notes on parts
of Physics and Ecology, related to his Dialectics of Nature . The present volume is
of interest to the students of history of the 19th century on many counts : it
provides new source materials for the study of the interrelationships of the history
of natural and social sciences of that century, for Marx-studies and Engels-studies
and, through these, for the study of the interrelationships of the sciences and the
socialist movement.
Before we proceed with the contents of MEGA IV/31, a few
words about the MEGA itself are in order3. Some 27 years after the death of Marx
and, 15 years after the death of Engels, in the year1910, the plan for publishing
the Complete Works of Marx and Engels, in the original languages of their texts, was
discussed for the first time, at a meeting of some prominent Austro-Marxists, who,
however, could not start the project. David Borisovich Rjazanov (Goldendach)
(1870 1938), an imigri Russian revolutionary intellectual, present at that meeting
began to realize this plan, with active support from Lenin and the Comintern, in the
1920s from Moskow, Frankfurt-am-Main and, Berlin. At that time the Marx-Engels
archives were the property of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). They
permitted the Russians to photo-copy the Marx-Engels papers. Thus began the first
historical attempt to publish the MEGA. Subsequently, as the relations between the
SPD and Rjanozovs sponsors the Comintern-- soured, the SPD leadership cancelled
the arrangement, and the fate of MEGA was sealed. Events followed in quick
succession: in Russia Rjazanov was removed from his responsibility; in Germany the
Nazis came to power in 1933; the publication of MEGA came to a halt in 19354. In
the face of the lawlessness of the Nazi regime, a large part of the SPD archives,
including the Marx-Engels papers, were taken out of Germany. Subsequently, these
papers were sold to a Dutch insurance company, which in turn gave them to the newly
established Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis (IISG), at Amsterdam,
in 1938. Some more papers were collected at Moscow, both before and after the second
world war. As of now some 2/3 of the Marx-Engels papers are being preserved at the
aforementioned institute at Amsterdam and, about 1/3 of them are being preserved at
two Russian centres5, which grew out of the now defunct Institute of
Marxism-Leninism of Moscow.
In the 1960s a new attempt to publish the MEGA
was made by the Institutes of Marxism-Leninism (IML) of Berlin and Moscow. The
IISG, permitted the IMLs to use the documents preserved at Amsterdam, but did not
participate in the project. This attempt is now called MEGA(2) and, the earlier
attempt is called MEGA(1). The Karl-Marx-House (KMH) of Trier in Germany also
maintained close contact with the project.
In 1989, the fast unfolding political changes in
GDR and USSR created uncertainities for the future of MEGA(2). IISG and KMH changed
their earlier stand and, agreed to participate in the project, to ensure its further
continuation. In the autumn of 1990, the International-Marx-Engels-Stiftung (IMES;
International Marx-Engels Foundation) was established, with its office at IISG,
Amsterdam, with the sole purpose of completing the MEGA(2). By that time, 43 volumes
or parts thereof of the MEGA(2) were already published; work was in progress on 7
more volumes or parts thereof. These volumes were published by 1993. A new editorial
policy was formulated in 19926. Since 1994 the IMES is publishing its house journal
the MEGA-Studien7 .It has been decided that under the new management, MEGA(2)will be
completed in 114 volumes, grouped into the following 4 divisions : Division I all
the works, articles and drafts, other than those related to the Capital (32
volumes); Division II the Capital and the work preparatory to it (15 volumes,
many containing several parts); Division III Correspondence(35 volumes);and
Division IV excerpts , notes and marginalia (32 volumes). The Akademie Verlag of
Berlin8 are the current publishers of the MEGA(2).
At present 11 teams are working on the different
yet-to-be-published volumes of the MEGA(2), in Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, the
Netherlands, Russia and the USA. The first volume under the new management came out
in December 19989. Two more volumes have been published in 199910.
So far, some of Marxs excerpts and notes on Geology,
Agro-Chemistry and Soil Science have been published in MEGA IV/ 6, 8 and 9.
Elsewhere, parts of his Mathematical Manuscripts have also been published11. A vast
amount of his notes and excerpts on these disciplines and, on Physics, Technology,
Agriculture, Geology and Physiology, still remain unpublished12.
The recently published MEGA IV/31 consists of two parts
: Texts and, Text-critical Apparatus. The Text portion is subdivided into two
sections. The first section contains Marxs excerpts and notes on Inorganic and
Organic Chemistry and, Electricity. The second section consists of Engels excerpts
and notes on parts of Physics and Ecology. The Text-Critical Apparatus contains a
general introduction; introductions to the subsections of the texts; The inventories
of variant readings, corrections and comments, which everywhere indicate the
corresponding page and line number of the text ; name index; indexes of literature
used in the apparatus; and a subject index. The technical standards of editing and
production are veritable examples for other editors and publishers of similar works
to follow. The introductions in the apparatus portion provide valuable historical
data related to the topics of the texts; these may help the reader situate the texts
in the history of the corresponding disciplines and, appreciate the specificity of
the interests shown by Marx and Engels in the study of these sciences.
Marxs excerpts and notes on Chemistry, pertaining to
the period 1877 1883, are distributed in 6 different notebooks. They appear in
this volume as :
Serial No. Title Marxs
Chemistry Notebook No.
1. On the Atomic Theory
[1]
2. Tabular Summaries of Inorganic and
Organic Chemistry
[2]
3. Tables of Chemistry
[3]
4. Tables of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
[4]
Serial No. Title
Marxs Chemistry Notebook No.
5. Tables of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry
[5]
6. Formulae of Organic Chemistry
[6]
For these excerpts Marx used some earlier and contemporary literature on Chemistry,
as well as some literature of the related sciences, like Physics, Geology and
Physiology. The sources used by him are :
1. Lothar Mayer, Die Modernen Theorien der Chemie und ihre Bedeutung fur die
Chemische Statik. 2., umgearb. und sehr verm. Aufl. ( The Modern Theories of
Chemistry and their Significance for Chemical Statics. 2nd revised and largely
augmented ed.) . Breslau 1872.
2. Henry Enfield Roscoe, Kurzes Lehrbuch der Chemie nach den neuesten Ansichten der
Wissenschaft .Dt.Ausg. , unter Mitw. des Verf. Bearb. von Carl Schorlemmer. 4., nach
den neuesten Forschungen verm. und Verb. Aufl. ( A Concise Textbook of Chemistry in
the light of the Latest ideas of that Science). German ed. In collaboration with
Carl Schorlemmer as author and
editor. 4th ed. , revised and improved in the light of latest research ).
Braunschweig 1873.
3. Carl Schorlemmer, Lehrbuch der Kohlenstoffverbindungen oder der organischen
Chemie. 2.
Verb. Aufl. (A Textbook of Carbon Compounds or of the Organic Chemistry. 2nd
revised ed.)
Braunschweig 1874.
4. Henry Enfield Roscoe, Carl Schorlemmer, Ausfurliches Lehrbuch der Chemie (A
Comprehensive
Textbook of Chemistry ) . Bd.1 (vol . 1). Braunschweig 1877. Bd.2 (Vol.2) .
Braunschweig 1879.
5. Benjamin Witzschel, Die Physik fasslich dargestellt nach ihrem neuesten
Standpunkte (Physics
Comprehensively interpreted according to its latest standpoints). 2. Ausg. (2nd
ed.). Leipzig 1858.
6. Wilhelm Friedrich Kuhne, Lehrbuch der phygiologischen Chemie ( A Textbook
of Physiological
Chemistry ) . Leipzig 1868.
7. Ludimarr Hermann, Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen ( Foundations of
Human
Physiology) . 5., verm. und verb. Aufl. (5th augmented and revised ed. ). Berlin
1874.
8. Johannes Ranke, Grundzuge der Physiologie des Menschen mit Rucksicht auf die
Gesundheits
-pflege . 3.,umgearb. Aufl. ( Essentials of Human Physiology, taking Health Care
into
Consideration ). 3rd. updated ed. Leipzig 1875.
9. Joseph Beete Jukes , The Students Manual of Geology. 3rd. ed. Edinburgh 1872
The selection of sources mirrors Marxs interest in Inorganic, Organic, Physical
,Physiological and
Geological Chemistry. As a rule Marx worked with many sources on a single topic.
The excerpts titled On the Atomic Theory his
notebook [1] contain a discussion of
the : (1) atomistic principle as propounded by John Dalton (17661844), (2) related
stoichiometric laws of chemical combination of elements and, (3) determination of
atomic and molecular weights of elements and compounds wherein the doctrine of
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (17781850) and, the principle of Lorenzo Romano Amadeo
Carlo comte di Quaregna e Ceretto Avogadro (1776 -1856), together with the follow up
corollaries like the relation between vapour density and molecular weight, have
been discussed with various illustrations.
The repeatedly excerpted tables of Inorganic and Organic
Chemistry in his notebooks [2] [6]-- contain tables for Non-metals and Metals ;
the Periodic System of Julius Lothar Meyer (1830-1895); discussion of Quantitative
Valency, Oxides, Hydroxides, Acids and Salts; tables of the various groups of
Organic compounds, like the Paraffins, Carbohydrates, Aromatic Compounds, alkaloids,
Uric Acid and related substances, Carbonyl and Sulfocarbonyl Compounds, Etheric and
Anhydride substances, Ammonia and its derivatives, Organic Acids etc.
Marxs chemistry-excerpts are followed by his excerpts
from : Edouard Hospitalier,
La physique moderne. Les principales applications de lelectricite 2.ed. ( Modern
Physics.The Principal Applications of Electricity . 2nd ed. ) Paris 1882. It
contains discussions on : (1) the sources of electricity, like the Vol taic Piles
or Galvanic Batteries ; the physical nature of their functioning; (2) the
characteristics of current electricity Ohms Law and related issues; and (3) lists
the units for measuring Electrical Current, Voltage, Resistance etc. The first
section of MEGA IV/31 comes to an end with these excerpts.
The second section of the volume contains Engels
excerpts from :
1. William Thomson, Peter Guthrie Tait, Treatise on Natural Philosophy. Vol.1.
Oxford 1867.
2. Carl Fraas, Klima und Pflanzenwelt in der Zeit, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte
beider .
( Climate and Plant World in Time, a contribution to the History of Both ). Landshut
1847.
3. Hermann Helmholtz , Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft, eine physikalische Abhandlung,
vorgetragen in der physikalschen Gescselschaft zui Berlin am 23. Juli 1847 ( On the
Conservation of Force, a physical treatise, presented at the meeting of the Physical
Society at Berlin on the 23rd of July 1847). Berlin 1847.
4. Jean Baptiste Le Rond dAlembert, Traite de dynamique .. (Treatise on
Dynamics .) Paris 1743.
5. Gustav Wiedemann, Die Lehre vom Galvanismus und Electromagnetismus ( The
Doctrine of Galvanism and Electromagnetism ). 2. neubearb. und verm. Aufl. Bd. 1.2
(2nd revised and augmented ed. Vol.1.2 ). Braunschweig 1874.
6. A note on Heat.
7. A note on the Units of Measureing Electricity.
Engels made use of these excerpts and notes in several articles of the Dialectics of
Nature13 -- titled The Measure of Motion --Work, Tidal Friction. Kant and
Thomson - Tait. The Share of Labour in the Apes becoming Human Beings ( Anteil
der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung des Affen : usually rendered in English as The
Part Played by Labour in Transition from Ape to Man), Electricity, and Heat.
In view of the fact that Engels study of the natural
sciences has received the attention of interested scholars for quite some time14, in
the remaining part of the present paper we shall concentrate on Marxs natural
science studies.
Marxs interest in Chemistry coincides with the period
of his intense preoccupation with political economy. Since the 1850s he noticed that
there are connections among : ground rent, soil fertility, use of fertilizers in
agriculture, plant nutrients and, changes in the science of Chemistry15. He studied
some of the works of James Finlay Weir Jhonston (1796 1855)16 , Justus Freiherr von
Liebig (1803--1873) 17;
Attended the lectures on modern chemistry delivered by the Director of Royal College
of Chemistry at London, August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818- !892) 18. He was also
aware of some of the works of Christian Friedrich Schonbein (1799 1868) 19, Auguste
Laurent (18071853) 20 , Charles Fre/de/rick Gerhardt (1816 1856) 21, Charles
Adolphe Wurtz (1817 1884) 22 , and , Friedrich August Kekule/ von Stardonitz
(1829 1896) 23. His friend Carl Schorlemmer (18341892) a student of Robert
Wilhelm Bunsen (18111899), Heinrich Will (18121890) and Hermann Kopp
(18171892) greatly influenced his study of Chemistry.
The then developments in Chemistry were governed by
the introduction of atomic and molecular theories, the theories of structure and
bonds and, the periodic systems. Marxs extracts and notes on Chemistry partly
mirror these developments. In the case of periodic system, it appears that Marx was
acquainted with the work of Julius Lothar Meyer (1830 1895), but not with that of
Dimitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834 1907).
Marxs interest in electricity also dates back at
least to the 1850s. In July 1850 Marx observed that steam was going to be superseded
by electricity as the source of energy for industrial technology24 In May 1851 he
discussed with Engels and Daniels the possibility of use of electricity in
agriculture 25, in the light of an article published earlier in The Economist 26.
The excerpts from Hospitaliers book indicate a rekindling of his interests in the
progress of theoretical and practical knowledge about electricity.
MEGA IV/31, thus documents only a phase and some
aspects of Marxs intensive pre-occupation with the natural sciences. Students of
history of science, and of socialism in the 19th century,eagerly
Await the publication of his notes and excerpts on Physics, History of Technology,
Geology, Soil Science, History of Agricultural Plants,,Agricultural Chemistry,
Physiology of Plants, of Animals and of Human Beings, parts of Mathematics and, on
the interrelationships of the Natural Sciences and Philosophy27.
The editorial work on MEGA IV/31 began in GDR, after
the publication of MEGA I/26, in 1985. It continued within a decaying East German
state, under conditions of managerial incompetence, staff reduction, underpayment,
and political perfidy. After the unification of Germany and, take over of the
MEGA by a new management, the entire work had to be comprehensively revised
according to the stipulations prescribed in the new rules for editing (see : n.2
above). But never mind, as they say in Persian: Der aayad, durust aayad ( It came
late, but it has been delivered well) !
Acknowledgements
We express our heartfelt thanks to Prof. Dr. Manfred
Neuhaus of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and, to the
Akademie Verlag of Berlin, for kindly sending us a copy of MEGA IV/31 and, the
response to it in the German press. Thanks are also due to Sri Nilay Bhattacharya
for helping us with the German texts and, to Mrs. Suparna Ghosh for providing
similar help in respect of the extracts in French. The usual disclaimers apply
everywhere.
References
1. Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels : Gesamtausgabe (MEGA). Herausgegeben von der
International Marx-Engels-Stiftung. IV Abteilung : Exzerpte, Notizen, Marginalien.
Band 31 : Naturwissenschaftliche Exzerpte und Notizen Mitte 1877 bis Anfang 1883.
Bearbeitet von Anneliese Griese, Friederun Fessen, Peter Jaeckel und Gerd
Pawelzig. Akademie Verlag. Berlin 1999. 1055 S. in Zwei Halbbaender. DM 298. ISBN
3-05-03399-1.
2. Arnold Schoelzel, Universaler bookstall : Zwei neue Baende der
Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe
sind erschienen, Junge Welt, Berlin vom 29. Dezember 1999.
3. For a description of the MEGA and its history see : Juergen Rojahn ,
Publishing Marx and
Engels after 1989 : the fate of the Mega ,,, Critique , no. 30 31 (Glasgow , 1998)
pp. 196 207 and, a Bengali tr. of the same : Euergen Roiyahan, 1989 Saler Par
Marks-Engels-Rachanasamagra (Tr. Pradip Baksi ), Anustup ( Calcutta), XXXIII :
Summer-Rainy Season Jt. No. 1406 (1999), pp. 40 76.
4. See : Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels : Historisch--Kritische
Gesamtausgabe. Werke, Schriften,
Briefe. Im Auftrage des Marx-Engels-Instituts Moskau hrsg. Von D. Rjazanov bzw. V.
Adoratskij, Erste Abteilung : Samtliche Werke und Schriften
mit Ausnahme des Kapital . Bd. 1-7; Dritte Abteilung:
Briefwechsel. Bd. 1-4. Frankfurt a. M. bzw. Berlin 1927 1935 . Sonderausgabe :
Friedrich Engels : Herrn Eugen DuhringsUmwalzung der Wissenschaft . Dialektik der
Natur. 1873-1882. Sonderausgabe zum Vierzigsten Todestage von Friedrich Engels.
Moskau, Leningrad 1935.
5. Rossiiskii nezavisnyi institut sotsyalnykh i natsionalnykh problem
(e-mail : [EMAIL PROTECTED])
and, Rossiskii tsentr khranenija i izucheniya dokumentov noveischei istorii
(e-mail :
[EMAIL PROTECTED]).
6. See : Editionsrichtlinien der Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe. Berlin, 1993.
7. Contact address : Juergen Rojahn, Executive Editor, MEGA-Studien,
IMES, IISG, Cruquiusweg 31,
1019 AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands ( Phone: + 31/20/668 5866, Fax :
+31/20/665 4181,
e-mail : [EMAIL PROTECTED]).
8. Contact address : Akademie Verlag, Muhlenstr. 33-34, Berlin, Germany (Phone :
+49/30/478 89355, Fax : +49/30/478 89357, e-mail : [EMAIL PROTECTED]).
9. MEGA IV/3. Karl Marx, Exzerpte und Notizen, Sommer 1844 bis Anfang 1847. 1998.
IX,
866p., ill. 18. DM 298. ISBN 3-05-003398-3.
10. One of these two is the topic of this paper (see n.1 above). The other one is :
MEGA IV/32. Die
Bibliotheken von Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels. Annotiertes Verzeichnis des
ermittelten Bestandes. Vorauspublication. 1999.738p. DM 298. ISBN 3-05-0034408.
11. See: Karl Marx, Mathematical Manuscripts. Ed. and Tr. Pradip Baksi.
Calcutta : Viswakos
Parisad, 1994, p.404. A Bengali tr. of these MSS have also been published in
1994, by the same
house.
12. See: Pradip Baksi, Karl Marxs Study of Science and Technology,
Nature,Society, and Thought
(Minneapolis), 1996, IX, 3, pp.261-296. Anneliese Griese, Hans Joerg Sandkuehler
(Hrsg.), Karl
Marx Zwischen Philosophie und Naturwissenschaften. Frankfurt/M etc. 1997 ( Review
in :
MEGA-Studien, 1998/2,pp.107-110).
13. See: MEGA I/26. Friedrich Engels, Dialektik der Natur (1873-1882). 1985. LVI,
1,111. DM248.
ISBN 3-05-003363-0.
14. At least since 1925. See : Friedrich Engels, Dialektik und Natur (Dialectics
and Nature). Hrsg.
David Rjazanov, in : Marx-Engels-Archiv. Bd.2 Frankfurt/M 1927, S. 117-395.
Friedrich Engels,
Natur Dialektik. Dialektika Prirody (Nature Dialectics. Dialectics of Nature),
Podred. i s Pridisloviem D. Rjazanova, Archiv K. Marksa i F. Engelsa, Km. 2. Moskva
i Leningrad, 1925, S. 2-440.See also : Bonifati Mikhailovich Kedrov, Polveka
raboty nad tekstami i zamyslami F. Engelsa ( Half a century of work on F. Engels
texts and plans), in : Filosofiya i estestovoznaniya.Moscow 1974.Bengali tr. in :
Marksbad O Bijnan samuher Dwandikata.(Marxism and the Dialectics of the Sciences)
Ed. and Tr. P.Baksi, Calcutta 1986, pp.86-107 .Anneliese Griese,
Gerd Pawelzig, Friedrich Engels
Dialektik der Natur : eine vergleichende Studie zur
Editionsgeschichte ( Friedrich Engels
Dialectics of Nature : a comperative study of the history of its
editions), MEGA-Studien,
1995/1, pp.33-60.
15. Marxs letter to Adolf Cluss, 5 October 1853; Marx-Engels, Collected
Works(henceforth MECW),
Moscow 1975. Vol, 39, p. 382. Marxs letters to Engels, 13 and 20 February 1866;
MECW,
Vol.42,pp. 227,232. Karl Marx, Capital I, in MECW, 35, p.313,n.2.
16. James Finlay Weir Johnston, Catechism of agricultural chemistry and geology.23rd
ed.
Edinburgh 1842. Id., Lectures on agricultural chemistry and geology. Edinburgh 1847.
Id., Elements of agricultural chemistry and geology. 4th ed. Edinburgh 1856.
17. Justus von Liebig, Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agrikultur und
Physiologie (The Organic chemistry in its application to agriculture and
Physiology ). 4th ed. Braunschweig 1842. New ed. 1862. Id., Herr Doctor Emil Wolff
in Hohenheim und die Agrikultur-chemie ( Dr. Emil Wolff in Hohenheim and
Agricultural chemistry ).Braunschweig 1855.
18. Out of these lectures grew : August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Einleitung in die
moderne Chemie
( Introduction to Modern Chemistry ). Braunschweig 1866.
19. Christian Friedrich Schoenbein, Neue Beobachtungen ueber voltaische Stroeme,
erregt durch chemische Tendenzen ( New observations on voltaic currents, excited
through chemical tendencies in : Annalen der Physik und Chemie. Leipzig. (Bd.43.)
Reihe 2. Bd. 13. 1838. S.229-241. Id., Electrochemische Untersuchungen
(Electrochemical investigations), in: Ibid. (Bd.56.) Reihe 2.
Bd.26.1842.S.135-150. Id., Uber die Sauer-Wasserstoffsaule ( On the
Acid-HydrogenColumn), in : Ibid. (Bd. 58.) Reihe 2. Bd. 28.1843. S.361-375. Id.,
Beitrage zur Physikalischen Chemie ( Contribution to Physical Chemistry ). Basel
1844.
20. Auguste Laurent, Methode de chimie ( Methods of Chemistry ).. Paris 1854.
21. Charles Frederic Gerhardt, Recherches sur les acides organiques anhydres
(Researches on the organic acid anhydrides), in : Annales de chimie. Paris T.37.
1853. S. 285.
22. Charles Adolphe Wurtz,Lec,ons de philosophie chimique ( Lessons of chemical
philosophy).
Paris 1864.
23. Friedrich August Kekule von Stardonitz, Ueber die sogenannten gepaarten
Verbindungen und die
Theorie der mehratomigen Radikale. ( On the so-cslled coupled compounds and the
theory of
multi-atomic radicals), in: Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. Heidelberg, Leipzig.
Bd.104.
1857. S.129-150. Id., Ueber die Constitution und die Metamorphosen der chemischen
Verbindungen und uber die chemische Natur des Kohlenstoffs ( on the constitution
and the metamorphoses of chemical compounds and on the chemical nature of Carbon),
in : Ibid.
Bd. 106. 1858. S. 129-159. Id., Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie oder der Chemie der
Kohlenstoffverbindungen (A Textbook of Organic Chemistry or of the Chemistry of
Carbon Compounds). 3 vols. Erlangen 1861-1867.
24. See; Wilhelm Liebknecht, Reminiscences of Marx, in : Marx and Engels through
the eyes of
their contemporaries. Moscow 1978, pp. 64-65.
25. See: MECW, 38, S. 344-45, 350-51 (Marx to Engels, 5 May 1851 and, Engels to
Marx, 9 May 1851) and, Voprosy Filosofii, No. 5, 1983 : pp. 109, 115-116 (Roland
Daniels to Karl Marx, 12 April and 25 May 1851).
26. Remarkable Discovery -- Electricity and Agriculture. The Economist, Vol III,
Nos. 17 and 18, of 26 April and 3 May 1845.
27. See: Chronologischer und inhaltlicher Ueberblick uber die
naturwissenschaftliche Exzerpte von Karl Marx ( A chronological and contentwise
overview of the natural science excerpts of Karl Marx), in: Peter Jaeckel und Peter
Krueger, Aktualisierte Uebersicht ueber die naturwissenschaftlichen Exzerpte von
Karl Marx (1846 bis 1882) [ An updated survey of the natural science excerpts of
Karl Marx (1846 to 1882)], in : Griese, Sandkuhler (Hrsg), Karl
Marx Zwischen Philosophie und Naturwissenschaften, l.c. (n.12), pp. 95-98.
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