Cryptography-Digest Digest #242, Volume #9 Tue, 16 Mar 99 14:13:03 EST
Contents:
a-8d~0.2844.5k:-89y (reject)
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Date: Tue, 16 Mar 1999 15:59:31 -0600
From: reject <Use-Author-Address-Header@[127.1]>
Subject: a-8d~0.2844.5k:-89y
Crossposted-To:
rec.pets.cats.misc,comp.lang.pascal.delphi.components.misc,rec.humor.oracle.d,rec.sport.rugby.league
Please read this article very carefully before responding.
Also, be sure to add "alt.prophecies.nostradamus" and your
favorite newsgroups to the header(if not present) so I can
read your reply--and respond appropriately. Enjoy reading!
==============================================================
'Lord of the Sabbath'
The "Seventy Weeks" prophecy found at Daniel 9:24-27 is proven
historically accurate-to-the-day 483 years after the date that
the priestly scribe Ezra had gone forward with Artaxerxes'
imperial edict to restore and build Jerusalem, which proves
Gabriel's prophecy--and the Book of Daniel--entirely accurate,
and therefore genuine. This evidence further proves Jesus the
Nazarene called the Christ is the One and Only Messiah of the
Old Covenant Scriptures, the Hebrew TaNaKh. All detractors and
proponents alike may now consider themselves hereby properly
edified, knowing now with certainty that Jesus the Christ is
your Lord and King. Readers are advised to stop right here,
dust off your Bible and read every "red letter" command of our
King if you haven't already. The fact that The King of kings
quoted Daniel as "the prophet"[ref. Mat 24:15; Mark 13:14] is
cited as the supreme authority endorsing Daniel's autograph,
thus the balance of this article is presented for the record.
While the secular crowd will oft-resort to cavil in futile
attempts to discredit the Bible and its profound message, the
gospel of Christ crucified, such inevitably has the reverse
effect of drawing much-appreciated scrutiny to these ancient
Scriptures, since the evidence weighs heavily in the gravity
of its merit--and the Scriptures remain intact, fully intact.
All planetary positions have been (re)calculated using the
high-precision(untruncated) VSOP87[Variations Seculaires des
Orbites Planetaires] theory of Bretagnon and Francou, with all
lunar positions (re)calculated using the revised (untruncated)
ELP-2000/82 lunar theory of Chapront-Touze and J. Chapront
[Bureau des Longitudes]. Dynamical time, ecliptic obliquity,
nutation, precession and aberration calculations made using
high-precision algorithms and very high-precision coefficient
tables to significant figures indicated, yielding accuracy for
geocentric positions comfortably within +/- several arcseconds
for all dates calculated. There are several excellent software
programs available for checking these calculations, such as
'Guide' or 'SkyMap'. For example, even using the low-precision
(abridged) mode, Guide's accuracy for all planetary positions
from 0[1 BC] through 1000 AD yields the following "errors" in
arcseconds[an arcsecond is one-sixtieth of an arcminute]:
POSITION ERRORS FOR 0-1000 AD
Planet Longitude Latitude
RMS Max RMS Max
Mercury 0.52 2.48 0.39 1.87
Venus 0.43 1.27 0.25 1.03
Earth 0.16 0.52 0.08 0.28
Mars 0.63 2.46 0.38 1.29
Jupiter 0.61 2.45 0.33 0.98
Saturn 0.72 2.55 0.42 2.03
Uranus 0.63 1.97 0.29 0.82
Neptune 0.41 1.13 0.25 0.64
Thus, Mercury might've been out at most 3.1 *arcseconds*(in
abridged mode) at the time Herod died late January of 1 BC,
with all lunar positions still within +/- about 100 meters.
Obviously, even "lo"-precision accuracy is well in excess of
any minimum accuracy required for us to accurately determine
ancient lunisolar calendar dates within +/- one calendar day,
but by using the high-precision algorithms/coefficient tables,
the reader is assured that all astronomical data presented is
as accurate as can possibly be, and no more. Location data is
preset to Jerusalem, Israel 31:46:48 N x 35:13:12 E for all
astronomical calculations presented hereinbelow, with local
times in Jerusalem Standard Time(GMT +2:00). Be certain to
remember that each day in the Hebrew/Jewish calendar begins at
sundown the day *before*, and ends at sundown that same day;
e.g., the Julian calendar date of Thursday, September 19, 457
BC is counted as the Hebrew calendar date of 1 Tishri 3305,
but the ancient Hebrew calendar reckons the Julian Thursday as
beginning at sundown the previous day, or Wednesday evening on
the Julian calendar. This Old Covenant "sundown-to-sundown"
convention of the Scriptures is found starting in the Torah
[Law of Moses] at the Book of Genesis ch 1 vs 5: "And God
called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And
the evening and the morning were the first day." With the
evening counted from sundown to sunrise, and the morning
counted from sunrise to sunset, the Hebrew calendar is always
(-/+) six hours *ahead* of the Julian calendar in terms of
what day of the week it is, a fact which proves helpful in
identifying ancient lunisolar calendar dates, which lunisolar
calendar dates were established based on *strictly-observed*
ancient sacred Torah calendar rules. By contrast with the
ancient Mayan calendar, which dates to at least 355 BC and is
the most accurate calendar in existence---predicting a near-
perfect conjunction of our winter solstice Sun with the
galactic and ecliptic plane's intercept point[Mayan Sacred
Tree]at the end of the Mayan Long Count, which is the Mayan
calendar date 13.0.0.0.0 or December 21, 2012, which cycle
started with the "birth of Venus" August 13, 3114 BC, likewise
counted as 13.0.0.0.0 over FIVE THOUSAND years earlier!---the
lunisolar calendar of Moses was somewhat crude, but was very
effective for counting days, months and years of the lunisolar
cycle, and for observing Old Covenant Holy Days so crucial to
the ancient Hebrew existence prior to our Lord's crucifixion:
"And God said, Let there be lights in the
firmament of the heaven to divide the day
from the night; and let them be for signs,
and for seasons, and for days, and years."
--Gen 1:14 KJV
While it isn't likely that Moses actually invented the sacred
lunisolar calendar, as surely it is far older than merely 3400
years, we do know from reading the Scriptures that Moses had
introduced it and used it in his lifetime, and it has been in
use continually by the Jewish people, but probably dates to
long-forgotten antediluvian times *much* older than Noah.
The Julian, or old civil calendar was invented by the Greek
scholar and Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes in 44 BC at the
behest of Gaius Julius Caesar, although not made operational
until 2 AD under emperor Augustus. Subsequent revisions to
this Julian calendar evolved into its modern-day corollary,
the Gregorian, but both are solar calendars only, ignoring the
lunar months altogether. Sosigenes had estimated the length of
the solar year to be 365 days and 6 hours. Those extra 6 hours
per year were to be collectively added as one extra 24-hour
day every 4th year, making a 366-day "leap year"[cognate to
Old Norse hlaupa, to leap]. Sosigenes' calendar was started on
a leap year retroactive to 45 BC, but those early leap years
were inserted more often than they should've been, once every
three years through the 9 BC. This was corrected by ignoring
leap year's in 5 BC, 1 BC and 4 AD[ref. Macrobius, Saturnalia
I,14,14]. So, from 5 AD onward, the Julian calendar proceeded
according to specification---until it was discovered that the
true solar year is about 11 minutes and 14 seconds shorter
than Sosigenes had calculated, with a tropical year today
calculated at 365.242199 days in length. This modest error
compounded over time, adding 7 extra days per millennium, but
the Vernal, or spring equinox was useful as the benchmark for
crudely "recalibrating" the calendar dates every few hundred
years, thus assuring its continued (relative)accuracy over
time. However, by 1545, the spring equinox--which the Roman
Catholic Church had used for determining Easter[Ishtar]--had
"moved" entirely *ten days* ahead of its proper date, rather,
the date had "skipped" ten days beyond the actual equinox. So,
in December of that year, the Council of Trent authorized Pope
Paul III to take action, but it wasn't until the election of
Pope Gregory XIII(Ugo Buoncompagni, 1502-1585) in 1572 that a
formal proposal was finally solicited from Jesuit astronomer
Christopher Clavius(1537-1612), which he'd compiled based on
suggestions of the astronomer and physician Luigi Lilio (?-
1576), but most especially, he'd based his findings on the
meticulous research of the 7th century Anglo-Saxon monk,
scholar, historian and theologian, the venerable St. Bede
(673-735 AD). This proposal/papal bull officially appeared in
February 1582, but the British didn't adopt this Gregorian
version until March 25, 1752. This calendar is today known as
the International Standard Gregorian Calendar, and is the most
popular calendar in the world. But there's one more calendar
you should familiarize yourself with before proceeding with
this article: the Julian(French "Julien") dating system
commonly used by astronomers must NOT be confused with the
Julian calendar, but was named for the classical scholar
Julius Caesar Scaliger(1484-1558) by his son Joseph Justis
Scaliger(1540-1609), a prolific writer whose works were
published posthumously in 1610. Among his crowning achieve-
ments was a scientific study of previous calendars entitled
'Opus de emendatione tempore', dated 1583, one year after the
"Gregorian" was introduced. The first Julian Day of the Julian
Period--or Scaliger Cycle of 7980 years--was assigned by
Scaliger as day ZERO(0), starting precisely at 12:00:00 AM GMT
January 1, 4713 BC of the proleptic Julian calendar(invented
by Sosigenes). Astronomical calculations presented herein are
based on Scaliger's Julian dating system, but are exactly 12
hours LATER plus one calendar year LATER than this for all
"BC" calendar dates, since astronomers include the year "zero"
which is 1 BC, e.g. "-4712-01-01" = 12 PM GMT January 1, 4713
BC. Thusly, Julian dates are calculated adding the number of
days from -4712-01-01 plus any mathematical fraction of that
day counting from noon, plus or minus. This is because
Scaliger had originally designated 12 AM GMT as xx.00, but it
is convention for all astronomical calculations to recognize
xx.00 as 12 *PM*(noon) GMT beginning a Julian day, with xx.25
as 6 PM GMT, xx.50 as 12 AM, etc, since astronomers most often
work at night. By contrast, the chronological dating used by
historians is rendered as a simple integer, e.g., anytime
starting 12:00:00 AM GMT Thursday September 19, 457 BC through
11:59:59 PM GMT corresponds to Julian Day 1554766, but in
astronomy terminology, that same Julian date, as reckoned in
Jerusalem, would be JD 1554766.00000 *only* at 2:00:00 PM
Jerusalem Standard Time, since Jerusalem time is at GMT +2:00.
In other words, 12:00 PM(noon) in Jerusalem is only 10:00 *AM*
in Greenwich, England, so 12:00 PM in Jerusalem on September
19, 457 BC corresponds to JD 1554765.91667, since 22/24's of 1
= 0.9166666666667, truncated to five decimal places(within one
second accuracy) = 0.91667, which fraction is then added to
the PREVIOUS Julian Day. Once you've familiarized yourself
with Julian dating, I think you'll comprehend my research more
thoroughly. But above all, please do read you Bible. That's
the most important key to understanding this information.
==============================================================
* The "going forth of the commandment[Artaxerxes I/Longimanus]
to restore and to (re)build Jerusalem..."[ref. Dan 9:25]:
Julian Day: 1554766
Julian calendar: Thursday, September 19, 457 BC
Jewish calendar: 1 Tishri 3305
Sunrise: 5:23:35 AM JST; JD 1554765.64138
Sunset: 5:44:39 PM JST; JD 1554766.15601
New Moon: Sep 19, 457 BC @ 12:29:51 AM JST
Julian date: 1554765.43740; Lunation: -29415
Moon's distance: 382409k(60.0 ER); Subtends: 0.5208 degrees
Right ascension: 11:29:55.68; Declination: 08:34:36
Azimuth: -161.396; Altitude: -47.914
Moon rising: 5:33:02 AM JST; JD 1554765.64794
Setting: 6:24:44 PM JST; JD 1554766.18384
Notes: ref. Ezra 7:9 "...1st day of the 1st month"
[7:6-26ff], levitical rule restored. This was the decree which
established the people, government, laws(including taxation),
and: "set up the walls thereof, and joined the foundations"
[ref. Ezra 4:12], and Ezra had restored temple service in
Jerusalem. The Jubilee Year[ref. 'eleutherian liberty'] was
observed every 50th year following the 7th Sabbatic Year[Lev
25:11], making two Sabbatic Years consecutive, hence Gabriel's
distinction of seven sevens and sixty-two sevens is readily
understood, joined *seamlessly* together at the next Jubilee
Year. Jubilee was a very special time, a time for rest from
selfish pursuits, but instead, a time for forgiveness and
emancipation, for sharing and reconciliation, and a time for
ATONEMENT OF SIN[ref. Lev 16:29-34; 23:27-32; 25:8-9; ibid]!
Gabriel was reminding each one of us of *what* is acceptable
to God, with atonement of sin clearly exemplifying YHWH's New
Covenant[ref. Jer 31:31-34], preaching "the Acceptable Year of
the LORD"[ref. Luke 4:14-22; Isa 61:1-2], for there is none
other scripturally-valid explanation for how and why Gabriel's
first seven weeks were joined contiguously(no interruption) to
the next sixty-two weeks. This is crucial to understanding the
gospel of Christ crucified. Jesus taught us to ask God to "let
go off[forgive]...the debts of us, as also we have let go off
to[forgiven] the debtors of us"[ref. Mat 6:5-14]. We are to
love and forgive our enemies, but not fight them. We are to
return that which is NOT our own property: "give *you* back to
Caesar...and to God"[ref. Mat 22:17-21]. So I'm proselytizing,
but if you fail to comprehend the lucid wisdom of Gabriel's
distinction and emphasis concerning the Jubilee- Acceptable
Year of the Lord, then you've missed the point entirely, in
which case I implore you to please stop right here, (re)read
the book According to Matthew until you understand this, then
continue reading from here. Next, 1 Tishri could not fall on
Sun, Wed or Fri, thus was occasionally delayed for one day, or
at most, delayed for two days, but was not delayed in 3305(457
BC) which was a Torah Jubilee Year[cf. Josephus' chronology].
Ezra reckoned the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes'[Artakhshathra]
first regnal year as 1 Tishri 3298, the Hebrew civil calendar
new year, which date fell on Thursday, September 7, 464 BC.
Although Artaxerxes was king from mid-August of 465 BC (of
Persian eponym, upon his father Xerxes' death), his ascension
to the Persian throne lasted eight months, until 1 Nisanu(near
the vernal equinox) beginning the following civil calendar new
year according to the old Persian[Chaldean/Sumero-Babylonian]
calendar. It is revealing in Ezra 7:8 where he states: "And he
came to Jerusalem in the fifth month, which was in the seventh
year of the king". This was NOT the fifth month of the king's
seventh regnal year on the Persian calendar, but was counted
as the eleventh month from Nisanu, hence the *fifth* month of
the Hebrew civil calendar(counting from 1 Tishri). Additional
historical sources which further establish Artaxerxes' first
regnal year in 464 BC include the 'Canon of Ptolemy' and the
'Greek Olympiads'---add numerous allusions to Persian affairs
by Greek historians---placing the seventh year of Artaxerxes
squarely in 457 BC. This chronology is also referenced in Sir
Isaac Newton's Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel[pp.
154-157ff]. It is clear from the historical records that the
king's 1st year of reign didn't begin until 1 Nisan(u) 3297
from Ezra's standpoint, since those prior eight months of the
king's ascension failed to fulfil *one* Hebrew calendar year,
being little more than half the calendar year, thus were not
included in Ezra's reckoning for the king's seventh[regnal]
year. In other words, the second- half of Artaxerxes' seventh
year fell in the Hebrew civil year 3305, beginning in the fall
of 457 BC on 1 Tishri, or Thu, Sep 19, 457 BC. Not to belabor
this point ad nauseum(like I haven't already), but it is very
important that the reader should understand how Artaxerxes'
seventh year was determined with certainty by Ezra according
to the Hebrew civil calendar. But, had Ezra counted the king's
seventh year as 1 Tishri 3304 as some secular scholars have
argued(misconstruing the Egyptian papyri), then that day was
Saturday, Sep 2, 458 BC, Julian Day 1554383(molad on Sep 1 @
2:16:55 AM JST[JD 1554381.51175]). I'll refer back to these
dates later in this article merely to confirm 1 Tishri 3305
[457 BC] as Ezra's historical assessment for Artaxerxes' 7th
year, in order to allay any possible doubts about this date.
One more thing, Elephantine was founded as a military colony
in the 6th century BC in southern Egypt, on an island in the
Nile near Aswan. Aramaic-speaking Jews constructed a temple
there in 525 BC. About a century ago, numerous papyri were
unearthed, many of which are dated(some double-dated) from 471
to 402 BC, dates which are useful for comparing these ancient
Egyptian, Persian and Hebrew civil calendars, and also for
establishing certain facts about them, including how that the
Hebrew calendar observed the fall-to-fall civil[regnal] year,
not the "vernal equinox" civil calendar of the Persians. The
Elephantine Jews also used Babylonian month names as did Ezra,
Nehemiah, et al, but in their Aramaic form. Notably, the KR6
papyrus has but one *year* listed: the 3rd year of Darius II.
The Hebrew date is Tammuz 8, but the Egyptian is Pharmuthi 8.
Because these dates fell on July 11th or 12th of that year, it
must be from 420 BC, in the Egyptian year 4. The Aramaic AP25
and AP28 papyri agree, as does the Canon of Ptolemy, thus was
also the Persian year 4. But, since Tammuz is several months
*after* Nisan in the Hebrew Torah calendar, only the fall-to-
fall shana reckoning reconciles the Hebrew calendar date with
the year 420 BC as the *3rd*--not the 4th--year of Darius II,
since Darius II's first year was 1 Nisan(u) of 423 BC, which,
in turn, supports Ezra's reckoning for king Artaxerxes' first
regnal year as 464 BC, NOT 465 BC. We'll refer to this later.
* Jesus born in Bethlehem w/"his star[rising]in the east":
Julian Day: 1720551
Julian calendar: Monday, August 12, 3 BC
Jewish calendar: 1 Elul 3758(1 Tishri was Tue, Sept 10)
Sunrise: 4:58:37 AM JST; JD 1720550.62404
Sunset: 6:24:06 PM JST; JD 1720551.18340
New Moon: Aug 11, 3 BC @ 1:27:52 AM JST;
Julian date: 1720549.47769; Lunation: -23801
Moon's distance: 396824k(62.2 ER); Subtends: 0.5019 degrees
Right ascension: 09:10:16.17; Declination: 16:29:42
Azimuth: 21:07:02; Altitude: -39:38:16
Rising: 5:10:35 AM JST; JD 1720549.63235
Setting: 6:43:37 PM JST; JD 1720550.19696
Notes: This Jupiter-Venus conjunction in Leo was
4.2 arcminutes in separation. The wise men(Magi) saw Jesus'
star[at its]rising, thus their own witness to this conjunction
was judicially construed as our Messiah's actual date and
approximate time of birth. Here's the Sun, Moon and Planetary
positions for August 12, 3 BC 4:00 AM JST/5:00 AM Babylon:
(Julian date: 1720550.58333)
Sun: RA: 09:14:04.83; Dec: 16:12:36;
AU: 1.007; Az:-117.638; Alt:-11.719
Moon: RA: 10:01:11.89; Dec: 10:56:54;
ER: 62.8; Az:-121.209; Alt:-23.849
Mercury: RA: 08:50:22.83; Dec: 14:29:30;
AU: 0.657; Az:-112.748; Alt: -8.198
Venus: RA: 07:49:27.22; Dec: 22:00:06;
AU: 1.564; Az:-110.981; Alt: 7.990
Mars: RA: 18:19:06.16; Dec:-29:13:42;
AU: 0.462; Az: 71.920; Alt:-29.383
Jupiter: RA: 07:50:32.92; Dec: 21:53:24;
AU: 6.277; Az:-111.017; Alt: 7.714
Saturn: RA: 03:03:06.00; Dec: 15:16:24;
AU: 8.954; Az: -56.608; Alt: 63.575
Uranus: RA: 23:28:52.40; Dec: -4:14:54;
AU: 19.147;Az: 44.919; Alt: 43.502
Neptune: RA: 14:36:59.99; Dec: 13:38:06;
AU: 30.376;Az: 137.174; Alt:-66.600
Pluto: RA: 09:14:06.18; Dec: 16.201;
Quoting Isaiah: "...the Gentiles shall come to thy light, and
kings to the brightness of thy rising...the dromedaries[young
camels]of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come:
they shall bring gold and incense; and they shall show forth
the praises of the LORD"[ref. Isa 60:3,6]. Isaiah is rightly
known as the Messianic Prophet, since he knew that *only* out
of Israel would come the One True Messiah for all the world's
salvation[cf. Isa 40:3/John 1:23; John 12:41-43ff]. Whether
Isaiah 60:3,6 is written about the Magi responding to this
bright rising "star" is best discerned by the astute reader,
but the coincidence is obvious at least. Notably, the magi
first appear in history in the 7th century BC, in the Median
empire[ref. Herodotus I;ci], and by the late 1st century BC
they formed the upper house of the council of the Megistanes,
whose duties included the election of the king of the Parthian
empire [ref. Strabo,XI,ix,3]. These Magi[Gk. magoi] were adept
judicial astrologers[astrologia judiciarias] from the Parthian
empire, whose lands included those of Persia, Bactria, et al
areas east of the Euphrates. They might not have all observed
this first conjunction from the region of Babylon, but viewed
it from several locations independently, some perhaps from
1000s of miles away? We do know that Gabriel had revealed the
70 Weeks prophecy to Daniel in Babylon, and that the very day
Ezra had left Babylon with Artaxerxes' decree, that started
the prophetic clock ticking down Gabriel's 7 + 62 contiguous
sabbatic years to Messiah the Prince. Furthermore, we know
that Babylon was almost six hundred miles to the east of
Jerusalem. In addition to this, many ancient magi claimed
Abra(ha)mic descent[ref. Mclintock & Strong's Cyclopedia],
thus the Magi's recognition of Messiah's "star" is not at all
surprising, rather, *He* was expected; these discerning Magi
understood Daniel's 70 Weeks prophecy and acted accordingly.
* Magi visit Herod(morning)/10-month old Jesus(evening):
Julian Day: 1720860
Julian calendar: Tuesday, June 17, 2 BC
Jewish calendar: 15/16 Tammuz 3759
New Moon: Jun 2, 2 BC @ 5:06:01 PM JST
Julian date: 1720845.12918; Lunation: -23791
Moon's distance: 365584k(57.3 ER); Subtends: 0.5448 degrees
Right ascension: 04:27:36.87; Declination: 25:51:18
Azimuth: 109.326; Altitude: 18.806
Rising: 3:55:25 AM JST; JD 1720844.58015
Setting: 6:46:25 PM JST; JD 1720845.19890
Notes: Near-perfect Jupiter-Venus conjunction in
Leo, a mere 6 arcseconds from concentricity. When Venus is
sufficiently elongated from the Sun, and the sky is crystal-
clear, Venus can barely be seen with the naked eye in broad
daylight. This *brilliant* conjunction was significantly
brighter than Venus alone, thus was certainly visible in broad
daylight in a clear sky, and we know that the sky was clear by
the Magi's own testimony. Herod I "the Great" died after the
"blood red" full lunar eclipse of Sat, January 10, 1 BC, and
not 4 BC which was the commonly supposed year of Herod's death
based on some passages from the historian Josephus' writings.
However, the scientific and historical evidences have refuted
Josephus' inaccurate reference for the year of Herod's death.
Quoting from Luke: "It happened but in the days those went out
decree beside Caesar Augustus to be getting registered all the
inhabited[earth]; this registration[Gk. apographe] first
occurred being governor of the Syria Quirinius; and they were
going their way all to be getting registered, each(one) into
the of himself city..."[ref. Luke 2:1 WH-ITGS]. This census
and oath of allegiance was required of the whole of the Roman
empire and its provinces, which included the inhabited regions
of southern and western Europe, western Asia and north Africa,
literally the "inhabited [Roman]earth." On February 5, 2 BC,
Augustus was awarded the highest of all Roman titles: Pater
Patriae, which meant "Father of the Country". This award
ceremony happened amidst celebrations commemorating the 25th
year of Augustus Caesar's rule and the 750th anniversary of
the (legendary)founding of Rome in 753 BC[AUC 1/752] which
celebrations extended into August of 2 BC in Augustus' honor.
In the autograph account of his own life `Res Gestae' Augustus
wrote: "While I was administering my 13th consulship the
senate and the equestrrian order and the entire Roman people
gave me the title Father of My County[the only Roman accolade
over Caesar Imperator and Pontifex Maximus]". This empire-wide
registration began in the late summer of 3 BC [compare Jesus'
birth date]. The koine' Greek word for tax is 'apotimesis',
but 'apographe' is properly translated only as *registration*
or *enrollment*, not as "tax", such as was mistranslated in
the King James, Webster's, et al popular Bibles. A proper
translation of this passage is: "In those days a decree was
issued by Emperor Augustus for a general registration
throughout the Roman world"[ref. New English Bible]. An
inscription from Paphlagonia in Asia Minor dating from 3 BC
records the oath "taken by the inhabitants of Paphlagonia and
the Roman businessmen dwelling among them...[that]the same
oath was sworn also by all the people in the land at the
altars of Augustus". This was the registration referred to in
Luke 2:1, which was an empire-wide Roman census. There was an
actual Roman tax in 8 BC which was recorded on the walls of
the Monumentum Ancryanum at the Temple Augusteum in Ankara,
Turkey, but Roman taxes were levied only on citizens residing
within the Empire proper and its provinces. These taxes were
collected by the publicans at or near the citizen's place of
residence. But Herod's semiautonomous kingdom was outside the
Empire proper until 6 AD, when Judea and Samaria were annexed
to the province of Syria overseen by Roman appointment of
imperial prefects(procurators). Any taxes levied before that
time were ordered and collected by Herod under his own rules
and auspices, but not those of the Roman Empire, since Herod
had paid Rome through his own kingdom-wide taxation. Joseph
and Mary abided in Nazareth, and were not Roman citizens, thus
were exempt from (Roman)taxation, but even if they had been
Roman citizens, they would not have been required to travel
to the place of their royal family's lineage in order to pay
Caesar's taxes. Neither would Mary, being "great with child"
[ref. Luke 2:5], have accompanied her husband wither he went
to pay it, yet Mary journeyed a distance of about seventy-two
*miles* south from Nazareth to Bethlehem in order to register
with Joseph, and also her Son Jesus, with Caesar's "grandest"
award ceremony not six months away. The 5th century historian
Orosius wrote: "[Augustus]ordered that a census be taken of
each province everywhere and that all men be enrolled. So at
that time, Christ was born and was entered on the Roman census
list as soon as he was born. This is the earliest and most
famous public acknowledgment which marked Caesar as the first
of all men and the Romans as lords of the world...that first
and greatest census was taken, since in this one name of
Caesar all the peoples of the great nations took oath, and at
the same time, through the participation in the census, were
made part of one society." [ref. Orosius, Adv. Pag. VI22.7,
VII2.16]. Ososius carefully noted the year that this census
was completed, which was *2* BC[Adv. Pag. VI22.1, VI22.5,
VII2.14]. Flavius Josephus related: "therefore the whole
Jewish nation took an oath to be faithful to Caesar and the
interests of the king[Herod]"... "Accordingly, when all the
people of the Jews gave assurance of their good-will to
Caesar, and to the king's[Herod's] government, these very
men[Pharisees] did not swear, being above six thousand"[Antiq.
XVIIii4]. Thusly Josephus had acknowledged king Herod I the
Great was *alive* when this empire-wide census of 3-2 BC was
being conducted. Add to this, Josephus had correctly counted
Augustus' defeat of Antony in 31 BC as Herod's seventh year,
and Gallus' expedition in 24 BC he'd correctly determined was
Herod's fourteenth year[Antiq. XVv2; XVix1-3]. And, in every
case but one, Josephus counted Herod's first year as 37 BC,
thus Josephus was correct in placing Herod's full reign at 37
years upon his death. However, instead of counting Herod's
37th year from the death of the former king(as he'd done in
every other instance cited), Josephus referenced two separate
years regarding Herod's reign. First was 37 BC, the year Herod
seized Jerusalem and killed the former king, which commenced
his reign, and second, counting back to 40 BC, when Herod was
merely named king by Rome[Antiq. XIVxiv5; XIVxvi4]. In this
instance, Josephus improperly counted Herod's 37th year from
40 BC instead of 37 BC, concluding incorrectly as a result of
this miscalculation that Herod had reigned but "34" years from
37 BC[ref. Antiq. XIVxvi4; XVIIvi4,viii1,xiii2; XVIIIii1,iv6;
Wars IIvii3]. Yet all other evidences cited--and the bulk of
Josephus' own commendable research--do confirm that Herod did
in fact reign for 37 years, but counting from 37 BC, which was
Herod's first regnal year, making 1 BC his 37th and final year
of reign, in which he died after the "blood red" full lunar
eclipse of Jan 10th--so Herod's final "year" wasn't much of a
year, but was cut short by the end of January, 1 BC. Note that
Herod's sons Archelaus, Antipas and Philip reckoned their
reigns from Antipater's co-regency with Herod, beginning 4-3
BC, or after the death of the two royal sons[Antiq. XVIIi1;
XVIIii4, Wars Ixxiii5]. But Herod's successors had antedated
their reigns unbeknownst to Josephus, which explained why
Josephus couldn't reconcile the correct length of Herod's
reign with the year of his death, nor with the bulk of his own
detailed writings and research about king Herod I the Great.
Luke informs us that this empire-wide registration of 3-2
BC occurred whilst Quirinius was governor of Syria. Sentius
Saturninus governed Syria from 9 BC to 7 BC, and Quinctilius
Varus governed from 6 BC to 4 BC. Next, Publius Sulpicius
Quirinus[Gk. Kurenios, var. Quirinius, meaning "warrior"]
governed Syria from 4 BC until 1 BC, and again, after the
banishment of Archelaus, from 6 AD until 9 AD[ref. Lapis
Venetus CIL3.6687], thus Quirinius was governor[imperial-
legate/commissioner] of Syria twice, and at the times Luke
stated he was[ref. Act 5:37, and Jos. Antiq. XVIIIi regarding
Luke's "second" census and taxation]. Archelaus, a son of
Herod by Malthace, was made governor of Syria in 1 BC, but was
deposed by Augustus in 6 AD. Renowned historian W. M. Ramsay
discovered an inscription at Antioch of Pisidia establishing
Quirinius in Syria 10-7 BC, while leading a campaign against
the Homanadenses(in the Taurus Mountains), a fact confirmed by
Tacitus. Another inscription, the Lapis Tiburtinus which dates
to c. 14 AD, was discovered in 1764 near Tivoli(Tibur), which
refers to an officer described as "victorious in war" and
"twice imperial legate of Syria"[ref. CIL 14.3613]. Clearly,
this reference was to Quirinus, but the officer's name on the
papyrus fragment was mutilated beyond recognition, thus is
subject to the usual "Porphyrian" cavil[ref. Porphyry, 234-305
AD]. A papyrus from Egypt says concerning the empire-wide 3-2
BC enrollment referred by Luke as the "first" registration:
"Because of the approaching census it is necessary that all
those residing for any cause away from their home should at
once prepare to return to their own governments in order that
they may complete the family registration of the enrollment".
Also, dated 150 AD, Justin Martyr wrote: "Jesus was born at
Bethlehem, thirty stadia distant from Jerusalem; as you may
learn from the enrolments that were held under Quirinus
(Kyrenios) your first governor, in Judea"..."Christ was born
one hundred and fifty years ago, under Quirinus (Kyrenios)"
[ref. Apol. i.34,46]. Martyr's testimony was addressed to the
Roman Emperor himself, the Senate and the people of Rome.
Martyr placed Christ's birth near 1 BC, two years late, but
here Martyr confirms that Quirinus was governor in 1 BC, and
also confirms Herod I the Great was *alive* in the year 1 BC,
a fact further confirmed by the astronomical evidence. Since
Herod wasn't alive for very long in 1 BC, and since we know
that Jesus was born in 3 BC, and also that Quirinus' first
term as governor was from 4 BC to 1 BC, then Martyr must've
known that 1 BC was Herod's last year, so he determined that
Herod had died sometime shortly---within that year---after
Joseph fled to Egypt with Mary and Jesus, which is in near-
agreement with the approximately 32 weeks after Jun 17, 2 BC
to late January of 1 BC when Herod died; Martyr knew Quirinus
was still governor in early 1 BC, too, thus explains Martyr's
incorrect surmise that Jesus was born at that time. A full
lunar eclipse[Gk. ekleipsis, "abandonment"] occurs when the
Moon passes through the center of Earth's shadow, or umbra,
which shadow extends 900,000 miles outward away from the Sun.
Sunlight, particularly the redder bandwidths, is refracted
into the umbra's cone by the Earth's atmosphere, illuminating
a fully-eclipsed Moon with a reddish-brown, coppery glow which
brightness and hues vary depending primarily on terrestrial
meteorological conditions and other factors. A total, or full
lunar eclipse lasts about an hour and three-quarters, and only
occurs while the Earth is in the umbra, or the darkest portion
of the Earth's shadow. Partial lunar eclipses do *not* produce
this reddish-tint since the penumbra passes the full spectrum
of diffused sunlight onto the Moon. The traditional "full"
lunar eclipse ascribed to Josephus' eclipse portending Herod's
death, which eclipse was turned "red with the blood of the
murdered rabbis"[ref. Antiq. XVIIvi4], was said to have been
on March 13, 4 BC. But this was only a partial eclipse at 40%,
not even close to the total eclipse requisite for turning the
Moon "blood red", and 4 BC does not coincide with the evidence
in any case. The total lunar eclipse referred to by Josephus
occurred on January 10, 1 BC, after the full moon rose above
the Jerusalem horizon @5:31:10 PM[JD 1721067.14664]just after
sunset(which was 4:52:31 PM[JD 1721067.11980]). This *total*
lunar eclipse began its umbral phase about six and three-
quarter hours after sunset, and reached its peak syzygy at
12:56:55 AM Jan 11, 1 BC, thus would've been seen as "blood
red" from about an hour and twenty-two minutes before then, or
about 11:35 PM in the late evening that January 10th, lasting
until about 1:20 AM in the morning of January 11th, with the
waning moon setting at 7:38:39 AM[1721067.73517] that morning.
Josephus stated that Herod died shortly after this "blood red"
eclipse and was buried before the Passover of that same year.
The molad beginning the 19-year lunisolar cycle in which that
Passover fell was Mar 21, 17 BC @11:19:42 AM[JD 1715293.88868]
with sunrise at 5:47:26 AM and sunset at 5:47:08 PM that day,
so the Hebrew calendar year preceding the Passover following
Josephus' "blood red" lunar eclipse was "year 16" of that 19-
year lunisolar cycle, meaning Passover of 1 BC was delayed by
one synodic month according to the calendar rules, just as the
Passover's following 16 BC(2),13 BC(5),11 BC(7),8 BC(10),5(13)
BC and 1 AD(18) of that same 19-year cycle were also delayed
one month as a function of these leap years. This was merely
routine leap-year intercalation[see Molad-Equinox notes below].
The molad for Nisan 3760 was Wed, Mar 24, 1 BC @ 3:46:58 PM[JD
1721141.07428], placing 1 Nisan the next day, Mar 25, thus the
Passover of 14 Nisan 3760 fell on Wed, Apr 7, 1 BC, beginning
the evening before, or Tue, Apr 6th. In terribly-ill health,
Herod was away at his winter palace in Jericho when the rabbis
were executed the day preceding the lunar eclipse, and it is
certain Herod died five days after Antipater was slain[Antiq.
XVIIviii1], which was within two, or perhaps three, weeks after
the lunar eclipse. So, starting at February 1st (using a most
conservative estimate), and counting up to April 6th--the day
before the Passover--left 29 days in February(recall that this
Julian leap year was ignored to compensate for previous leap-
year errors, but is counted in the proleptic calendar), add 31
days for March and 6 days for April, which totals 29 + 31 + 6
= 66 days, or 9 1/2 weeks, sufficient time for Herod's 23-mile
funeral procession, 30-day mourning period, funeral feast and
7(30?)-day mourning for the patriots before the Passover. This
case is settled by every evidence examined. Herod I the Great
died within two or three weeks after the 10th of January 1 BC.
This "Herod died in 4 BC" myth has been laid to rest, finally.
* Caesar Augustus died:
Julian Day: 1726402
Julian calendar: Sunday, August 19, 14 AD
Jewish calendar: 5 Elul 3774
Notes: Tiberius was already the supreme military
governor of the Roman Empire proper and its provinces since
12 AD, and was co-princeps(effectively co-Caesar) with Caesar
Augustus in 13 AD, but September 17, 14 AD is the commonly
referenced date of profane history, since this was Tiberius'
ceremonial inaugural after Augustus' death, bestowing on him
the sole title of Imperator. See Jesus' baptism notes below
for a concise commentary on Tiberius Caesar's "15th" year.
* Tiberius Caesar ceremonially inaugurated Imperator:
Julian Day: 1726431
Julian calendar: Monday, September 17, 14 AD
Jewish calendar: 5 Tishri 3775
New Moon: Sep 13, l4 AD @ 5:38:10 AM JST
Julian date: 1726426.65150; Lunation: -23602
Moon's distance: 398527k(62.5 ER); Subtends: 0.4997 degrees
Right ascension: 11:15:26.60; Declination: 06:23:06
Azimuth: -95.158; Altitude: 3.807
Rising: 5:21:25 AM JST; JD 1726426.63987
Setting: 6:03:01 PM JST; JD 1726427.16876
Notes: Compare Jesus' baptism date[Luke 3:1,23].
This inauguration date is historically irreconcilable with
Luke's account as given in Luke 3:1, but is thirteen years +
1 day before Jesus' baptism date of Sep 18, 27 AD See baptism
notes below for further analysis.
* New Moon[Heb. Molad] coincident with Vernal Equinox:
Julian Day: 1729173
Julian calendar: Saturday, March 21, 22 AD
Jewish calendar: 29 Adar 3782
Sunrise: 5:47:43 AM JST; JD 1729172.65814
Sunset: 5:47:01 PM JST; JD 1729173.15765
New Moon: Mar 21, 22 AD @ 4:38:04 AM JST
Julian date: 1729172.60977; Lunation: -23509
Moon's distance: 390405k(61.2 ER); Subtends: 0.5101 degrees
Right ascension: 23:45:19.84; Declination: 01:57:30
Azimuth: -99.950; Altitude: -12.000
Moon rising: 5:38:09 AM JST; JD 1729172.65149
Setting: 6:13:48 PM JST; JD 1729173.17625
Notes: The present-day 19-year lunisolar cycle of
the Jewish calendar adds the thirteenth intercalary, or leap
month, V'Adar(AdarII) in the years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19,
making those 13-month years into "leap years" to maintain very
close--but not perfect--synchronicity with the lunisolar
cycle. Twelve lunar[synodic] months is about eleven days
shorter than a solar year, hence the "luni-solar" calendar
required a leap year added every two to three years to make up
for this annual eleven-day deficit. But these systematically
inserted leap years ended up with about two hours[2:06:28.022]
left over every 19 solar years, not a significant error, but
by the mid-second century AD this had accumulated for more
than fifteen hundred years since the days of Moses, thus
presented a serious dilemma for the lunisolar calendar. In 161
AD the Jewish Patriarch Simon III imposed a postponement of
the intercalated year from the seventh to the eighth year, to
prevent Pentecost from falling on Monday, June 23, 161 AD-into
the summer solstice! This was accomplished using an interim
transition cycle of leap years 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19. As
a result, all leap years AFTER this adjustment were counted in
the years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19, but all leap years PRIOR
to Simon's calendar adjustment of 161 AD were counted in the
years 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 18, thusly these leap-months
were appended to those designated years after the twelfth
month of Adar, according to the lunisolar Torah calendar.
While the religious months of the calendar were counted as in
Torah, beginning in the spring on 1 Nisan, the civil calendar
months of the very same calendar were counted *fall-to-fall*,
so the first month in the civil year was the seventh month of
the religious calendar. The rules for observing the Holy Days
enjoyed priority over most other decisions of the elders as to
which days would begin any lunisolar calendar's months, which
calendars were calculated thusly, based on the repeating 19-
year lunisolar cycle. In near-synchronicity with each month's
molad, these months were numbered 1-12, or 1-13 in leap years.
The first month Abib / 'hodesh ha-aviv' only roughly coincided
(i.e. +/- 50 days) with the barley being "in the ear" of old
tradition, but the first month of the year according to the
agricultural/liturgical shana observance was 1 Ethanim(Tishri)
which was Ezra's "1st day/1st month" as we've already learned.
The molad was often a day or two earlier than a month's first
day as a function of calendar rules, but was rarely allowed to
occur too *late* in the day for that month's first day, up to
twelve hours after the usual "conjunction window" within which
that molad should've fallen for that day to qualify as the 1st
day of the month, or at least as the first reference day for
that month, allowing for one- or two- day delays accommodating
the Holy Days not otherwise conveniently delayed for whatever
mitigating circumstances might've demanded. Quoting here from
Maimonides: "It is thus a Mosaic tradition from Sinai that
in times when there was a (Palestinian)Synedrium[Sanhedrin],
declaration of New Moon Days was based on visual observation
[confirmed by court calculation], while in times when no
Synedrium existed, this declaration was based on calculations
such as we are using today and no attention was paid to
observation of the new crescent. Rather, the day established
by calculation might well coincide with the day in which the
new moon became visible, but it might sometimes be the day
before it or the day after it." "The court followed a
tradition transmitted by the Sages from one generation to
another on the authority of Moses ... on the basis of cal-
culation...." [Code of Maimonides, Bk3 Tr8, 'Sanctification of
the New Moon' 5x2;18x7]. Considering that the ancient calendar
month was reckoned as 29 days, 12 hours and 793 parts, i.e. 29
days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3-1/3 seconds, and that month-
to-month observations served to confirm and calibrate these
simple calculations, Maimonides' *assumptive* assertion that
ancient (common)Hebrews couldn't calculate within one day's
accuracy for *any* molad is not being realistic, irrespective
of that molad's actual "visibility". Any months which were
begun an entire day before the calculated molad were started
deliberately, but not for the lack of simple addition skills,
and whether such was ever allowed to happen is uncertain. In
all of my studies of the ancient Hebrew calendar dates, I've
never once encountered an occassion where the molad occurred
more than twelve hours after 12 PM, the usual "cut off" point
which caused that calculated month to be delayed for one day,
after the designated 1st day of that calculated synodic month.
This means that the ancients knew perfectly-well how to count,
and that these calendars could be calculated years in advance.
Think about it: add 29 days 12 hrs. and 793 parts(44.06 min.)
to the last new moon. Are we within one whole day of accuracy?
Easily, especially since this calculated synodic number can be
added to multiple months preceding just to make sure that the
last molad wasn't off by an entire day, i.e., too far outside
the calculated conjunction window for that first day. See how
easy these calculations are? Now that you've an understanding
of the ancient Torah lunisolar calendar *and* its calculation,
here are its months summarized below for convenient reference:
Month#** Hebrew Name Days per Month
1(7) Abib/Nisan* 30
2(8) Zif/Iyyar 29
3(9) Sivan* 30
4(10) Tammuz 29
5(11) Ab/Av 30
6(12) Elul 29
7(1) Ethanim/Tishri* 30
8(2) Bul/Cheshvan 29/30(optional)
9(3) Kislev 30/29(optional)
10(4) Tebet 29
11(5) Shebat 30
12(6) Adar/AdarI 29/30(leap yr.)
13(") V'Adar/AdarII 29(intercalary)
*months with holy days;
**civil month #'s in parentheses
* Jesus' 30th birthday:
Julian day: 1731153
Julian calendar: Friday, August 22, 27 AD
Jewish calendar: 1 Elul 3787(1 Tishri 3788 was Sat, Sept 20)
New Moon: Aug 20, 27 AD @ 3:04:10 PM JST
Julian date: 1731151.04456; Lunation: -23442
Moon's distance: 367010k(57.5 ER); Subtends: 0.5427 degrees
Right ascension: 09:51:03.82; Declination: 15:55:18
Azimuth: 82.672; Altitude: 42.307
Rising: 4:37:33 AM JST; JD 1731150.60941
Setting: 6:30:38 PM JST; JD 1731151.18794
Notes: Jewish calendar birthday; at age 30, Jesus
eligible for priesthood and temple service. This is why John
the Baptist asked of Jesus: "...I have need to be baptized of
thee, and comest thou to me?"[Mat 3:14]. John did not yet
recognize Jesus as Messiah, but he knew that his cousin, the
astonishing carpenter's son Jesus, that He was thirty years
old, and John knew this since he himself was thirty! That John
didn't recognize Jesus as Messiah means that John didn't know
about Jesus being conceived of God's Spirit in Mary, since had
John actually known about this, then surely he would've known
that Jesus was the promised Messiah of the Scriptures, with
His virgin birth being scripturally *prerequisite* to His
Messiahship. Even though "virgin birth" mythologies had
flourished in every culture throughout the world, every Jew
*knew* that "salvation out of the Jews is"! Thereby we know
that John, understandably, had supposed Jesus' father was
Joseph, as did practically everyone else. Only a few knew at
the time that Joseph was only lawfully Jesus' father according
to the custom, since Joseph was more than just son-in-law to
Mary's father, Heli, who had daughters of his own, but bore no
sons of his own, making Joseph Heli's son by Joseph's marriage
to Heli's daughter Mary, which made Heli's grandson Jesus--
legally--a son to Joseph, so Joseph was fully within his legal
rights to raise Heli's grandson Jesus as his own son, since
lawfully, Jesus was his own son, just as almost everyone had
supposed. And, under the law, Jesus was heir to the throne by
His legal father and also by His mother, since under Jewish
law, right to kingship could also pass to Mary's descendants.
So Jesus was heir to the throne by bloodline to king David, by
Jewish law and by YHWH's Law. Lord Jesus was destined for The
Throne of Israel, so when you hear His title King of the Jews,
now you understand that this title is more than mere religious
supposition: Jesus *is* in FACT the One and Only *King* of the
Jews, and He is Ruler over the kings of the earth. Think about
this FACT next time you happen to watch the "Six O'Clock News".
* Jesus baptized into YHWH's Ministry at the river Jordan
exactly 483 Hebrew lunisolar Calendar years to the very day
from Ezra's "going forth" with Artaxerxes' imperial edict to
restore Jerusalem. This same date was 4749 days or 13 regnal-
tropical years + 1 day into the inaugural reign of Tiberius,
but 15 years + 12 days[Luke 3:1] into Tiberius' governorship
by the Jewish civil calendar, which was 15 years + 1 day
according to the Julian civil calendar:
Julian day: 1731180
Julian calendar: Thursday, September 18, 27 AD
Jewish calendar: 1 Tishri 3788("Trumpets", Rosh Hashanah)
New Moon: Sep 18, 27 AD @ 11:48:42 PM JST
Julian date: 1731180.40882; Lunation: -23441
Moon distance: 373484k(586 ER); Subtends: 0.5332 degrees
Right ascension: 11:40:20.13; Declination: 6:55:18
Azimuth: -176.088; Altitude: -51.227
Rising: 4:32:46 AM JST; JD 1731179.60609
Setting: 5:45:00 PM JST; JD 1731180.15625
Notes: Daniel's 7+62 sabbatic years fulfilled[Dan
9:25]. The Hebrew Calendar year exceeds a tropical year by 6
minutes, 39.370 seconds; this amounts to one extra day per
216.34 tropical years, or 2.23 days over 483 tropical years.
A tropical year is equal to 365.242199 days, so this baptism
date of Jesus is precisely 483 tropical years + 2.02 days from
Ezra's going forward with Artaxerxes' decree, a difference of
only 2.23 from 2.02 = {-0.21} days, or just 5 hours shy of 483
Hebrew Calendar years! Who could ask for more? And who's to
say these 5 hours weren't accounted for by differences in the
time of day Ezra left Babylon, and the time that Jesus entered
the Jordan's waters to be baptised? But if we'd adopted Sept
2, 458 BC as Artaxerxes' seventh year as referenced before,
then that date was exactly 483 tropical years + 4 hours to
what was a popular but non-historical "alternate" for Jesus'
Baptism date of 1 Tishri 3787, or Monday, Sep 2, 26 AD; Julian
Day 1730799, with its molad occurring Sat, Aug 31, 26 AD
@1:27:11 AM JST; JD 1730796.47721, but which is entirely one
calendar year *prior* to the very earliest date historically-
reconcilable with Tiberius' 15th year, and one year too soon
for Gabriel's 483 years to have elapsed, thus is logically
eliminated from further discussion. This means 1 Tishri 3788
is the ONLY historical dating reconcilable with *both* Ezra's
account AND that related by Luke; to wit, Luke 3:1 reads
"...in year but five and tenth of the *governorship* of
Tiberius Caesar" [*emphasis added]. In the year 12 AD,
Tiberius was made military governor(commander) over Caesar's
vast armies and provinces by the ailing Augustus, at which
time Augustus had compelled his estranged- widow Julia to
marry Tiberius, thus historically qualifies as his 1st year of
governorship. Ancient coins from Antioch dated AUC 765[12 AD]
display the head of Tiberius with the inscription: 'Kaisar
Sebastos'[Caesar Augustus]. An ancient document written by the
Roman senator Dion Cassius reflects major events of 12 AD, in
which he noted: "Augustus, because he was growing old, wrote
a letter commending Germanicus to the senate and the latter
[senate] to Tiberius"[ref. LVI.26]. And by the year 13 AD,
Tiberius Claudius Nero was known to the whole of the Roman
empire and its provinces as supreme military governor and co-
regent with Augustus Caesar, since Tiberius was by that time
Proconsular Imperium, wielding full tribunician power wholly
co-extensive with that of Augustus, making Tiberius co-
princeps with Caesar Augustus by 13 AD. When Augustus died
that following year, Tiberius' sole Consulship was already
intact and was wholly unassailable, with his continuation as
Principate a foregone conclusion, thus his inauguration as
Imperator was but an accolade. Luke's reckoning for his 15th
year is confirmed in the fact that by 27 AD, the very weary
Tiberius had retired permanently to seclusion on the island
of Capri, leaving his notorious(traitorous) captain of the
Praetorian Guard, the prefect Sejanus, to RULE in his place.
So, with 27 AD established as Tiberius' "five and tenth year
of governorship", then the year 12 AD must logically be
construed as commencing Tiberius' first year by the Jewish
civil calendar new year 1 Tishri 3773, which Julian calendar
date was Monday, September 5, 12 AD, or Julian Day 1725689.
Thusly, Luke had counted then-Caesar Tiberius' 15th regnal
year from his provincial rule two years before Caesar Augustus
had died. And Luke's added (historical)references to Pilate,
Herod[Antipas], Philip, Lysanias, Annas and Caiaphas are
entirely supportive of 12 AD as the year Luke had referenced,
since in every case they are historically consistent with 27
AD. Luke stating that Jesus was "commencing as if of years
thirty" refers to Jesus' entering the priesthood and temple
service in the(His) body of Christ, doubtless retrospectively,
in light of Jesus' own confession that "Before Abraham was,
I AM"[John 8:58]. That this wasn't Jesus' actual thirtieth
birthday vs. one synodic month afterwards seems frivolous;
Luke was uncertain how to describe the age of the Eternal Son
of God, as surely anyone would find themselves awestruck in
this regard, but Jesus *was* thirty years in the body, and
this was the day of His Commencement into YHWH's Ministry:
Yes, Jesus was indeed "commencing as if of years thirty".
* Vernal(Spring) Equinox of 31 AD
Julian day: 1732461
Julian calendar: Thursday, March 22, 31 AD:
Jewish calendar: 8 Abib/Nisan 3791
Sunrise: 5:46:37 AM JST; JD 1732460.65737
Sunset: 5:47:29 PM JST; JD 1732461.15797
Notes: Hebrew calendar rules stipulated that
Passover (14 Abib/Nisan) must occur no earlier than two days
before the spring equinox, but also that Pentecost must occur
before summer, and always on a Monday, on the 7th, 9th, 11th
or 13th of the 3rd month(Sivan), leaving but one possible
crucifixion date in 31 AD. We know this too because John's
Gospel reveals that Jesus observed four Passovers *after* His
baptism(Sep 18, 27 AD). Counting from the spring of 28 AD[John
2:13], 29 AD[John 4:35,5:1], 30 AD[John 6:4], AND the Last
Supper Passover of 31 AD[John 12:1], whereupon that day our
Lord was crucified. And though the first full moon after the
spring equinox of 31 AD was March 28, the calendar correction
made 130 years later by Simon III in 161 AD revealed that the
"last supper" Passover was observed the evening before the
SECOND full moon of Wednesday, April 25th, 31 AD(note the
Hebrew calendar year of Jesus' crucifixion/resurrection was a
385-day "perfect" leap year[Type 11, 4-7-P*]). In light of all
other evidences examined, this fact proves beyond any shadow
of a doubt that Jesus' "last supper" Passover took place on
Tuesday evening, April 24, 31 AD between 6 PM and 12 AM
Wednesday morning, and very much according to the traditional
seder regulations[Heb. haggada], but this Passover was special
indeed[ref. Mat 26:1-30; Mark 14:1-26; Luke 22:1-39; John
11:55-57]. I've charted the calendar year 3791(below), dating
the historical "three days and three nights"[ref. Jonah 1:17,
Mat 12:40] that Jesus' tortured body laid wrapped in a linen
shroud, sealed in a nearby, newly-hewn stone sepulchre of one
of our Lord's disciples, the wealthy intellectual, Joseph of
Arimathaea [ref. Mat 27:57-60]. In the literal translation,
verse 57 says "Of evening but having come to be", meaning that
the High Sabbath of 15 Nisan, the first day of unfermented
cakes[unleavened bread] was in effect! Remember, *this* was
the body of the LORD of the Sabbath, thus giving Lord Jesus a
proper burial on the High Sabbath was Lawful and perfectly
appropriate, but Joseph et al performed this *work* in
considerable haste for fear of the Jews(who'd condemned
Jesus)[ref John 19:38], that they would've found Joseph et al
working on the sabbath "unacceptable", and would've prohibited
them from continuing and arrested them, too. We can reasonably
conclude that they might've been crucified as well, had they
been caught *working* on the High Sabbath, and under *these*
circumstances! And so it was that Jesus' body was buried after
even[6:07:37 PM JST] of 15 Nisan, and after three days was
resurrected, after even[6:09:28 PM JST] of 18 Nisan[Apr 28, 31
AD], which from even till even the following day was counted
as Sunday, the *first* day of the Hebrew Calendar week, which
is precisely what the gospel accounts repeatedly indicate,
"the FIRST day", not the seventh[Mat 28:1; Mark 16:2,9; Luke
24:1; John 20:1,19]. John 20:19 literally translated reads:
"Being therefore of evening to the day that the one[day] of
sabbaths, and of the doors having been locked where were the
disciples through the fear of the Jews." Here's a prime
example of where orthodox theologians and liberals alike are
easily given to *misconstruing* these ancient texts in favor
of whatever is convenient in lieu of expertise. John's gospel
is "user-friendly" to the gentile audience as well as the Jew.
Quoting Robertson's: "{When therefore it was evening on that
day} (oushv oun oqiav th hmera ekeinei). Genitive absolute
with oqia (oqiov, late), old word with wra(hour) understood
and here for the time from six to nine(#6:16) and the locative
case of time with hmera(day). John often uses this note of
time (#1:39; 5:9; 11:53; 14:20; 16:23,26). The addition of th
mia sabbatwn(see #20:1 for this use of mia like prwth) proves
that John is using Roman time, not Jewish, for here evening
follows day instead of preceding it..." So, this was Sunday
evening April 29, 31 AD, which was after the even of Monday,
19 Nisan by the Hebrew Calendar. The Bible tells us that He
"was risen early the first day of the week"[ref. Mark 16:9].
The literal translation is likewise explicit about this
"Having stood up but early to first[day] of sabbath[week]",
thus is irrefutable that Jesus rose from the dead on the
*first* day of the calendar week, which was Saturday evening
by the Julian solar calendar, but was the evening[beginning]
of SUNDAY by Jewish reckoning. Here's the calendar year 3791
for your reference:
-------- HEBREW CALENDAR YEAR 3791 --------
Tishri 3791
molad: Sat, Sep 16, 30 AD @ 07:53:14 AM JST
(Julian date 1732273.74530)
S M T W T F S
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
Cheshvan 3791
molad: Sun, Oct 15, 30 AD @ 05:29:00 PM JST
(Julian date 1732303.14514)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30
Kislev 3791
molad: Tue, Nov 14, 30 AD @ 03:10:11 AM JST
(Julian date 1732332.54874)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
Tebet 3791
molad: Wed, Dec 13, 30 AD @ 01:23:46 PM JST
(Julian date 1732361.97484)
S M T W T F S
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29
Shebat 3791
molad: Fri, Jan 12, 31 AD @ 12:25:37 AM JST
(Julian date 1732391.43446)
S M T W T F S
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
Adar 3791
molad: Sat, Feb 10, 31 AD @ 12:25:50 PM JST
(Julian date 1732420.93461)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30
V'Adar 3791
molad: Mon, Mar 12, 31 AD @ 01:32:07 AM JST
(Julian date 1732450.48064)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29
Nisan 3791
molad: Tue, Apr 10, 31 AD @ 3:45:14 PM JST
(Julian date 1732480.07308)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14* 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30
*Full Moon: Wed, Apr 25
Iyyar 3791
molad: Thu, May 10, 31 AD @ 6:51:10 AM JST
(Julian date 1732509.70220)
S M T W T F S
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Sivan 3791
molad: Fri, Jun 08 31 AD @ 10:21:59 PM JST
(Julian date 1732539.34860)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30
Tammuz 3791
molad: Sun, Jul 08, 31 AD @ 01:40:50 PM JST
(Julian date 1732568.98669)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29
Av 3791
molad: Tue, Aug 07, 31 AD @ 4:20:41 AM JST
(Julian date 1732598.59770)
S M T W T F S
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
Elul 3791
molad: Wed, Sep 05, 31 AD @ 5:59:55 PM JST
(Julian date 1732628.16661)
S M T W T F S
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29
* Palm "Sunday", 1311 days(3 years + 7 months) after Jesus'
baptism at the river Jordan, the LORD of the Sabbath rode
humbly into Jerusalem[Zec 9:9] in "the midst" of Gabriel's
seventieth sabbatic year(this was a leap year, hence 3.5 years
+ 1 month). If you count from the last day of Jesus' "40 days
of temptation" up until the day of His resurrection(discovered
Sunday) you get 1280 days, or exactly three and one-half solar
calendar years:
Julian day: 1732491
Julian calendar: Saturday, April 21, 31 AD
Jewish calendar: 10 Abib/Nisan 3791
New Moon: Apr 10, 31 AD @ 3:45:14 PM JST
Julian date: 1732480.07308; Lunation: -23397
Moon distance: 394450k(61.8 ER); Subtends: 0.5049 degrees
Right ascension: 01:07:39.91; Declination: 4:56:12
Azimuth: 78.114; Altitude: 27.308
Rising: 5:20:20 AM JST; JD 1732479.63912
Setting: 5:57:35 PM JST; JD 1732480.16499
Notes: Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread
was in practice one "eight-day feast" for which plans were
made weeks, really months, in advance. There were two separate
hagigah sacrifices. First, the pesah proper[paschal meal] on
the eve of 14 Nisan, and second pascha which was the afternoon
hagigah[festive offering] sacrifice of 14 Nisan, completed
before the festivities of 15 Nisan, or first day of the Feast
of Unleavened Bread. About two weeks before this contiguous
eight-day feast, tithes were separated for the priesthood from
the flocks of sheep. But the paschal lamb, the one "without
blemish, a male of the first year" was selected on 10
Nisan[ref. Exo 12]. This was the Passover meal Jesus shared
with His disciples the eve of His crucifixion. Notably, the
second pascha was occurring at around the time Jesus died,
between 3 and 5 PM that afternoon. From the King James: "Ye
know that after two days is the feast of the passover, and
the Son of man is betrayed to be crucified. Then assembled
together the chief priests, and the scribes, and the elders of
the people, unto the palace of the high priest, who was called
Caiaphas, and consulted that they might take Jesus by
subtlety, and kill him. But they said, Not on the feast day[15
Nisan], lest there be an uproar among the people."[Mat 26:2-5]
Jesus was God's Lamb for both Passover offerings, and His
sacrifice left all others of none effect: Jesus Himself had
literally become the Passover, the chosen Lamb of God.
* Passover morning, and preparation day for the High Sabbath
of the first day of unleavened bread; Jesus was crucified at
9 AM Wednesday morning[Mark 15:25], and gave up the ghost
shortly after 3 PM that afternoon[ref. Mat 27:45-50; Mark
15:33-37; Luke 23:44-46]. Thusly Gabriel's "Messiah the
Prince" had been "cut off" literally in the "midst of the
week"(Wednesday), in the midst of the seventieth sabbatic
year[ref. Dan 9:24-27], just as the prophecy had been
foretold 568 years before[ref. Dan 9:1-2ff]:
Julian day: 1732495
Julian calendar: Wednesday, April 25, 31 AD
Jewish calendar: 14 Abib/Nisan 3791
Sunrise: 5:02:49 AM JST; 1732494.62696
Sunset: 6:07:37 PM JST; 1732495.17196
Notes: Wednesday crucifixion proven, thus "Good
Friday" is myth. Notably, even if Jesus' crucifixion had
occurred in 30 AD (of orthodox tradition), the Hebrew calendar
year 3790 was not a leap year, a fact clearly demonstrated by
the calendar evidence. The molad for Nisan 3790 was Wednesday,
Mar 22, 30 AD @ 8:57:59 PM JST(JD 1732096.29027), placing 1
Nisan the next day, Thursday, Mar 23, 30 AD, thus 14 Nisan
fell on Wednesday, April 5, 30 AD, therefore "Friday/30 AD"
church traditions have been squarely refuted by the evidence,
which selfsame evidence has proven Wednesday, April 25, 31 AD
the actual date of our Lord's crucifixion, thus is accepted as
proven fact. And for all you 33 AD crucifixion devotees out
there, here, I'll save you the trouble! The molad for Nisan
3793 was on Thursday, March 19, 33 AD @ 2:46:38 PM JST (JD
1733189.03238), placing 1 Nisan on Saturday, March 21, 33 AD,
with 14 Nisan falling on Friday, April 3, 33 AD. There's your
Easter[Ishtar]Friday for the crucifixion, but 33 AD doesn't
hold up very well to being in the "midst" of Gabriel's 70th
sabbatic year[5.5 of 7], nor is Friday near the "midst of the
week" as Wednesday certainly is, but the final nail in the
coffin for the "Good Friday" mythologies is provided by the
Scriptures alone, since from *after* sunset Friday evening[Mat
27:57-60, John 19:38-42] to after sunset Saturday evening[Mark
16:9] totals ONE DAY i.e. one morning and one evening ONLY, or
perhaps a day and five-eighths at the outside if one presumes
to count from 3 PM Friday afternoon to 6 AM Sunday morning
(squeezing every last drop) still well-shy of even *two days
and two nights*, much less the *requisite* "three days and
three nights in the heart of the earth"[Mat 12:40] our Lord
Jesus had promised. "Friday" is invalidated, and there're
plenty more chapters and verses to cite supporting Wednesday,
April 25, 31 AD as the one and only historical crucifixion
date of our Lord Jesus, but I'll reserve these citations for
follow-ups; the point is already proven incontrovertibly.
* Date Jesus resurrected; scientifically-inexplicable image
produced on 1st-century linen shroud by process unknown and
unidentified. Turin shroud is proven authentic, see notes:
Julian day: 1732498
Julian calendar: Saturday Evening, April 28, 31 AD
Jewish calendar: Sunday, 18 Nisan 3791(early in the evening)
Sunrise: 4:59:26 AM JST; JD 1732497.62461
Sunset: 6:09:28 PM JST; JD 1732498.17324
Notes: This resurrection process impressed the
shroud with the image of Lord Jesus' once-dead, tortured body,
apparently resulting from bursts of radiant energy emitted
during the miraculous resurrection process, an energy which
apparently dispersed as this process neared completion, since
there's no apparent movement visible in the shroud's image.
Mary and Martha's brother Lazarus might have left some similar
image in the swathing bands and face cloth he was wrapped
in[ref. John 11:1-44,12:17]? Very notably, the clothes of
persons who've died wearing them for any length of time after
their death's have never *once* been shown to have any such
image impressed into the clothing's fibers, thus proving the
shroud's image is NOT a function of any process known to
science, since the man in the shroud was very clearly a man
who'd been dead i.e. clinically and biologically dead NOT
living. Hence, the image shouldn't be there, but there it is
nonetheless! This alone is very compelling evidence for the
shroud's authenticity but there's more... The Turin shroud and
Sudarium cloth are pages of "Scripture" penned in the precious
blood of our Lord and Savior Jesus signed by the hand of God.
Just as Scripture endures all scrutiny (written in the Spirit
of Prophecy which is Jesus Christ), the shroud and face
covering invite all manner of secular criticisms, yet the
artifacts do prevail under the brightest of lights that the
scientific inquiry has to offer! We know that the shroud and
face covering are the genuine burial linen of our Lord Jesus
since the evidence clearly proves it, not that any such
evidence is "requisite" to the Christian faith, but neither
does this imply that one should turn a blind eye to any such
evidence, especially when the evidence is 100% conclusive. If
this evidence sways a few "doubting Thomas's" out there, then
we as Christians have done well:
* Doctors of medicine, experts in the human anatomy including
forensic pathologists/medical examiners/coroners/etc. have
examined the image in the shroud and have concluded that this
adult male in his 30s had suffered very severe beatings and
crucifixion precisely as is described in the New Testament
gospel accounts, and some of these medical professionals have
admitted openly that this image could be of none other than
the One, crucified Jesus[ref. Bucklin, M.D., J.D., et al].
* The shroud measures 4.6 x 1.1 meters, standard measurements
of 8 x 2 Philatelic cubits used in Palestine in the first
century AD. It bears the front and back images of our Lord
crucified in a manner identical to that which was testified to
in the Scriptures, and is the most intensively scrutinized
artifact in recorded history, with scientific testing proving
time and again that the image was produced NOT by artistic
methods, but by profound physical changes in the linen fibers
themselves by process(es) unknown and to date unidentified.
Physicist Osward Schewermann, who'd conducted experiments on
the phenomenon of coronal discharge, i.e., discharge of
radiation from a surface charged with static electricity,
observed that flat objects like leaves discharge electrons
from their edges when they touch cloth, forming well-defined
lines which follow contours where the leaves and cloth make
contact, but more diffused where the materials are close but
do not actually touch, partially characteristic of the
shroud's images, describing most images *but* the inexplicable
image formed by the crucified body: THIS image no scientist in
the world can explain;
* The herringbone twill @ 3:1 weave is distinctively of first-
century Syrian manufacture. The flax fibrils contain entwisted
cotton fibrils from the very same loom, the cotton Gossypium
herbaceum, a Middle East species *not* found in Europe;
* The shroud contains myriad pollen grains from at least 58
species of plants, 17 indigenous to Europe(where it's been
kept for the last seven centuries), but the majority are
indigenous to the region of the Dead Sea and Turkey, including
Artemisia herba-alba, Nyoscyamus aureus, and Onosma syriacum.
Even the pollen of the wreath of thorns was found to be of
local origin. The Zygophyllum dumosum is identified as the
most significant plant imaged in the shroud, as it grows ONLY
in Israel, Jordan, and Sinai. Winter leaves all reveal their
previous year's petioles, proving the plants were picked in
the springtime, as does the state of growth for every plant
thus far identified. And some surprising images have been
identified in the shroud, including a hammer and a nail, a
broom, an ancient-style rope, even a sponge and reed[ref. Mark
15:36]! The gospels tell us that Joseph of Arimathaea and
Nicodemus, with the assistance of Mary Magdalene and Mary
mother of Joses, were the ones who'd prepared and wrapped
Jesus' body, quickly gathering and arranging these flowers
which are imaged in the shroud, preparing spices and ointments
according to the Jewish custom[ref. Mat 27:57-60, Mark 15:42-
47,16:1; Luke 23:50-55; John 19:38-42] as time permitted. This
is clearly spelled out as Jewish custom[John 19:40], and it is
clear from gospel accounts that flower arrangements evident in
the shroud were not at first completed that dreadful early
evening following the crucifixion, but were completed on
Friday following the High Sabbath of 15 Nisan, and the final
ointments etc. were to be applied Sunday, but of course,
*that* preparation was not to be. Jesus was risen!
* Blood was typed AB in all testing performed, containing high
levels of bilirubin consistent with severe concussive injuries
suffered by our Lord on that prophesied Passover of 31 AD.
* C14 measurements of bacteria, fungi and bioplastic/biogenic
varnish deposited as a result of the symbiosis between the two
organisms had compromised the results of every C14 test done.
These 1988 radiocarbon dating tests averaged remnant C14 of
the original linen with the microorganisms Lichenothelia and
Rhodococcus AND the resultant calcium carbonate varnish. This
bioplastic varnish was NOT removed by the cleaning procedures
used in radiocarbon labs, and these microorganisms are still
present, living and multiplying on the linen shroud of Turin.
[ref. Mattingly/Garza-Vermes].
* The swath cloth[Sudarium of Oviedo; John 20:6-7] shows an
obvious match with the image and stains on the shroud in at
least 120 points of coincidence, and the Sudarium is known to
date at its very least back to 613 AD from Palestine, and 1075
AD in Spain, further proving that the radiocarbon tests were
compromised, and further proof that the shroud is genuine.
* Particulate iron-oxide permeating the shroud was proven not
to be some "artist's pigment", and likewise was proven not to
be the cause of the image in the linen fibrils of the shroud
irrespective of its origin(s). X-ray fluorescent analysis
confirmed that there was no discernable relevance between
concentrations of iron oxide particles and varying densities
of the image. Microspectrophotometric analysis of blood from
the shroud found hemoglobin, but in its acid-methemoglobin
form due to its great antiquity and denaturation. Additional
tests identified the presence of porphyrin, albumin, bilirubin
and protein. Also, when proteases were applied to a fibril
containing the denaturated blood, the blood dissolved, but
left an "imageless" fibril[ref. Heller/Adler]. This proves the
image contemporaneous with the ancient blood by demonstrating
that those fresh bloodstains were absorbed by the cloth
*before* formation of the image contained in the linen
fibrils, thus the body's image is inextricably linked to the
presence of that *same* body's blood. Dr's Adler and Heller
went further, by applying pleochroism, birefringence and
chemical analysis they determined that unlike artist's pigment
which contains iron oxide contaminated by manganese, cobalt,
and nickel, the iron oxide on the shroud is relatively pure.
Subsequent research into the procedures of flax preparation
and linen manufacture showed that pure iron oxide is normal to
the process of fermenting(retting) the flax in large outdoor
vats of water. This is conclusive evidence that the iron oxide
on the shroud of Turin is definitely not the remnant of some
artist's pigment[ref. STURP; Morris, Schwalbe, London; X-Ray
Spectrometry, Vol 9, no. 2, 1980, pp 40-47; Schwalbe, L. A.,
Rogers, R. N., Analytica Chimica Acta 135, 1982, pp 3-19].
* In 1532 the chapel at Chambery caught fire, and the heat was
so intense that part of the silver reliquary where the shroud
was stored melted, dripping onto the folded shroud. The shroud
was saved from the fire but the burns were significant, since
the shroud had been exposed to intense heat at low oxygen
levels. This may have contributed to the faulty radiocarbon
dating of the shroud, as might've centuries of tallow candle
smoke and incense residue.
* Iconography dating to the sixth century when superimposed on
the shroud face shows at least 170 unique points of congruity
with the image. This in itself has developed into a science,
with the shroud's singularly distinctive face depicted
everywhere in post- 6th century art. An illustration of the
entombed and enshrouded Jesus was found in a prayer book from
Budapest called the "Pray Manuscript", depicting the "L"
pattern of unique burn holes formed earlier in the shroud's
long history, including the weave pattern in the shroud
itself(!) This manuscript dates to 1192 with the shroud used
as its model, proving the 1988 radiocarbon dating hopelessly
in error, thus has been discarded. The "debunking" media hype
ignores this and all other evidence which proves the shroud
genuine, and there's much more evidence for the shroud, and
this long, long list of shroud evidence keeps growing.
* Jesus' resurrection discovered Sunday at 5 AM[Mark 16:2]:
Julian day: 1732471
Julian calendar: Sunday, April 29, 31 AD
Jewish calendar: 18 Nisan 3791
Sunrise: 4:58:21 AM JST; JD 1732498.62385
Sunset: 6:10:05 PM JST; JD 1732499.17367
Notes: Jesus' prophecy "For as Jonas was three days
and three nights in the whale's belly; so shall the Son of man
be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth"[Mat
12:40{KJV}] tells us more than just the time He was in the
tomb(in as much as such time can be counted by mortal men).
This passage Jesus had paraphrased is found at Jonah 1:17 "Now
the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And
Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three
nights." Aside from deferring Judgement on the repentant
Ninevah for perhaps another day, Jonah's scroll seems notably
incomplete, ending with 4:11 "And should not I spare Nineveh,
that great city, wherein are more than sixscore thousand
persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their
left hand; and also much cattle?" This is the only book in the
entire Bible--or even the apocrypha-- which ends with a
QUESTION. And what was Jonah's reply to God's question? Might
he have answered in humility as one might expect, or what
might he have said--written--in response? At first glance, it
would appear Jonah's autograph was written on two scrolls,
with the latter forever lost to the sands of antiquity,
effectively cut off right in the midst of his dialogue. The
similarity to Gabriel's seventieth week is clear, and Jonah's
answer to God was *certainly* answered in his own heart, in
spirit and in truth[John 4:23-24,14:16-21ff], i.e. in the
"heart, soul and mind"[Mat 22:37-40]. This is the doctrine of
our Lord Jesus Christ in a nutshell[ref. Lev 19:18; Deu 6:5].
* Daily sacrifice ceased, the 2nd temple was soon destroyed:
Julian day: 1746832
Julian calendar: Tuesday, July 17, 70 AD
Jewish calendar: 20 Tammuz 3830
New Moon: Jun 26, 70 AD @ 11:05:03 PM JST
Julian date: 1746802.37851; Lunation: -22912
Moon distance: 367927k(57.7 ER); Subtends 0.5413 degrees
Right ascension: 06:13:47.72; Declination: 28:39:06
Azimuth: 170.909; Altitude: -28.956
Rising: 3:34:07 AM JST; JD 1746801.56536
Setting: 6:47:07 PM JST; JD 1746802.19939
Notes: Excerpts from the Book of Daniel 9:27(KJV):
"...and in the midst of the week he shall cause the sacrifice
and the oblation to cease..." This *cause* was the Lamb of
God's crucifixion nearly 40 years(14337 days, or 39 years + 93
days) prior to this date. "...and for the overspreading of
abominations..." The Jewish hierarchy had flatly rejected
their One True Lord and Rightful King, rendering the temple at
Jerusalem the veritable "synagogue of Satan"[ref. Rev 2:9],
kindling the Lord YHWH's Almighty wrath, thus "...he shall
make it desolate, even until the consummation," was made
manifest and the prophecy was fulfilled "...and the people of
the prince that shall come shall destroy the city and the
sanctuary..." The Prince that shall come is Jesus resurrected
to eternal glory as King of kings and Lord of lords, so His
people were the Roman soldiers under Titus since they'd taken
it upon themselves to act as "a revenger to execute wrath upon
him that doeth evil."[Rom 13:4]. Not to infer "endorsement" of
the Roman's murderous rampage on the city, as this passage
from 'Toward Romans' admonishes us: "avenge not yourselves,
but rather give place unto wrath: for it is written, Vengeance
is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord". 24 days later, the
temple was set ablaze by a Roman soldier. Within hours, the
temple was destroyed, August 10, 70 AD, which was on 15 Av(Ab)
3830, not 9 Av of talmudic tradition which has accorded "minor
adjustments" thereto presumably in remembrance of the first
temple's destruction. The new moon preceding the fire occurred
July 26 70 AD @ 7:09:03 AM JST[JD 1746831.71462], with the
full moon @ 6:54:42 PM JST August 10[JD 1746847.20466], and
1 Tishri of the following Hebrew calendar year 3831 fell on
Monday, Sep 24, 70 AD, so August 10, 70 AD/15 Av 3830 is
definitely the correct date of the fire. 9 Av is incorrect.
* Jerusalem destroyed(observed), the city was "razed flat":
Julian day: 1746876
Julian calendar: Saturday, September 8, 70 AD
Jewish calendar: 14 Elul 3830
New Moon: Aug 24, 70 AD @ 5:00:32 PM JST
Julian date: 1746861.12537; Lunation: -22910
Moon distance: 383547k(60.1 ER); Subtends 0.5193 degrees
Right ascension: 10:08:36.65; Declination: 14:28:24
Azimuth: 96.911; Altitude: 16.773
Rising: 4:37:40 AM JST; JD 1746860.60949
Setting: 6:21:09 PM JST; JD 1746861.18135
Notes: "desolate...consummation"[Dan 9:27]
fulfilled. Titus spared only the western wall and the three
towers, Hippicon, Phasaelus and Mariamme "..for their great
beauty and strength...a monument to posterity to the
magnificence of that city."[Ussher's 4073bAM,4783JP,70AD#6978]
==============================================================
SUMMARY:
-Jesus was born before sunrise Monday, August 12, 3 BC.
-Jesus was visited by the Magi Tuesday, June 17, 2 BC.
-Jesus was baptised on Thursday, September 18, 27 AD.
-Jesus rode into Jerusalem Saturday, April 21, 31 AD.
-Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, April 25, 31 AD at
9 AM, and died shortly after 3 PM that afternoon; His
body was entombed after sunset the eve of the Sabbath.
-Jesus was resurrected early Saturday evening, April 28,
31 AD. This fact was discovered at 5 AM Sunday morning.
-Jesus was 11,944 days of age at His crucifixion. He'd
lived 32 years/36 weeks/4 days. Now He lives forever.
"...Undeserved kindness to *you* and peace from the(one)
being and the(one) was and the(one) coming, and from the seven
spirits which in sight of the throne of him, and from Jesus
Christ, [he] the Witness the Faithful, the firstborn of the
dead(ones) and The Ruler of the kings of the earth. To
the(one) loving us and having loosed us out of the sins of us
in the blood of him,--and he made us kingdom, priests to the
God and to Father of him,--to him the glory and the might into
the ages; amen. Look! He is coming with the clouds, and will
see him every eye and whichever(ones) him stabbed out, and
they will strike themselves upon him all the tribes of the
earth. Yes, amen." --ref. Rev 1:4-7[WH-ITGS]
==============================================================
<e.o.f.>
------------------------------
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