Filesystems (if memory servers me) use AES in XTS mode. 

> On Aug 13, 2025, at 06:46, Jeffrey Walton <[email protected]> wrote:
> 
> 
> 
> 
>> On Tue, Aug 12, 2025 at 5:07 PM Lana Deere <[email protected]> wrote:
>> On Tuesday, August 12, 2025 at 8:10:03 AM UTC-4 Jeffrey Walton wrote:
>> GCM plaintext maximum length is specified in bits, not bytes. See SP800-39D, 
>> Section 5.2.1.1 Input Data, p. 8, 
>> <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-38d.pdf>.
>>  That leads to:
>> 
>>     2^39 - 256 = 549755813632
>>     549755813632 / 8 = 68719476704
>> 
>> Is there a standard practice for handling AES encryption of large files?  
>> E.g., create a new IV and resume encryption?  Use something other than GCM 
>> which has a higher limit?
> 
> The limit you are encountering in GCM mode is due to an internal 32-bit 
> counter. The limit is not directly due to AES.
> 
> You could use a block cipher and mode of operation with a 64-bit counter, or 
> a stream cipher with a 64-bit counter. Bernstein's original ChaCha20 has an 
> internal 64-bit counter. So Bernstein's ChaCha20 paired with Poly1305 could 
> be a good replacement for you. See <https://www.cryptopp.com/wiki/ChaCha20>.
> 
> The IETF's version of ChaCha20 used in TLS regresses to a 32-bit counter, so 
> don't use it.
> 
> Jeff
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