-Caveat Lector- <A HREF="http://www.ctrl.org/"> </A> -Cui Bono?- Steve, I just got user unknown from SNET and IUFO, everything OK there? Nicky CENTRE FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION Non-Lethal Weapons Reseach Project. University of Bradford. U.K. http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/nlw/index.html OBJECTIVE: Includes- Investigate, within the concept of Benign Intervention, the deployment of Non Lethal Weapons in UN Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement Missions. 5. 'Exotic' Weapons Systems http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/nlw/censdera.html Two recent papers have examined various aspects of what may be termed as the 'exotic' end of NLWs. (21) Victorian, a long-term researcher in such topics, describes in some detail American and Russian research in the fields of electronic, microwave and mind control technology and claims that because the West's scientific community refused to take the topic seriously, it gave the Soviets at least 30 years head start in the field of psychotronic weaponry. Victorian also describes work being done in the UK at Queen Elizabeth College, London on microwave weaponry, and suggests that women who were involved in the 'Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp' were at some stages affected by similar weapons. Several other consciousness-altering devices are described. Thomas quotes an article written by a Russian Army Major I. Chernishev who describes work being done in Russia on 'psychotronic war' and 'psy' weapons. These included methods for disrupting the psyche of an individual including: ESP research, clairvoyance, telepathy, telekinesis and psychokinesis. A recent Channel Four TV programme (22) interviewed participants and researchers in the US Intelligence Community funded programme working in this area - particularly using a technique known as 'remote viewing'. 4. Selected Technolgy Developments 4.1 Acoustic - PRIMEX Physics International Company (7) is developing a vehicle mounted Acoustic Blaster which can be used for (a) area denial, and (b) against selected groups in crowds, intruders, mobs and rioters in a hostile situation. It can be operated by one person. A prototype blaster consisting of an array of four combustion detonation driven devices are capable of being fired simultaneously or independently. An acoustic pressure of up to 165dB at 50ft has been achieved. An ouput pressure waveform "appears to contain very desirable risetime and pulsewidth characteristics that are essential for optimal acoustic-physiological coupling to targets for antipersonnel applications". The US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing and testing a variety of acoustic sources for possible application in scenarios such as crowd control and area denial. "These sources include devices which generate energy by repetitive combustion or detonation of a fuel-oxidizer mixture....The acoustic signals produced by these devices are typically repetitive impulse waveforms similar to generated by explosives and are characterised by an initial short-risetime, high positive sound pressure level that falls roughly exponentially to a lower-level negative-pressure undershoot". (8) The ARL is also working on a Sequential Arc Discharge Acoustic Generator (SADAG) which produces high-intensity impulsive sound waves by purely electrical means. An excellent paper by William Arkin (9) summarises the stage of development of various acoustic technologies (accessible to the public domain) and points out the lack of information as to the bioeffects of these weapons. 4.2 Riot Control and Law Enforcement Chemical Agents 4.2.1 CS Gas - Following Home Office approval for the use of CS spray (10), concerns are still being voiced over the use of the spray by UK police forces. (11) Particular worry has been expressed at the 5% CS concentration as authorized by the Police Scientific Development Branch (PDSB) and endorsed by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO). Earlier work done at the Chemical Defence Establishment in the 1970s had shown that a solution containing as little as 0.005% produced immediate and effective results. It appears that guidelines laid down for the correct use of the 5% spray have been regularly breached by police officers, and as a result 'sensitive relations between police and local communities have been jeopardised not only by indiscriminate use of CS, but also the treat of use against juveniles and the elderly'. The New York City Police Department came under criticism last year for unilaterally introducing a more powerful pepper (OC) spray. The new spray was also contained in a larger dispenser can with a longer range, and was mixed with citrus fibres giving it a foamy quality to help it stick to its target, thus causing a stronger reaction. (12) 4.2.2 In the U.S. the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was ratified by the Senate under a series of conditions, one of which (Condition 26)allowed U.S. use of riot control agents (RCAs) in a number of circumstances including use against combatants. (13) The dangers to the CWC are well illustrated by the evolving disclosures about U.S. use of chemical agents in Vietnam. In September of last year it was disclosed that special forces had been supplied with incapacitants such as BZ. (14) Now it appears that these special forces were also using the lethal nerve gas sarin. (15) As is shown elsewhere in this report the U.S. is still interested in a wide range of applications of non-lethal chemicals. These appear to include the possible continued development of new non-lethal chemicals which may erode the distinction between lethal and non-lethal uses in the future. One Washington insider has noted that (16): As research and development work progresses in the United States on non-lethal alternatives to RCAs, options may become available that remove the potential requirement to chose between RCAs or deadly force. Thus, although not openly known it must be presumed that research on new chemical agents continues. 4.3 Electro-Magnetic - work in this area continues. The JNLWP is funding a programme "which uses an intense non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse which can disable vehicle electronics and computer control systems. The disabling mechanism is eddy currents generated in electrical components of the vehicle ignition and control system" (17). 4.4 Entanglements - refinements of the nets which can be launched from portable or vehicle mounted dispensers proceeds, with R&D looking at methods of enhancing the effectiveness by incorporating electrical stunning and/or sticky chemicals into the net. 4.4 Kinetic - US Army Military Police (USAMP) are evaluating the operational impacts of the Modular Crowd Control Munition (MCCM). The MCCM is similar in appearance and operation to a claymore mine, but is designed to deliver a non-lethal kinetic payload such as small rubber balls. It could also dispense chemical weapons such as CS, CR and OC. 4.5 Laser 4.5.1 Laser Dazzler (18) - US Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) have delivered a prototype Laser Dazzler to the USAF and NIJ for evaluation. The advanced diode-pumped laser technology is being incorporated into a 250 milliwatt 532nm green-laser hand-held flashlight. The device includes a miniature laser and power supply and has output optics that temporarily expand the eye-safe laser into a blinding light. It can also penetrate smoke and fog at more than twice the distance of white light. The dual-use technology is likely to be marketed separately to military and commercial markets. 4.5.2 Laser Pointers - during October and November 1997 a spate of incidences involving children distracting drivers of, for example, school buses was reported in the press. (19) Footballers, firefighters and women were amongst other groups who had been specifically targetted. Whilst most devices on the UK market had an output of less than 5 milliwatts, and according to manufacturers were not dangerous (being more suitable for dazzling or distraction), there were reports of much more powerful 'mini-lasers' becoming available. As a result Consumer Affairs Minister Nigel Griffiths banned laser pointers which came into the Class 3 category on 28/10/98. 4.6 Vortex-Ring Generator - this continues to be developed. (20) Lucey and Jasper describes the work of a team from ARL and ARDEC to demonstrate a kit for retrofitting to weapons already stockpiled which enables a weapon to apply flash, concussion, vortex ring impacts, marker dyes and malodorous impulses onto a target at frequencies approaching the resonance of human body parts. 5. Technology Developments http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/nlw/cendera1.html 5.1 A recent article by Douglas Pasternak 20 indicated some of the future directions of non-lethal research. He mentions acoustic weapons which can be tuneable along a spectrum from mild non-lethal effects up to a lethal result. Scientific Applications and Research Associates (SARA) and the USMC at Camp Pendleton have tested prototype acoustic devices which have the ability to resonate internal organs causing discomfort and even death. SARA is also pursuing acoustic 'vortex' technology (originally developed by Nazi scientists in the 1940's) which manufactures sonic boomlike shocks capable of disabling or destroying personnel and equipment. Pasternak also reports work on short-range tactical radio frequency weapons and electro-magnetic devices, but notes that progress has been slower than for acoustic weapons because of problems with focussing, maintaining and directing the power of the beams. However research is continuing in this area. For example the US Air Forces Armstrong Laboratory at Brooks Air Force Base is spending $110 million over the next six years "to exploit less-than-lethal biological effects of electromagnetic radiation for Air Force security, peacekeeping, and war-fighting operations". 5.3 The potential use of laser beams to deliver incapacitating stimuli continues to be explored. For example US Patent 5675103 (issued in October 1997) describes: A non-lethal weapon for temporarily mobilizing a target subject by means of muscular tetanization in which the tetanization is produced by conducting a precisely-modulated electrical current through the target. Because the electrical is a close replication of the physiological neuroelectric impulses which control striated muscle, it tetanizes the subjects skeletal muscles without causing any perceptible sensation. The transmission of this current to the distant target is via two channels of electrically conductive air. The conductive channels are created by muti-photon and collisional ionization within the paths of two beams of coherent (laser) or columnated incoherent ultraviolet radiation directed to the target. A single beam may be used to tetanize a grounded target. The high voltage tetanizing current flows from electrodes at the origin of the beams along the channels of free electrons within them. 22 <A HREF="http://www.ctrl.org/">www.ctrl.org</A> DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion & informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are not allowed. Substance�not soap-boxing! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'�with its many half-truths, misdirections and outright frauds�is used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. 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