-Caveat Lector-
During his tenure as a U.S. government official, Marcuse
supported the division of Germany into East and West, noting that
this would prevent an alliance between the newly liberated left-
wing parties and the old, conservative industrial and business
layers. In 1949, he produced a 532-page report, "The Potentials
of World Communism" (declassified only in 1978), which suggested
that the Marshall Plan economic stabilization of Europe would
limit the recruitment potential of Western Europe's Communist
Parties to acceptable levels, causing a period of hostile co-
existence with the Soviet Union, marked by confrontation only in
faraway places like Latin America and Indochina -- in all, a
surprisingly accurate forecast. Marcuse left the State
Department with a Rockefeller Foundation grant to work with the
various Soviet Studies departments which were set up at many of
America's top universities after the war, largely by R&A Branch
veterans.
At the same time, Max Horkheimer was doing even greater
damage. As part of the denazification of Germany suggested by
the R&A Branch, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany John J.
McCloy, using personal discretionary funds, brought Horkheimer
back to Germany to reform the German university system. In fact,
McCloy asked President Truman and Congress to pass a bill
granting Horkheimer, who had become a naturalized American, dual
citizenship; thus, for a brief period, Horkheimer was the only
person in the world to hold both German and U.S. citizenship.
In Germany, Horkheimer began the spadework for the full-blown
revival of the Frankfurt School in that nation in the late
1950's, including the training of a whole new generation of anti-
Western civilization scholars like {{Hans-Georg Gadamer}} and
{{Jurgen Habermas}}, who would have such destructive influence
in 1960's Germany.
In a period of American history when some individuals were
being hounded into unemployment and suicide for the faintest
aroma of leftism, Frankfurt School veterans -- all with superb
Comintern credentials -- led what can only be called charmed
lives. America had, to an incredible extent, handed the
determination of who were the nation's enemies, over to the
nation's own worst enemies.
IV. The Aristotelian {Eros}:
Marcuse and the CIA's Drug Counterculture
In 1989, Hans-Georg Gadamer, a protege of Martin
Heidegger and the last of the original Frankfurt School
generation, was asked to provide an appreciation of his own work
for the German newspaper, {Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung}.
He wrote,
One has to conceive of Aristotle's ethics as a true
fulfillment of the Socratic challenge, which Plato had placed at
the center of his dialogues on the Socratic question of the good.
... Plato described the idea of the good ... as the ultimate and
highest idea, which is supposedly the highest principle of being
for the universe, the state, and the human soul. Against this
Aristotle opposed a decisive critique, under the famous formula,
"Plato is my friend, but the truth is my friend even more."
He denied that one could consider the idea of the good as a
universal principle of being, which is supposed to hold in the
same way for theoretical knowledge as for practical knowledge
and human activity.
This statement not only succinctly states the underlying
philosophy of the Frankfurt School, it also suggests an
inflection point around which we can order much of the
philosophical combat of the last two millenia. In the simplest
terms, the Aristotelian correction of Plato sunders physics from
metaphysics, relegating the Good to a mere object of speculation
about which "our knowledge remains only a hypothesis," in the
words of Wilhelm Dilthey, the Frankfurt School's favorite
philosopher. Our knowledge of the "real world," as Dilthey,
Nietzsche, and other precursors of the Frankfurt School were wont
to emphasize, becomes {erotic}, in the broadest sense of that
term, as object fixation.
The universe becomes a collection of things which each
operate on the basis of their own natures (that is, genetically),
and through interaction between themselves (that is,
mechanistically). Science becomes the deduction of the
appropriate categories of these natures and interactions. Since
the human mind is merely a sensorium, waiting for the Newtonian
apple to jar it into deduction, humanity's relationship to the
world (and vice versa) becomes an erotic attachment to objects.
The comprehension of the universal -- the mind's seeking to be
the living image of the living God -- is therefore illusory.
That universal either does not exist, or it exists
incomprehensibly as a {deus ex machina}; that is, the Divine
exists as a superaddition to the physical universe -- God is
really Zeus, flinging thunderbolts into the world from some
outside location. (Or, perhaps more appropriately: God is
really Cupid, letting loose golden arrows to make objects
attract, and leaden arrows to make objects repel.)
The key to the entire Frankfurt School program, from
originator Lukacs on, is the "liberation" of Aristotelian {eros},
to make individual feeling states psychologically primary. When
the I.S.R. leaders arrived in the United States in the mid-
1930's, they exulted that here was a place which had no adequate
philosophical defenses against their brand of {Kulturpessimismus}
[cultural pessimism]. However, although the Frankfurt School
made major inroads in American intellectual life before World War
II, that influence was largely confined to academia and to radio;
and radio, although important, did not yet have the overwhelming
influence on social life that it would acquire during the war.
Furthermore, America's mobilization for the war, and the victory
against fascism, sidetracked the Frankfurt School schedule;
America in 1945 was almost sublimely optimistic, with a
population firmly convinced that a mobilized republic, backed by
science and technology, could do just about anything.
The fifteen years after the war, however, saw the
domination of family life by the radio and television shaped by
the Frankfurt School, in a period of political erosion in which
the great positive potential of America degenerated to a purely
negative posture against the real and, oftentimes manipulated,
threat of the Soviet Union. At the same time, hundreds of
thousands of the young generation -- the so-called baby boomers
-- were entering college and being exposed to the Frankfurt
School's poison, either directly or indirectly. It is
illustrative, that by 1960, sociology had become the most
popular course of study in American universities.
Indeed, when one looks at the first stirrings of the
student rebellion at the beginning of the 1960's, like the
speeches of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement or the Port Huron
Statement which founded the Students for a Democratic Society,
one is struck with how devoid of actual content these discussions
were. There is much anxiety about being made to conform to the
system -- "I am a human being; do not fold, spindle, or mutilate"
went an early Berkeley slogan -- but it is clear that the
"problems" cited derive much more from required sociology
textbooks, than from the real needs of the society.
The CIA's Psychedelic Revolution
The simmering unrest on campus in 1960 might well too have
passed or had a positive outcome, were it not for the traumatic
decapitation of the nation through the Kennedy assassination,
plus the simultaneous introduction of widespread drug use. Drugs
had always been an "analytical tool" of the nineteenth century
Romantics, like the French Symbolists, and were popular among the
European and American Bohemian fringe well into the post-World
War II period. But, in the second half of the 1950's, the CIA
and allied intelligence services began extensive experimentation
with the hallucinogen LSD to investigate its potential for social
control.
It has now been documented that millions of doses of the
chemical were produced and disseminated under the aegis of the
CIA's Operation MK-Ultra. LSD became the drug of choice within
the agency itself, and was passed out freely to friends of the
family, including a substantial number of OSS veterans. For
instance, it was OSS Research and Analysis Branch veteran Gregory
Bateson who "turned on" the Beat poet {{Allen Ginsberg}} to a
U.S. Navy LSD experiment in Palo Alto, California. Not only
Ginsberg, but novelist {{Ken Kesey}} and the original members of
the Grateful Dead rock group opened the doors of perception
courtesy of the Navy. The guru of the "psychedelic revolution,"
{{Timothy Leary}}, first heard about hallucinogens in 1957 from
{Life} magazine (whose publisher, {{Henry Luce}}, was often given
government acid, like many other opinion shapers), and began his
career as a CIA contract employee; at a 1977 "reunion" of acid
pioneers, Leary openly admitted, "everything I am, I owe to the
foresight of the CIA."
Hallucinogens have the singular effect of making the victim
asocial, totally self-centered, and concerned with objects. Even
the most banal objects take on the "aura" which Benjamin had
talked about, and become timeless and delusionarily profound.
In other words, hallucinogens instantaneously achieve a state
of mind identical to that prescribed by the Frankfurt School
theories. And, the popularization of these chemicals created
a vast psychological lability for bringing those theories into
practice.
Thus, the situation at the beginning of the 1960's
represented a brilliant re-entry point for the Frankfurt School,
and it was fully exploited. One of the crowning ironies of the
"Now Generation" of 1964 on, is that, for all its protestations
of utter modernity, none of its ideas or artifacts was less than
thirty years old. The political theory came completely from the
Frankfurt School; {{Lucien Goldmann}}, a French radical who was
a visiting professor at Columbia in 1968, was absolutely correct
when he said of Herbert Marcuse in 1969 that "the student
movements ... found in his works and ultimately {in his works
alone} the theoretical formulation of their problems and
aspirations [emphasis in original]."
The long hair and sandals, the free love communes, the
macrobiotic food, the liberated lifestyles, had been designed at
the turn of the century, and thoroughly field-tested by various,
Frankfurt School-connected New Age social experiments like the
Ascona commune before 1920. (See box.) Even Tom Hayden's defiant
"Never trust anyone over thirty," was merely a less-urbane
version of Rupert Brooke's 1905, "Nobody over thirty is worth
talking to." The social planners who shaped the 1960's simply
relied on already-available materials.
{Eros and Civilization}
The founding document of the 1960's counterculture, and that
which brought the Frankfurt School's "revolutionary messianism"
of the 1920's into the 1960's, was Marcuse's {Eros and
Civilization}, originally published in 1955 and funded by the
Rockefeller Foundation. The document masterfully sums up the
Frankfurt School ideology of {Kulturpessimismus} in the concept
of "dimensionality." In one of the most bizarre perversions of
philosophy, Marcuse claims to derive this concept from Friedrich
Schiller. Schiller, whom Marcuse purposefully misidentifies as
the heir of Immanuel Kant, discerned two dimensions in humanity:
a sensuous instinct and an impulse toward form. Schiller
advocated the harmonization of these two instincts in man in the
form of a creative play instinct.
For Marcuse, on the other hand, the only hope to escape the
one-dimensionality of modern industrial society was to liberate
the erotic side of man, the sensuous instinct, in rebellion
against "technological rationality." As Marcuse would say later
(1964) in his {One-Dimensional Man}, "A comfortable, smooth,
reasonable, democratic unfreedom prevails in advanced industrial
civilization, a token of technical progress."
This erotic liberation he misidentifies with Schiller's
"play instinct," which, rather than being erotic, is an
expression of charity, the higher concept of love associated with
true creativity. Marcuse's contrary theory of erotic liberation
is something implicit in {{Sigmund Freud}}, but not explicitly
emphasized, except for some Freudian renegades like {{Wilhelm
Reich}} and, to a certain extent, {{Carl Jung}}. Every aspect of
culture in the West, including reason itself, says Marcuse, acts
to repress this: "The totalitarian universe of technological
rationality is the latest transmutation of the idea of reason."
Or: "Auschwitz continues to haunt, not the memory but the
accomplishments of man -- the space flights, the rockets and
missiles, the pretty electronics plants...."
This erotic liberation should take the form of the "Great
Refusal," a total rejection of the "capitalist" monster and
all his works, including "technological" reason, and "ritual-
authoritarian language." As part of the Great Refusal, mankind
should develop an "aesthetic ethos," turning life into an
aesthetic ritual, a "life-style" (a nonsense phrase which came
into the language in the 1960's under Marcuse's influence).
With Marcuse representing the point of the wedge, the
1960's were filled with obtuse intellectual justifications of
contentless adolescent sexual rebellion. {Eros and Civilization}
was reissued as an inexpensive paperback in 1961, and ran through
several editions; in the preface to the 1966 edition, Marcuse
added that the new slogan, "Make Love, Not War," was exactly what
he was talking about: "The fight for {eros} is a {political}
fight [emphasis in original]." In 1969, he noted that even the
New Left's obsessive use of obscenities in its manifestoes was
part of the Great Refusal, calling it "a systematic linguistic
rebellion, which smashes the ideological context in which the
words are employed and defined."
Marcuse was aided by psychoanalyst Norman O. Brown, his
OSS protege, who contributed {Life Against Death} in 1959, and
{Love's Body} in 1966 -- calling for man to shed his reasonable,
"armored" ego, and replace it with a "Dionysian body ego," that
would embrace the instinctual reality of polymorphous perversity,
and bring man back into "union with nature." The books of Reich,
who had claimed that Nazism was caused by monogamy, were
re-issued. Reich had died in an American prison, jailed for
taking money on the claim that cancer could be cured by
rechanneling "orgone energy."
Primary education became dominated by Reich's leading
follower, {{A.S. Neill}}, a Theosophical cult member of the
1930's and militant atheist, whose educational theories demanded
that students be taught to rebel against teachers who are, by
nature, authoritarian. Neill's book {Summerhill} sold 24,000
copies in 1960, rising to 100,000 in 1968, and 2 million in 1970;
by 1970, it was required reading in 600 university courses,
making it one of the most influential education texts of the
period, and still a benchmark for recent writers on the subject.
Marcuse led the way for the complete revival of the rest of
the Frankfurt School theorists, re-introducing the long-forgotten
Lukacs to America. Marcuse himself became the lightning rod for
attacks on the counterculture, and was regularly attacked by such
sources as the Soviet daily {Pravda}, and then-California
Governor Ronald Reagan. The only critique of any merit at the
time, however, was one by Pope Paul VI, who in 1969 named Marcuse
(an extraordinary step, as the Vatican usually refrains from
formal denunciations of living individuals), along with Freud,
for their justification of "disgusting and unbridled expressions
of eroticism"; and called Marcuse's theory of liberation, "the
theory which opens the way for license cloaked as liberty ...
an aberration of instinct."
The eroticism of the counterculture meant much more than
free love and a violent attack on the nuclear family. It also
meant the legitimization of philosophical {eros}. People were
trained to see themselves as objects, determined by their
"natures." The importance of the individual as a person gifted
with the divine spark of creativity, and capable of acting upon
all human civilization, was replaced by the idea that the person
is important because he or she is black, or a woman, or feels
homosexual impulses. This explains the deformation of the civil
rights movement into a "black power" movement, and the
transformation of the legitimate issue of civil rights for women
into feminism. Discussion of women's civil rights was forced
into being just another "liberation cult," complete with
bra-burning and other, sometimes openly Astarte-style, rituals;
a review of {{Kate Millet's}} {Sexual Politics} (1970) and
{{Germaine Greer's}} {The Female Eunuch} (1971), demonstrates
their complete reliance on Marcuse, Fromm, Reich, and other
Freudian extremists.
The Bad Trip
This popularization of life as an erotic, pessimistic ritual
did not abate, but in fact deepened over the twenty years leading
to today; it is the basis of the horror we see around us. The
heirs of Marcuse and Adorno completely dominate the universities,
teaching their own students to replace reason with "Politically
Correct" ritual exercises. There are very few theoretical books
on arts, letters, or language published today in the United
States or Europe which do not openly acknowledge their debt to
the Frankfort School.
The witchhunt on today's campuses is merely the implementation
of Marcuse's concept of "repressive toleration" -- "tolerance
for movements from the left, but intolerance for movements from
the right" -- enforced by the students of the Frankfurt School,
now become the professors of women's studies and Afro-American
studies. The most erudite spokesman for Afro-American studies,
for instance, Professor {{Cornell West}} of Princeton, publicly
states that his theories are derived from Georg Lukacs.
At the same time, the ugliness so carefully nurtured by the
Frankfurt School pessimists, has corrupted our highest cultural
endeavors. One can hardly find a performance of a Mozart opera,
which has not been utterly deformed by a director who, following
Benjamin and the I.S.R., wants to "liberate the erotic subtext.
"You cannot ask an orchestra to perform Schounberg and
Beethoven on the same program, and maintain its integrity for the
latter. And, when our highest culture becomes impotent, popular
culture becomes openly bestial.
One final image: American and European children daily
watch films like {Nightmare on Elm Street} and {Total Recall}, or
television shows comparable to them. A typical scene in one of
these will have a figure emerge from a television set; the skin
of his face will realistically peel away to reveal a hideously
deformed man with razor-blade fingers, fingers which start
growing to several feet in length, and -- suddenly -- the victim
is slashed to bloody ribbons.
This is not entertainment. This is the deeply paranoid
hallucination of the LSD acid head. The worst of what happened
in the 1960's is now daily fare. Owing to the Frankfurt School
and its co-conspirators, the West is on a "bad trip" from which
it is not being allowed to come down.
The principles through which Western Judeo-Christian
civilization was built, are now no longer dominant in our
society; they exist only as a kind of underground resistance
movement. If that resistance is ultimately submerged, then the
civilization will not survive -- and, in our era of incurable
pandemic disease and nuclear weapons, the collapse of Western
civilization will very likely take the rest of the world with it
to Hell.
The way out is to create a Renaissance. If that sounds
grandiose, it is nonetheless what is needed. A renaissance
means, to start again; to discard the evil, and inhuman, and just
plain stupid, and to go back, hundreds or thousands of years, to
the ideas which allow humanity to grow in freedom and goodness.
Once we have identified those core beliefs, we can start to
rebuild civilization.
Ultimately, a new Renaissance will rely on scientists,
artists, and composers, but in the first moment, it depends on
seemingly ordinary people who will defend the divine spark of
reason in themselves, and tolerate no less in others. Given the
successes of the Frankfurt School and its New Dark Age sponsors,
these ordinary individuals, with their belief in reason and the
difference between right and wrong, will be "unpopular." But,
no really good idea was ever popular, in the beginning.
The Frankfurt School devised the "authoritarian personality"
profile as a weapon to be used against its political enemies.
The fraud rests on the assumption that a person's actions are not
important; rather, the issue is the psychological attitude of the
actor -- as determined by social scientists like those of the
Frankfurt School. The concept is diametrically opposed to the
idea of natural law and to the republican legal principles upon
which the U.S. was founded; it is, in fact, fascistic, and
identical to the idea of "thought crime," as described by George
Orwell in his {1984}, and to the theory of "volitional crime"
developed by Nazi judge Roland Freisler in the early 1930's.
When the Frankfurt School was in its openly pro-Bolshevik
phase, its authoritarian personality work was designed to
identify people who were not sufficiently revolutionary, so that
these people could be "re-educated." When the Frankfurt School
expanded its research after World War II at the behest of the
American Jewish Committee and the Rockefeller Foundation, its
purpose was not to identify anti-Semitism; that was merely a
cover story. Its goal was to measure adherence to the core
beliefs of Western Judeo-Christian civilization, so that these
beliefs could be characterized as "authoritarian," and
discredited.
For the Frankfurt School conspirators, the worst crime was the
belief that each individual was gifted with sovereign reason,
which could enable him to determine what is right and wrong for
the whole society; thus, to tell people that you have a
reasonable idea to which they should conform, is authoritarian,
paternalistic extremism.
By these standards, the judges of Socrates and Jesus were
correct in condemning these two individuals (as, for example,
I.F. Stone asserts in one case in his "Trial of Socrates.")
It is the measure of our own cultural collapse, that this
definition of authoritarianism is acceptable to most citizens,
and is freely used by political operations like the
Anti-Defamation League and the Cult Awareness Network to
"demonize" their political enemies.
When Lyndon LaRouche and six of his colleagues faced trial
on trumped-up charges in 1988, LaRouche identified that the
prosecution would rely on the Frankfurt School's authoritarian
personality fraud, to claim that the defendants' intentions were
{inherently} criminal. During the trial, LaRouche's defense
attorney attempted to demonstrate the Frankfurt School roots of
the prosecution's conspiracy theory, but he was overruled by
Judge Albert Bryan, Jr., who said, "I'm not going back into the
early 1930's in opening statements or in the testimony of
witnesses."
The Frankfurt School's original 1930's survey work, including
the "authoritarian personality," was based on psychoanalytic
categories developed by Erich Fromm. Fromm derived these
categories from the theories of J.J. Bachofen, a collaborator of
Nietzsche and Richard Wagner, who claimed that human civilization
was originally "matriarchal." This primoridial period of
"gynocratic democracy" and dominance of the Magna Mater (Great
Mother) cult, said Bachofen, was submerged by the development of
rational, authoritarian "patriarchism," including monotheistic
religion. Later, Fromm utilized this theory to claim that
support for the nuclear family was evidence of authoritarian
tendencies.
In 1970, forty years after he first proclaimed the importance
of Bachofen's theory, the Frankfurt School's Erich Fromm surveyed
how far things had developed. He listed seven "social-
psychological changes" which indicated the advance of
matriarchism over patriarchism:
-- "The failure of the patriarchal-authoritarian system to
fulfill its function," including the prevention of
pollution
-- "Democratic revolutions" which operate on the basis of
"manipulated consent"
-- "The women's revolution"
-- "Children's and adolescents' revolution," based on the work
of Benjamin Spock and others, allowing children new, and
more-adequate ways to express rebellion
-- The rise of the radical youth movement, which fully
embraces Bachofen, in its emphasis on group sex, loose
family structure, and unisex clothing and behaviors
-- The increasing use of Bachofen by professionals to correct
Freud's overly-sexual analysis of the mother-son
relationship -- this would make Freudianism less
threatening and more palatable to the general population
-- "The vision of the consumer paradise.... In this vision,
technique assumes the characteristics of the Great Mother,
a technical instead of a natural one, who nurses her
children and pacifies them with a never-ceasing lullaby
(in the form of radio and television). In the process, man
becomes emotionally an infant, feeling secure in the hope
that mother's breasts will always supply abundant milk, and
that decisions need no longer be made by the individual."
An overwhelming amount of the philosophy and artifacts of the
American counterculture of the 1960's, plus the New Age nonsense
of today, derives from a large-scale social experiment sited in
Ascona, Switzerland from about 1910 to 1935.
Originally a resort area for members of {{Helena
Blavatsky's}} Theosophy cult, the little Swiss village became
the haven for every occult, leftist and racialist sect of the
original New Age movement of the early twentieth century.
By the end of World War I, Ascona was indistinguishable from what
Haight-Ashbury would later become, filled with health food shops,
occult book stores hawking the {I Ching}, and {Naturmenschen},
"Mr. Naturals" who would walk about in long hair, beads, sandals,
and robes in order to "get back to nature."
The dominant influence in the area came from Dr. Otto
Gross, a student of Freud and friend of Carl Jung, who had been
part of Max Weber's circle when Frankfurt School founder Lukacs
was also a member. Gross took Bachofen to its logical extremes,
and, in the words of a biographer, "is said to have adopted
Babylon as his civilization, in opposition to that of Judeo-
Christian Europe.... If Jezebel had not been defeated by Elijah,
world history would have been different and better. Jezebel was
Babylon, love religion, Astarte, Ashtoreth; by killing her,
Jewish monotheistic moralism drove pleasure from the world."
Gross's solution was to recreate the cult of Astarte in
order to start a sexual revolution and destroy the bourgeois,
patriarchal family. Among the members of his cult were:
{{Frieda and D.H. Lawrence}}; {{Franz Kafka}}; {{Franz Werfel}},
the novelist who later came to Hollywood and wrote {The Song of
Bernadette}; philosopher {{Martin Buber}}; {{Alma Mahler}}, the
wife of composer Gustave Mahler, and later the liaison of Walter
Gropius, Oskar Kokoschka, and Franz Werfel; among others. The
Ordo Templis Orientalis (OTO), the occult fraternity set up by
Satanist {{Aleister Crowley}}, had its only female lodge at
Ascona.
It is sobering to realize the number of intellectuals now
worshipped as cultural heroes who were influenced by the New Age
madness in Ascona -- including almost all the authors who enjoyed
a major revival in America in the 1960's and 1970's. The place
and its philosophy figures highly in the works of not only
Lawrence, Kafka and Werfel, but also Nobel Prize winners
{{Gerhardt Hauptmann}} and {{Hermann Hesse, H.G. Wells, Max Brod,
Stefan George}}, and the poets {{Rainer Maria Rilke}} and
{{Gustav Landauer}}. In 1935 Ascona became the headquarters for
Carl Jung's annual Eranos Conference to popularize gnosticism.
Ascona was also the place of creation for most of what we
now call modern dance. It was headquarters to {{Rudolf von
Laban}}, inventor of the most popular form of dance notation, and
{{Mary Wigman}}. {{Isadora Duncan}} was a frequent visitor.
Laban and Wigman, like Duncan, sought to replace the formal
geometries of classical ballet with re-creations of cult dances
which would be capable of ritualistically dredging up the
primordial racial memories of the audience. When the Nazis came
to power, Laban became the highest dance official in the Reich,
and he and Wigman created the ritual dance program for the 1936
Olympic Games in Berlin -- which was filmed by Hitler's personal
director {{Leni Reifenstahl}}, a former student of Wigman.
The peculiar occult psychoanalysis popular in Ascona was
also decisive in the development of much of modern art. The Dada
movement originated in nearby Zurich, but all its early figures
were Asconans in mind or body, especially {{Guillaume
Apollinaire}}, who was a particular fan of Otto Gross. When
"Berlin Dada" announced its creation in 1920, its opening
manifesto was published in a magazine founded by Gross.
The primary document of Surrealism also came from Ascona.
Dr. {{Hans Prinzhorn}}, a Heidelberg psychiatrist, commuted to
Ascona, where he was the lover of Mary Wigman. In 1922, he
published a book, "The Artwork of the Mentally Ill," based on
paintings by his psychotic patients, accompanied by an analysis
claiming that the creative process shown in this art was actually
more liberated than that of the Old Masters. Prinzhorn's book
was widely read by the modern artists of the time, and a recent
historian has called it, "the Bible of the Surrealists."
-30-
From the magazine Fidelio published by
the Schiller Institute, v1 #1.
reprinted with permission from
THE NEW FEDERALIST
subscriptions $35 per year published weekly
P.O. box 889 Leesburg VA 22075
-----------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.harborside.com/home/j/jollyroger/darkage.txt
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