-Caveat Lector-
an excerpt from:
America's Secret Establishment
An introduction to The Order of Skull & Bones
by ANTONY C. SUTTON
Liberty House Press
2027 Iris
Billings, Montana 59102
1986
-----
Highly recommended. There is more in this book than can be presented here.
Many charts and reproductions of orginal source material.As always, Caveat
Lector.
In stock at: A-albionic Research, PO Box 20273, Ferndale, MI 48220-0273
[EMAIL PROTECTED] (Lloyd Miller, Research Director)
Om
K
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Memorandum Number Six:
The Troika Spreads Its Wings
Around the turn of the century The Order had made significant
penetration into the educational establishment. By utilizing the power of
members in strategic positions they were able to select, groom and posi-
tion non-members with similar philosophy and activist traits.
In 1886 Timothy Dwight (The Order) had taken over from the last of
Yale's clerical Presidents, Noah Porter. Never again was Yale to get too
far from The Order. Dwight was followed by member Arthur T. Hadley
('76). Andrew Dickson White was secure as President of Cornell and
alternated as U.S. Ambassador to Germany. While in Berlin, White
acted as recruiting agent for The Order. Not only G. Stanley Hall came
into his net, but also Richard T. Ely, founder of the American Economic
Association. Daniel Gilman, as we noted in the last memorandum was
President of Johns Hopkins and used that base to introduce Wundtian
psychology into U.S. education. After retirement from Johns Hopkins,
Gilman became the first President of the Carnegie Institution of
Washington, D.C.
The chart overleaf summarizes the achievements of this remarkable
troika.
Now let's see how The Order moved into more specialized fields of
education, then we need to examine how The Order fits with John
Dewey, the source of modern American educational philosophy, then
how The Order spread Dewey throughout the system.
Founding Of The American Economic Association
Academic associations are a means of conditioning or even policing
academics. Although academics are great at talking about academic
freedom, they are peculiarly susceptible to peer group pressures. And if
an academic fails to get the word through his peer group, there is always
the threat of not getting tenure. In other words, what is taught at Uni-
versity levels is passed through a sieve. The sieve is faculty conformity
In this century when faculties are larger, conformity cannot be imposed
by a President. It is handled equality well through faculty tenure commit-
tees and publications committees of academic associations.
Achievements Of The Troika
DANIEL C. GILMAN
1856 Founded Russell Trust (the Order)
Yale - Librarian
President University of California
President Johns Hopkins University
President Carnegie Institution
Andrew D. White Timothy Dwight
1854 University of Berlin l856 University of Berlin
1867 President Cornell University 1858 Yale Theological Seminary
1894 U.S. Ambassador Berlin 1886 President Yale College
We have already noted that member Andrew Dickson White founded
and was first President of the American Historical Association and
therefore was able to influence the constitution and direction of the
AHA. This has generated an official history and ensured that existence
of The Order is never even whispered in history books, let alone school
texts.
An economic association is also of significance because it conditions
how people who are not economists think about the relative merits of
free enterprise and state planning. State economic planing is an essen-
tial part of State political control. Laissez faire in economics is the
equivalent of individualism in politics. And just as you will never find
any plaudits for the Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the Constitution
in official history, neither will you find any plaudits for individual free
enterprise.
The collectivist nature of present day college faculties in economics
has been generated by the American Economic Association under in-
fluence of The Order. There are very few outspoken preachers of the
Austrian School of Economics on American campuses today. They
have been effectively weeded out. Even Ludwig von Mises, undisputed
leader of the school, was unable to find a teaching post in the United
States. So much for academic freedom in economics. And it speaks
harshly for the pervasive, deadening, dictatorial hand of the American
Economics Association. And the controlling hand, as in the American
Psychological Association and the American Historical Association
traces back to The Order.
The principal founder and first Secretary of the American Economic
Association was Richard T. Ely. Who was Ely?
Ely descended from Richard Ely of Plymouth, England who settled at
Lyme, Connecticut in 1660. On his grandmother's side (and you have
heard this before for members of The Order) Ely descended from the
daughter of Rev. Thomas Hooker, founder of Hartford, Connecticut.
On the paternal side, Ely descended from Elder William Brewster of
Plymouth Colony.
Ely's first degree was from Dartmouth College. In 1876 he went to
University of Heidelberg and received a Ph.D. in 1879. Ely then re-
turned to the United States, but as we shall describe below, had already
come to the notice of The Order.
When Ely arrived home, Daniel Gilman invited Ely to take the Chair
of Political Economy at Johns Hopkins. Ely accepted at about the same
time Gilman appointed G. Stanley Hall to the Chair of Philosophy and
Pedagogy and William Welch, a member of The Order we have yet to
describe, to be Dean of the Johns Hopkins medical school.
Fortunately, Richard Ely was an egocentric and left autobiography, Ground
Under Our Feet, which he dedicated to none other than Daniel Coit Gilman (see
illustration). Then on page 54 of this autobiography is the caption "I find an
invaluable friend in Andrew D. White." And in Ely's first book, French And
German Socialism, we find the following:
"The publication of this volume is due to the friendly counsel of
the Honorable Andrew D. White, President of Cornell University,
a gentleman tireless in his efforts to encourage young men and
alive to every opportunity to speak fitting words of hope and
cheer. Like many of the younger scholars of our country, I am in-
debted to him more than I can say."
Ely also comments that he never could understand why he always
received a welcome from the U.S. Embassy in Berlin, in fact from the
Ambassador himself. But the reader has probably guessed what Ely
didn't know - White was The Order's recruiter in Berlin.
Ely recalls his conversations with White, and makes a revealing com-
ment: "I was interested in his psychology and the way he worked
cleverly with Ezra Cornell and Mr. Sage, a benefactor and one of the
trustees of Cornell University." The reader will remember it was Henry
Sage who provided the first funds for G. Stanley Hall to study in
Germany.
Then Ely says, "The only explanation I can give for his special interest
in me was the new ideas I had in relation to economics." And what were
these new ideas? Ely rejected classical liberal economics, including free
trade, and noted that free trade was "particularly obnoxious to the Ger-
man school of thought by which I was so strongly impressed." In other
words, just as G. Stanley Hall had adopted Hegelianism in psychology
from Wundt, Ely adopted Hegelian ideas from his prime teacher Karl
Knies at University of Heidelberg.
TO THE MEMORY OF
DANIEL COIT GILMAN
First President of Johns Hopkins University, creative
genius in the field of education; wise, inspiring and
courageous chief under whom I had the good fortune
to begin my career and to whom I owe an in-
estimable debt of gratitude, I dedicate this book.
And both Americans had come to the watchful attention of The
Order. The staff of the U.S. Embassy in Berlin never did appreciate why
a young American student, not attached to the Embassy, was hired by
Ambassador White to make a study of the Berlin City Government.
That was Ely's test, and he passed it with flying colors. As he says, "It
was this report which served to get me started on my way and later
helped me get a teaching post at the Johns Hopkins."
The rest is history. Daniel Coit Gilman invited Richard Ely to John
Hopkins University. From there Ely went on to head the department of
economics at University of Wisconsin. Through the ability to influence
choice of one's successor. Wisconsin has been a center of statist
economics down to the present day.
Before we leave Richard Ely we should note that financing for proj-
ects at University of Wisconsin came directly from The Order - from
member George B. Cortelyou ('13), President of New York Life In-
surance Company.
Ely also tells us about his students, and was especially enthralled by
Woodrow Wilson: "We knew we had in Wilson an unusual man. There
could be no question that he had a brilliant future."
And for those readers who are wondering if Colonel Edward Mandell
House, Woodrow Wilson's mysterious confidant, is going to enter the
story. the answer is Yes! He does, but not yet.
The clue is that young Edward Mandell House went to school at
Hopkins (Grammar School, New Haven, Connecticut. House knew The
Order from school days. In fact one of House's closest classmate at
Hopkins Grammar School was member Arthur Twining Hadley ('76),
who went on to become President of Yale University (1899 to 1921)
And it was Theodore Roosevelt who surfaced Hadley's hidden
philosophy:
"Years later Theodore Roosevelt would term Arthur
Hadley his fellow anarchist and say that if their true views were known
they would be so misunderstood that they would both lose their jobs as
President of the United States and President of Yale." [1][1]Morris Hadley,
ARTHUR TWINING HADLEY, Yale University Press, 1948, p 33
House's novel, Philip Dru, was written in New Haven, Connecticut
and in those days House was closer to the Taft segment of The Order
than Woodrow Wilson. In fact House, as we shall see later, was The
Order's messenger boy. House was also something of a joker because
part of the story of The Order is encoded within Philip Dru!
We are not sure if The Order knows about House's little prank. It's
just like House to try to slip one over on the holders of power.
American Medical Association
Your doctor knows nothing about nutrition? Ask him confidentially
and he'll probably confess he had only one course in nutrition. And
there's a reason.
Back in the late 19th century American medicine was in a deplorable
state. To the credit of the Rockefeller General Education Board and the
Institute for Medical Research, funds were made available to staff
teaching hospitals and to eradicate some pretty horrible diseases. On the
other hand, a chemical-based medicine was introduced and the medical
profession cut its ties with naturopathy. Cancer statistics tell you
the rest.
For the moment we want only to note that the impetus for reorganiz-
ing medical education in the United States came from John D
Rockefeller, but the funds were channeled through a single member of The
Order.
Briefly, the story is this. One day in 1912 Frederick T. Gates of
Rockefeller Foundation had lunch with Abraham Flexner of Carnegie
Institution. Said Gates to Flexner: "What would you do if you had one
million dollars with which to make a start in reorganizing medical educa-
tion in the United States?" [1][1]Raymond D Fosdick. ADVENTURE IN GIVING
(Harper & Row, New York. 1962), p 154
As reported by Fosdick, this is what happened:
"The bluntness was characteristic of Mr. Gates, but the question
about the million dollars was hardly in accord with his usual in-
direct and cautious approach to the spending of money. Flexner's
reply, however, to the effect that any funds - a million dollars or
otherwise - could most profitably be spent in developing the
Johns Hopkins Medical School, struck a responsive chord in
Gates who was already a close friend and devoted admirer of Dr.
William H. Welch, the dean of the institution."
Welch was President of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
from 1901, and a Trustee of the Carnegie Institution from 1906.
William H. Welch was also a member of the Order and had been
brought to Johns Hopkins University by Daniel Coit Gilman.
Other Areas Of Education
We should note in conclusion other educational areas where The
Order had its influence. In theology we have already noted that The
Order controlled Union Theological Seminary for many years, and was
strong within the Yale School of Divinity.
The constitution for UNESCO was written largely by The Order, i.e.,
member Archibald MacLeish. And member William Chauvenet (1840 ) was "largely
responsible for establishing the U.S. Naval Academy on a
firm scientific basis." Chauvenet was director of the Observatory, U.S.
Naval Academy, Annapolis from 1845 to 1859 and then went on to
become Chancellor of Washington University (1869).
Finally, a point on methodology. The reader will remember from
memorandum One (Volume One) that we argued the most "general"
solution to a problem in science is the most acceptable solution. In brief, a
useful hypothesis is one that explains the most events. Pause a minute and
reflect. We are not developing a theory that includes numerous superficially
unconnected events. For example, the founding of Johns
Hopkins University, the introduction of Wundtian educational
methodology, a psychologist G. Stanley Hall, an economist Richard T.
Ely, a politician Woodrow Wilson - and now we have included such
disparate events as Colonel Edward House and the U.S. Naval Ob-
servatory. The Order links to them all . . . . and several hundred or
thousand other events yet to be unfolded.
In research when a theory begins to find support of this pervasive
nature it suggests the work is on the right track.
So let's interpose another principle of scientific methodology. How
do we finally know that our hypothesis is valid? If our hypothesis is cor-
rect, then we should be able to predict not only future conduct of The
Order but also events where we have yet to conduct research. This is
still to come. However, the curious reader may wish to try it out. Select
a major historical event and search for the guiding hand of The Order.
Members Of The Order In Education
(For Yale University see list at end of Memorandum Number, One)
Date
Name Initiated Affiliations
BURTT, Edwin A. 1915 Professor of Philosophy, University of Chicago
(1924-1931) andCornell University (1931-1960)
ALEXANDER, Eben 1873 Professor of Greek and Minister to Greece
(1893-97)
BLAKE, Eli Whitney 1857 Professor of Physics, Cornell (1868-1870)
and Brown University (1870-95)
CAPRON. Samuel M. 1853 Not known
CHAUVENET. William 1840 U.S. Naval Academy (1845-59) and
Chancellor Washington University (1862-9)
COLTON, Henry M. 1848 Not known
COOKE, Francis J. 1933 New England Conservatory of Music
COOPER. Jacob 1852 Professor of Greek, Center College
(1855-1866) , Rutgers University
(1866-1904)
CUSHING. William 1872 Not known
CUSHMAN, Isaac LaFayette 1845 Not known
CUTLER, Carroll 1854 President, Western Reserve University
1871-l886)
DALY, Frederick J. 1911 Not known
DANIELS, Joseph L. 1860 Professor of Greek, Olivert College, and
President (1865-1904)
EMERSON, Joseph 1841 Professor of Greek, Beloit College
(1848-1855)
EMERSON, Samuel 1848 Not known
ESTILL, Joe G. 1891 Connecticut State Legislature (1932-36)
EVANS, Evan W. 1851 Professor of Mathematics, Cornell Universi-
ty (1868-1872)
EWELL, John L. 1865 Professor of Church History, Howard
University (1891-1910)
FEW SMITH, W. 1844 Not known
FISHER, Irving 1888 Professor of Political Economy, Yale
(1893-1935)
FIASCO, F.. 1849 President, Chicago Theological
Seminary
(1887 -1900)
GREEN, James Payne 1857 Professor of Greek, Jefferson College
(1857-59)
GRIGGS, John C. 1889 Vassar College (1897-1927)
GROVER, Thomas W. 1874 Not known
HALL, Edward T. 1941 St. Mark's School Southborough, Mass.
HARMAN, Archer 1913 St. Paul's School. Concord, N H
HARMAN, Archer, Jr. 1945 St. Paul's School, Concord. N.H.
HEBARD, Daniel l860 Not known
HINCKS, John H. 1872 Professor of History, Atlanta
University
(1849-1894)
HINE. Charles D 1871 Secretary, Connecticut State
Board of
Education (1883-1920)
HOLLISTER, Arthur N. 1858 Not known
HOPKINS, John M. 1900 Not known
HOXTON, Archibald R. 1939 Episcopal High School
HOYT, Joseph G. 1840 Chancellor, Washington University
(1858-1862)
IVES, Chauncey B. 1928 Adirondack-Florida School
JOHNSON, Charles F. 1855 Professor of Mathematics. U S.
Naval
Academy (1865-1870).
Trinity College
(1884-1906)
JOHNSTON, Henry Phelps 1862 professor of History, N.Y. City
College
(1883-1916)
JOHNSTON, William 1852 Professor of English Literature,
Washington
& Lee (1867-1877) and
Louisiana State
University
(1883-1889)
JONES, Theodore S. 1933 Institute of Contemporary Art
JUDSON, Isaac N. 1873 Not known
KELLOGG, Fred W. 1883 Not known
KIMBALL, John 1858 Not known
KINGSBURY, Howard T. 1926 Westminster School
KINNE, William 1948 Not known
KNAPP. John M. 1936 Princeton University
KNOX, Hugh 1907 Not known
LEARNED. Dwight Whitney 1870 Professor of Church history, Doshiba
College, Japan
(1876-1928)
McCLINTOCK. Norman 1891 Professor of Zoology. University of
Pitts-
burgh (1925-30),
Rutgers (1932-6)
MACLEISH. Archibald 1915 Library of Congress (1939-1944),
UNESCO. State
Dept, OWl, Howard
University
-99-
MACLEISH. William H. 1950 Not known
MACLELLAN. George B. 1858 Not known
MOORE. Eliakim H. 1883 Professor of Mathematics,
University of
Chicago
(1892-1931)
MORSE, Sidney N. 1890 Not known
NICHOLS, Alfred B 1880 Professor of German, Simmons
College
(1903-1911
)
NORTON, William B. 1925 Professor of History. Boston
Univ.
0WEN, Edward T. 1872 Professor of French,
University of Wiscon-
sin
(1879-1931)
PARSONS, Henry Mcl 1933 Columbia University
PERRY, David B. 1863 President. Douana College
(881-1912)
PINCKARD. Thomas C. 1848 Not known
POMEROY, John 1887 Professor of Law, University of
Illinois
(1910-19241)
POTWIN, Lemuel S. 1854 Professor. Western Reserve
University
(1871-1906)
REED, Harry L. 1889 President, Auburn Theological
Seminary
( 1926-1939)
RICHARDSON, Rufus B. 1869 Director of American School of
Classic
Studies,
Athens (1893-1903)
RUSSELL, William H. 1833 Collegiate School, Harvard
SEELY. Wm. W. 1862 Dean, Medical Faculty,
University of Cin-
cinnati
(1881-1900)
SHIRLEY, A. 1869 Not known
SOUTHWORTH. George CS 1863 Bexley Theological Seminary (1888-
1900)
SPRING. Andrew J. 1855 Not known
STAGG. Amos A. 1888 Director Physical
Education, University
Chicago
STILLMAN, George S. 1935 St. Paul's School
SUTHERLAND, Richard 0. 1931 Not known
THACHER, William L. 1887 Not known
TIGHE. Lawrence G. 1916 treasurer of Yale
TWICHELL, Charles P. 1945 St. Louis Country Day
School
TYLER, Charles M. 1855 Professor of History,
Cornell University
(1841-1903)
TYLER, Moses Coit 1857 Professor at Cornell
(1867-1900)
VOGT, T.D. 1943 Not known
WALKER. Horace F. 1889 Not known
WATKINS, Charles L. 1908 Director, Phillips Art School
WHITE, John R. 1903 Not known
WHITNEY, Emerson C. 1851 Not known
WHITNEY. Joseph E. 1882 Not known
WILLIAMS. James W. 1908 Not known
WOOD, William C. 1868 Not known
YOUNG, Benham D. 1848 Not known
YARDLEY, Henry A. 1855 Berkeley Divinity
School (1867-1882)
pps 92-100
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Aloha, He'Ping,
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Em Hotep, Peace Be,
Omnia Bona Bonis,
All My Relations.
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
Kris
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