-Caveat Lector-
Treason in America -- From Aaron Burr to Averell Harriman
ANTON CHAITKIN (C)1984
New Benjamin Franklin House
P. O. Box 20551
New York, New York 10023
ISBN 0-933488-32-7
--[8]--
-8-
Those Lovable Boston Brahmins
. . . Boston,
The land of the bean and the cod,
Where the Lowells speak only to the Cabots,
And the Cabots speak only to God.
�Boston epigram
In and around Boston of today, the names of the leading traitors of the
indicated period�such as Cabot, Lowell, and Higginson�constitute the heart of
what passes for a local aristocracy, the uppermost rank of that legendary
species known far and wide as the "Boston Brahmins." These are the region's
financial elite, the "very old money." How they acquired their fortunes is
left politely to the imagination of the admiring credulous. This is the heart
of the Eastern Establishment of today.
As to the matter of what degree the crimes of the ancestors are visited upon
the consciences of the descendants today, we leave for the moment to the
imagination. There is no need for imagination concerning the morals of
sources of wealth of the ancestors. The documented evidence was too vast to
be entirely suppressed from surviving records, and that evidence too luridly
indisputable, to require guesswork on these matters even today.
There are two simple facts about the families of the Essex Junto which
account more or less fully for their leading role in the treasonous
undertakings of the period from 1800 into 1861.
First, they were not turned against the cause of the American Revolution;
they never adhered to that cause. These families had opposed the project of
American independence, and were partners and agents of those expelled from
the United States as British loyalists during the close of the war.
Second, their principal sources of wealth and power were provided to them by
the British, chiefly the British East India Company, most notably profits of
piracy, and of massive accumulations gained from both the African slave trade
and the Far East opium traffic.
We examine the cases of these families on account of those two points in
common.
The Lowells
The first prominent political leader among the Junto grouping was Judge John
Lowell (1743-1802). His ancestors are reported(1) to have invaded England
with William the Conqueror in 1066, with the name Lowle. They made their home
as merchants in the slave-trading port of Bristol, England, and enjoyed the
title of Sheriffs, or private guards, for the Barons Berkley, the sometimes
overlords of Bristol.
The Lowells arrived in Massachusetts in 1639, settling in Newburyport, near
the New Hampshire border. Apparently, the family did not relish the Puritan
way of life�one Lowell moved back to England in 1690, avowing that he
preferred "monarchy to theocracy." Judge John Lowell himself was politically
a Church of England man, but a son of a liberal minister, and theologically a
"closet Unitarian." The Lowells were to lead the formal migration of future
"Brahmins" from Anglican to Unitarian churches.
As a young man, Judge Lowell professed himself a man impassioned with deep
loyalties for King George III. He was to prove his words with consistent
deeds.
When Boston rebelled against the Stamp Act, in 1765, and against Townshend
Act taxes in 1767, the Boston citizens registered their objections by
agreeing to non-importation of British goods. John Lowell led the town of
Newburyport to oppose Boston's actions. He co-authored a counter-protest
adopted by the town meeting, criticizing the Boston measures for violating
the rule of "respectful affection of a Child to its Parent."(2)
When the hated Royal Governor, Thomas Hutchinson, was recalled to London in
May, 1774, Judge John Lowell was one of 22 lawyers who signed a farewell
address, praising Hutchinson for his "wise, zealous and faithful
administration," a brutal occupation which Lowell et al. praised for its
"amiable character" and as a glorious "fresh instance of the paternal
goodness of Our Most Gracious Sovereign."(3)
When the British general, Thomas Gage, arrived to impose a military
dictatorship over the defiant Bostonians, Judge John Lowell was one of
twenty- eight persons to sign an address welcoming the arrival of this
apostle of liberty.(4)
Judge Lowell's actions introduce us to that propensity for inbreeding which
is sometimes rumored to account for certain tendencies of the Boston Brahmins
to set themselves apart as a distinct species. During the same year, Judge
Lowell married Susanna Cabot, who was also the niece of the same Richard
Clarke(5) who had imported the tea dumped into the Boston harbor. Clarke was
an agent for the British East India Company. This connection gave Judge
Lowell a brush with serious political embarrassment. Clarke and his sons were
soon banished from the United States, and their property confiscated.
On December 26, 1774, Judge Lowell issued the following letter to the Essex
Journal and Merrimack Packet, a weekly of the period:
To the Inhabitants of Newburyport:
As I find on your minds an ill impression of me on account of my having
signed an address to Governor Hutchinson, which I am desirous of removing, I
can truly say, that when t did this, I flattered myself, I was serving the
interest of my country, and that it would have a tendency to your relief; I
never wished to have any of your liberties abridged, or any unconstitutional
power submitted to, but on the contrary, am ever ready to join in preventing
such mischief. I was far from being aware that this step would have given the
uneasiness I am sensible it has, or could be made use of to injure the
country�; if I had I never would have taken it, and am heartily sorry I ever
did.(6)
�John Lowell.
Apparently, Lowell's public apology was accepted, for he briefly reentered
local Newburyport politics.
Later, when the British were forced to abandon their occupation of Boston,
taking 1,100 Tory emigres with them to Nova Scotia, Lowell moved to Boston.
It was a profitable move. This bright star shining in McGeorge Bundy's family
tree made a considerable fortune by lawyering the trade in the property of
British loyalists and British merchants. At first, he was legal advisor to
the commission engaged in auctioning the confiscated Tory estates. In the
course of the war, some 1,100 vessels seized by privateers were sold as
prizes, after their capture was certified as legitimate by the Boston court.
According to his son, John Lowell, "The Old Judge" filed 700 of these cases,
and was assistant attorney for approximately 200 other cases. Many of these
privateer cases were filed on behalf of his cousins and on behalf of his
brothers-in-law, the privateers Sam and George Cabot.(7)
Apparently, memories of Lowell's antics of the 1763-1774 period faded. He
edged his way back into the mainstream of Massachusetts politics, gaining
election both to the state legislature and the state constitutional
convention. There were signs that Judge Lowell had not forgotten older
loyalties to King George III. A hint appears in a matter which came up in the
course of 1782.
That year, the records show that John Lowell, Esq. represented residents of
Martha's Vineyard, who, during 1778, had supplied the enemy with cattle,
sheep, and hay, for use of the British Navy. The island residents wished to
be paid on this account, and employed Judge Lowell to assist them. Lowell put
the matter to the British governor of occupied New York City, Sir Guy
Carleton; Carleton settled for �3,000 cash, apparently quite happily. The
matter did not end there. The following year, when the fighting had all but
ended between the two nations, Lowell travelled to this enemy-occupied
center, accompanied by his legal assistant, Harrison Gray Otis. The Lowell
family biography, The Lowells and their Seven Worlds (Ferris Greenslet),
quotes Otis: " 'The whole journey was a continued scene of pleasant and
instructive conversation, sparkling ancecdotes and poetical quotations.' In
New York he was entertained by Sir Guy Carleton at a dinner, 'as brilliant,'
says Otis, 'as Alexander's feast. ' In his companion's opinion the Old Judge
was the life of the party. "(8) If there is a hint of something in that
instance, the way in which the emerging Lowell fortune was growing toward the
close of the war represents much more than a bit of suspicious flavor.
Lowell became very deeply involved with the affairs of the leading
British-loyalist emigres, through his position as legal advisor to the
Tory-property commission. His practice was to acquire the emigres' property
on his own account, and to either parcel it out at bargain rates among his
friends and relatives, or arrange for the agents of the emigres to
re-purchase what they had lost. By the close of the war, the Old Judge had
become the lawyer and personal agent for all of the richest and most powerful
of the banished Tory emigres. (9)
His clients included the Hutchinsons, the family of the Royal Governor whose
notorious reign Lowell had praised so effusively. Thomas Hutchinson spent the
war-years in England in the service of Lord Shelburne and the British
military command. Like Shelburne, Hutchinson's concern was the deployment of
the Loyalist soldiers serving the King against their American brothers, and
of the embittered emigres in general. It was hoped, that after the war, those
dislocated persons might resume their property and positions within the
temporarily wayward colonies.
Among Judge Lowell's other emigre clients were the Coffins, the Lechmeres,
the Lorings, and the Vassals. The case of the Lorings is notable.
The refugee Lorings had achieved a special kind of fame in their service to
the British cause during the war. Paterfamilias Joshua Loring had been
appointed commissary of British prisons, after fleeing Boston. He was
responsible for the feeding of the United States' nationals held prisoner by
the British in New York. He starved at least 3,000 American patriots to death
Z selling their food to his own profit, (10) in provision-short occupied New
York City.
The remittances which Judge Lowell sent to his Tory employers in England grew
progressively larger as time passed. His own fortune grew apace. At the close
of 1783, in his position as co-founder and designer of the Massachusetts Bank
(later, the First National Bank of Boston), he was sufficiently well
supported, and connected, to create a financial empire for himself, by
speculating against the currency of the United States. (11)
The Old Judge's death, in 1802, brought no perceptible improvement in the
family's quality of patriotism. The son, John, "The Rebel," promptly assumed
his father's business as Tory agent, and the post of Director of the
Massachusetts Bank. The following year, the heir travelled to England,
ostensibly to meet his clients. After about six months of mixing with
London's aristocracy, he went for a time to live in the company of that
circle of Scottish "philosophers and reviewers" scathingly attacked by Lord
Byron, the crowd which served as operations chiefs for nastiness of the
British Secret Intelligence Service.
This circle had included David Hume and Adam Smith, in operations against
France and the United States over the period 1763-1783. It had been Smith, in
1763, who had received detailed instructions from Lord Shelburne on conduct
of operations to break the economies and institutions of local
self-government of the English colonies in North America. Smith's Wealth of
Nations, a plagiarism of A. Turgot's Reflections, outlined Shelburne's
instructions to Smith, of the policies by which the economy of North America
was to be ruined. This was also the center from which Sir Walter Scott was
deployed on behalf of the British SIS.
The same Edinburgh SIS operation, operating behind the front of a literary
periodical called the Edinburgh Review, was treated as a major enemy
counterintelligence problem of the United States, into at least the late
1840s, and was discovered to be linked directly with another main center of
enemy operations against the United States, by Venice and Prince Metternich,
the Jesuit order based in the Baltimore, Maryland area. The U.S.
counterintelligence operative, Edgar Allan Poe, died of poisoning while
investigating these Jesuit connections in the Baltimore area, and the myth of
Poe's alleged "madness" was created by British SIS in the effort to discredit
Poe's counterintelligence findings.(12)
One of these Edinburgh Review gentlemen of John Lowell's circle of
acquaintances, was Francis Jeffrey, who, later, in 1813, during the height of
the war between Britain and the U.S.A., paid what is perhaps aptly described
as "a quiet visit to Massachusetts." Jeffrey was the editor of the Edinburgh
Review, and a key link to the treasonous circle of Young America which
sprouted up around Thoreau, Emerson, Longfellow, et al., around Concord and
Harvard University in Massachusetts. This Jeffrey was manager of the stable
of British literary circles who hosted Aaron Burr in Britain, during Burr's
exile from the United States. While in Massachusetts, Jeffrey was a guest at
the Lowell castle in Roxbury.
It had been this same heir of the Old Judge, John Lowell, who had defended
publicly his family's ancestral lord, Admiral George Berkeley, commander of
the British Atlantic Fleet based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, when this admiral
increased the severity of his attacks against U. S. shipping. The nickname,
"The Rebel, " came from his signature on one of his many pamphlets vilifying
the United States' counteractions against these naval attacks on our
republic's shipping.
We may now descend from inspecting the Bundys' family-tree, and turn to the
next of the notable Brahmin families involved in the Essex Junta.
The Cabots
The British port of Bristol was called the "Venice of the West," when the
Venice-born John Cabot and his son Sebastian sailed off to explore North
America in 1497. In due course, Bristol would live up to that nickname by
taking up the Venetian practice of trafficking in human slaves, becoming the
chief English port occupied with that sort of revenue.
This was the English city which gave the United States the Lowells. Is it
also the city which gave us our Cabots? Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr., writing
toward the close of the last century says flatly no. However, as that
gentleman's biography of Alexander Hamilton attests, he had a propensity to
prefer the useful myth to the truth, whenever the two might conflict. Another
member of the Cabot family, John Lowell, writing in 1823, says,
matter-of-factly, that the Cabots were descendants of the same Venetian
Caboti family as the famous explorers. What American patriots thought of
Venice during the period John Lowell made that report is best identified by
James Fenimore Cooper's The Bravo. (13)
What is not disputed is the fact that the American branch of the family,
wherever it may have originated, arrived in Salem, Massachusetts about 1700,
arriving from the island of Jersey, near the coast of Normandy. Some Cabots
have traced the family ancestry to the French-nobleman Rohan Chabot. One
biographer, Leon Harris, reports the story, (14) that certain Cabots had
hired a historian to establish a noble lineage for them, but paid him to
forget the whole matter when he produced a lineage traced back to a
tenth-century Jewish family in Lombardy.
It is more clearly established, that the Cabots established their fortunes
during the war of 1776-1783 as eminently successful privateers. This was
simply legalized piracy, licensed by state legislatures. According to Leon
Harris, in his Only To God, "The Cabots provided America with more privateers
than any other family."(15) The Cabot fleet attacked and captured British,
Spanish, Portuguese, and other ships, selling the spoils of legalized piracy
as booty.
Like the Lowells, the Cabot family attitude toward British property is fairly
described by the detached observer: their attitude varied according to
whether it appeared more profitable to seize it or worship it.
George Cabot's brother, Andrew, purchased the estate confiscated from the
royal governor of New Hampshire, John Wentworth. Wentworth was a cousin of
the Cabots and Higginsons, and later became the governor of Nova Scotia.
George Cabot's uncle Francis married the sister of Richard Clarke,(16) the
Clarke of Clarke and Sons, the British East India Company agents whose tea
was dumped in Boston harbor.
After 1783, George Cabot's brother, Samuel, went to England as secretary to
the United States Commissioners who were settling the claims of Americans
against the British Crown. In this setting, an interesting development ensued.
In England, Samuel Cabot became the friend and personal agent of his cousins,
Richard Clarke and Sons. He was in charge of the management and disposal of
the Clarke's property in the United States, and also managed new investments
on behalf of the Clarke family. He also married Richard Clarke's
granddaughter, (17) Sarah Barret, consistent with the tendency for inbreeding
noted among the Boston Brahmins. The Clarke family property on Beacon Hill
was parceled out cheaply to Cabot's friends, who profited handsomely when the
new State House was built on that site.
The bulk of the Cabot family's fortune was assembled by Samuel Cabot's son,
Richard Clarke's great-grandson, through a profitable alliance with one of
the worst monsters of modern history, Thomas Handasyd Perkins. This
partnership between the son and Perkins had stemmed from a partnership
between the father and Perkins, in the West Indies slave-trade. The Perkins
syndicate will be examined below.
The Higginsons
With the case of the Higginson family, the incestuous habits of the Boston
Brahmins, and the political significance of those practices, comes into
prominent focus. The process by which this family rose to power in Boston
banking is to the point.
Stephen Higginson's daughter, Sarah, was the wife of Judge John Lowell and
the mother of John Lowell ("The Rebel"). George Cabot married his
double-first-cousin, Elizabeth Higginson. George Cabot's Uncle Francis
married the sister of East India Company agent Richard Clarke, and Francis's
daughter by an earlier marriage, married Judge John Lowell. This was a most
extraordinary effort to keep the money and the power within the family.
There was a British army captain named Thomas Storrow, whose occupation
during the war of 1776-1783 was politely described by his family as "soldier
of fortune." This Storrow was captured by the Americans, who forwent hanging
the fellow, in order to exchange him for Americans held prisoner by the
British. To this purpose, they released the fortunate captain in the Tory
stronghold of New Hampshire. There, the captain married(18) one Anne
Appleton, the great-granddaughter of the first British royal governor of the
province, and the couple forthwith journeyed to England, where the captain
received a new assignment.
Back across the Atlantic they went, to a Nova Scotia now crammed with
thousands of bitter, vengeful British loyalist emigres. This was the base
used by Britain's Lord Shelburne for his war of subversion against the new
republic. During this passage of events, John Wentworth, who happened also to
be the cousin of the Mrs. Storrow in the affair, had risen to the post of
royal governor of Nova Scotia, an appointment gained by the not unusual means
of permitting his wife to enjoy the bed of King George III's son, according
to surviving accounts in the matter.
These Storrows came into ownership of the strategically placed island of
Campobello, a convenient, stealthy boat-ride's distance from Massachusetts.
It must be presumed that the Storrows' connection to the Essex Junto's
circles was more than casual. When the Captain and Mrs. Storrow were both
deceased, their daughter, Laura, was adopted by Stephen Higginson. When this
child, Laura Wentworth Storrow, matured, she married her step-brother,
Stephen Higginson, Jr. It was the son of this couple, Thomas Wentworth
Storrow Higginson, who later played an important role in the Radical
Abolitionist movement. This later gentleman conduited money from British
radical movements to any abolitionists in Massachusetts who agreed with his
program for the dissolution of the Union and the repeal of the Constitution.
As a financial and foreign-intelligence conduit, this Thomas W. S. Higginson
was equally important in his role as the patron of the family of Richard
Spofford, Jr, who was the private secretary to the master-architect of the
Civil War, Caleb Cushing. (19)
With this glimpse at the Higginson family, we turn next to the crucial matter
of the Perkins Syndicate.
pps 109-123
--notes--
1. Greenslet, Ferris, The Lowells and their Seven Worlds, Houghton, Mifflin
Boston, 1946. In his preface, Greenslet calls his book "a chronicle play of
New England history for three centuries, seen through the family's eyes....
[T]he most important source has been a beautifully ample and revealing mass
of correspondence, diaries, financial accounts . . . still in the possession
of members of the family and by them placed in my hands for this work. "
Since the Lowell family appointed Mr. Greenslet their authorized chronicler,
and since their correspondence is not similarly available to all and sundry,
it is thus. fair to take from his book the major points touching on the
Lowells' loyalties, etc., as if they were admitted by the family to be true.
2. ibid., pp. 54-55.
3. ibid., p. 56.
4. ibid., p. 56.
5. ibid., p. 52.
6. ibid., p. 57.
7. ibid., p. 64.
8. ibid., pp. 72-73.
9. ibid., p. 64: "Profitable, too, after the war, was his agency for numerous
rich Tory emigres. He was attorney and business advisor for the Hutchinsons,
Coffins, Lorings, Lechmeres, Vassals, and many others living in London, or .
. Bristol."
10. Bowman, Larry G., Captive Americans. Prisoners During the American
Revolution, Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio, 1976, p. 17:
". . .in early 1777 Joshua Loring was appointed to the post of Commissary
General for prisoners to supervise the prisons in New York and to watch over
the well-being of all captives of the British Army in America. As Commissary
for Prisoners, Loring reported directly to the Commander-in-Chief who, at
that point, was General William Howe. Final authority on all matters
concerning the prisoners resided with the Commander in Chief, but the
day-to-day administration of the prisons and the prisoner' lives was the duty
of Loring....
"Joshua Loring was an American Loyalist who was born in Hingham,
Massachusetts, in 1744. He and his wife left Boston with the British Army
when it repaired to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1776. Loring and his wife
attracted Howe's attention and eventually his friendship. Their friendship
rewarded Loring in the form of his commission.... Under Loring's direction,
with General Howe's knowledge and consent, the basic policies for the care
and provisioning of the American prisoners were devised."
Lindsey, William R., Treatment of American Prisoners of War During the
Revolution, Emporia State Research Studies, Kansas State Teachers College,
Emporia, Kansas, Vol. XXII, Summer, 1973, p. 15:
"Great as the sufferings of the men incarcerated within the city prisons,
their lot was, indeed, exceeded by the agonies of the unfortunate naval
prisoners who languished in the prison ships.... The first prison ships were
transports in which cattle and other stores were carried . . . [After] the
British took New York City, they . . . were moved to the Hudson and East
Rivers. In 1778, these ships were moved to Wallabout Bay on Long Island
[Brooklyn] where they remained until the conclusion of the war.
"The first prison ship used by the British was the Whitby. The precedents
established for this vessel were followed by the other prison ships. The
prisoners aboard were allowed to keep any clothing and bedding, but received
no more of such commodities while on the ship. They were accorded no medical
attention, regardless of their health. Inferior provisions and bad water
added to the misery of the condemned men. As a result of such neglect,
disease was unrelieved, and hundreds died from pestilence or, worse,
starvation, because the British commissaries aboard ship cut down rations or
substituted bad for wholesome food. The commissaries thus amassed venal
profits at the cost of human distress.
"By May, 1777, sandy beaches along the bay were filled with the graves of the
dead. The prisoners aboard the Whitby were transferred to two other vessels.
Seeing no hope for an exchange, they set fire to one of the vessels, choosing
death in the flames to the lingering sufferings of disease and starvation. In
the month of February, 1778, while the prisoners were being transferred to
other winter quarters in Wallabout Bay, the other prison ship was burned.
"Nevertheless . . . more [ships] were sent. The most infamous of the prison
ships was the Jersey, which, until the final exchange of American prisoners,
was known more often as 'Hell' or 'Hell Afloat.' . . . [The] rations,
insufficient and miserable, frequently were not given to the prisoners in
time for boiling on the same day, and thus, they were forced to fast for
another twenty-four hours or to consume the food in its raw state. Since
there were no provisions for fresh vegetables, scurvy was naturally one of
the diseases which afflicted the prisoners. The bread was also bad and full
of living vermin, but they were reduced to eating it, worms and all, or
starve."
Dandridge, Danske, American Prisoners of the Revolution, The Michie Company,
Charlottesville, Va., 1911, p. 492-493:
"The men were crowded in these small vessels under conditions which pass
belief. They suffered untold misery and died by hundreds form lack of food,
from exposure, smallpox and other dreadful diseases, and from the cruelty of
their captors. The average death rate on the Jersey alone was ten per night.
A conservative estimate places the total number of victims at 11,500. The
dead were carried ashore and thrown into shallow graves or trenches of
sand.... A very large proportion of the total number of these prisoners
perished. Of the survivors, many never fully recovered from their sufferings."
Jones, Thomas, Justice of the Supreme Court of the Province, History of New
York During the Revolutionary War, and of the Leading Events in the Other
Colonies at the Period, Edited by Edward Floyd de Lancey, New-York Historical
Society, New York, 1879. The author was a Tory� a British Loyalist�who had
been a high official of the colonial New York government before the
Revolution; p. 351-352:"Upon the close of the campaign, in 1776, there were
not less than 10,000 prisoners, (sailors included) within the British lines
at New York. A Commissary of Prisoners was therefore appointed, and one
Joshua Loring, a Bostonian, was commissioned to the office.... In this
appointment there was reciprocity. Joshua had a handsome wife. The General,
Sir William Howe, was fond of her. Joshua made no objections. He fingered the
cash, the General enjoyed Madam. Everybody supposing the next campaign
(should the rebels even risk another) would put a final period to the
rebellion, Loring was determined to make the most of his commission, and by
appropriating to his own use nearly two-thirds of the rations allowed to the
prisoners, he actually starved to death about 300 of the poor wretches before
an exchange took place.... And hundreds that were alive at the time were so
emaciated, and enfeebled, for the want of provisions, that numbers died on
their way home, and many lived but a few days after reaching their
habitations. The war continuing, the Commissaryship of Prisoners grew so
lucrative that [commissaries were appointed for French, Spanish and Dutch
prisoners].... the prisoners were half starved, as the Commissaries filched
their provisions and disposed of them for their own use.... whenever an
exchange was to take place, the preference was always given to those who had,
or could procure, the most money to present to the Commissaries who conducted
the exchange; by which means large sums were unjustly extorted, and demanded,
from the prisoners upon every exchange, to the scandal and disgrace of
Britons.... [these] blood-sucking harpies did not swallow up less than twenty
millions sterling of the money raised by Great Britain for the support of the
American War."
Joshua Loring died in England in 1789. His son, Henry Lloyd Loring, died in
1832, Archdeacon of the Church of England in Calcutta, India.
The ugly bargain between Loring and British Commander William Howe was
referenced in a popular ditty in Revolutionary America, the poem on British
Commander Sir William Howe:
"Sir William he, snug as a flea, lay all this time a snoring,
Nor dreamed of harm as he lay warm, in bed with Mrs. Loring."
(from Griffith, Samuel B., II, In Defense of the Public Liberty, Doubleday
and Company, Garden City, New York, 1976, p. 459).
11. Greenslet, The Lowells, pp. 74-75.
12. Salisbury, Allen, " Edgar Allan Poe, The Lost Soul of America,"
Campaigner, Vol. XIV, No. 3, June, 1981, pp. 16-39. Poe has been the subject
of possibly the wildest. most hate-filled slander campaign in American
history, which Salisbury amply refutes.
13. Cooper, James Fenimore, The Bravo, [originally published 1831 by Carey
and Lea], College and University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1963.
Everyone who thinks himself an American, or in sympathy with American
principles, must read Cooper's Bravo. Here is a tale told with passion, with
a sense of outrage by one who directly and personally combatted the
oligarchical system, at home and in Europe. Here is described, in the setting
of its source, the system of powerful families who manage governmental
affairs "from backstage"; of managed rumor used to steer credulous public
opinion against the enemies of the oligarchs; of assassinations and other
crimes whose witnesses are made to disappear; of organized criminals who rule
while "the million existed in that vacant enjoyment which distinguishes the
pleasures of the thoughtless and the idle. "
14. Harris, Leon, Only to God: The Extraordinary Life of Godfrey Lowell Cabot
Atheneum, New York, 1967, p. 4.
15. ibid, p. 6.
16. Briggs, Vernon L., History and Geneology of the Cabot Family, 1475-
1927, privately printed, Boston, 1927, Vol I, p. 196.
17. Crawford, Mary Caroline, Famous Families of Massachusetts, Little, Brown
& Co., Boston, 1930, Vol 1, p. 171.
18. Crawford, Famous Families of Massachusetts, Vol. I, pp. 257-258.
--cont--
Aloha, He'Ping
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Peace Be, Amen.
Roads End
Kris
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