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--- Begin Message ----Caveat Lector- Thursday, September 09, 2004 FRANKISH H.R.E. CALIPHORNIACALIPH: A male leader of an Islamic polity. [Middle English calife, from Old French, from Arabic halifah, successor (to Mohammed), caliph, from halafa, to succeed.] >From the 11th century on, the whole Islamic empire was in a state of crisis. >From Western Europe came the crusaders to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. >From the east came the Seljuk Turks. The crusaders were evicted by Saladin, but the >Turks conquered the whole Middle East and Asia Minor. The Turks left the caliphate >intact, but they managed the government. The Turkish empire reportedly disintegrated in the 12th century, owing to succession disputes and the rivalries of ambitious generals. For a time, the authority of the caliphs was reasserted, and an-Nasir (1180-1225) became a central figure in the complex politics of the age. But by encouraging the invasion of the Mongols to overthrow the Turks, he unintentionally brought an end to the 'Abbasid caliphate. The last 'Abbasid, al-Musta'sim (1242-58), was unable to ward off the Mongol onslaughts led by Hulegu Khan. In 1258 the Mongols raided Baghdad and killed the caliph. A few years later, an 'Abbasid established himself in Cairo. His line was extinguished by the Ottoman Turks in 1517; and they transferred their caliphate to Istanbul, Turkey, where it lasted until the 20th century. The SculPTor Posted: 6:32 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MAHDI ~ 'HE SITS BELOW' SHADIEST COUNTERSHADING Upanishad : Any of a group of philosophical treatises contributing to the theology of ancient Hinduism, elaborating on the earlier Vedas. [Sanskrit upani�ad : upa, under, near; see upo below + ni-, down + sidati, sad-, he sits; see sed- below.] Chad : A country of north-central Africa. Formerly part of French Equatorial Africa, it became independent in 1960. Ndjamena is the capital and the largest city. Mahdi, pl. Mah�dis. Islam : 1. The messiah who, it is believed, will appear at the world's end and establish a reign of peace and righteousness. 2. A leader who assumes the role of a messiah. [Arabic mahdi, rightly guided (one), Mahdi, from hada, to lead.] Sunnites hold that true Mahdi has not yet appeared. SEESAW : trimethadione (to lay hold of, to seize) The SculPTor Posted: 5:47 AM -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DICK CHENEY IS 'W' Vice President Dick Cheney suggested that the election of John Kerry as President in November would increase the possibility of terrorist attacks on America. Dick Cheney is WRONG. The possible election of John Kerry~Heinz IS ITSELF A FRANKISH H.R.E. AUSTRIAN TERRORIST ATTACK ON AMERICA. Along with Arnold Schwartzenegger's election as governor of CaliPHornia, Kerry's election as President would complete the one-two MEHDI MILITIA knockout punch on America. The SculPTor __________________________________________________________________ Switch to Netscape Internet Service. As low as $9.95 a month -- Sign up today at http://isp.netscape.com/register Netscape. Just the Net You Need. New! Netscape Toolbar for Internet Explorer Search from anywhere on the Web and block those annoying pop-ups. Download now at http://channels.netscape.com/ns/search/install.jsp ------------------------ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor --------------------~--> <FONT COLOR="#000099">$9.95 domain names from Yahoo!. Register anything. </FONT><A HREF="http://us.click.yahoo.com/J8kdrA/y20IAA/yQLSAA/zgSolB/TM";><B>Click Here!</B></A> --------------------------------------------------------------------~-> www.ctrl.org DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== ctrl is a discussion & informational exchange list. 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