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WSWS : News & Analysis : Europe : Britain
"Citizenship classes" to become compulsory in English schools
By Liz Smith
22 May 1999
�Citizenship� is to become a compulsory subject taught in all English
schools from 2002. It will be introduced as a distinct subject in
secondary schools, and will be integrated within existing lessons on
personal, social and health education in primary schools.
Explaining the government's decision to introduce the new subject,
David Blunkett, Secretary of State for Education and Employment,
said: �In England, we have tended to downplay our traditions and
identity and our culture in a way that other people do not. We need
to reinforce our pride in our culture and welcome other people's
cultures, because we have strength and confidence in our own
identity.... [It will] help young people develop a full understanding
of their duties and responsibilities as citizens in a civilised and
mature democracy.�
Most schools already teach much of the material contained in the citizenship
proposals, but the commitment and quality vary widely. An overriding concern of the
government�which was highlighted by its Citizenship advisory
group�is the enormous alienation, cynicism and apathy young people feel about the
political set-up.
According to the advisory group, voter abstention amongst 18 to 24 years old in the
1997 general election was 32 percent. The pollsters MORI have put the figure even
higher, at 43 percent. This reflected the national tren
d, which saw the lowest turnout for a general election in the post-war period at 71
percent. The group also cited a 1995 pamphlet by Helen Wilkinson and Geoff Mulgan,
Freedom's Children: work, relationships and politics f
or 18 year olds in Britain. Commissioned by Demos, the Labour think-
tank, this noted that �disrespect for the way Parliament works
doubled in four years after 1991, and that trust in society's core
institutions has been falling steadily, leaving only minority support
for the way that national government works (15 percent) and local
government (25 percent).� The authors concluded that �in effect, an
entire generation has opted out of party politics,� and that it was
urgent that a different approach to politics be developed.
For many years, there was no consensus on what such a syllabus should
contain. As far back as October 1996, the Tory government had
proposed to teach citizenship in schools, as part of its programme of
enhancing �family values� and strengthening law-and-order and
personal responsibility. This was never realised due to the change in
government in 1997.
However, Labour's proposals go much further. Last year, the
government set up the Citizenship advisory group led by Professor
Bernard Crick, and Betty Boothroyd MP, Speaker of the House of
Commons. Its report emphasised the need to develop a �national
identity� in a �pluralist� society.
Following the series of nail-bomb attacks last month in
London�directed against blacks, Asians and homosexuals�Prime Minister
Tony Blair called for a new nationalism, �an identity, limited by the
geography of the country, but within that country, open to all,
whatever their colour, religion or ethnic background."
This has become particularly important as Labour devolves certain
central powers to the new administrative structures it has created in
Scotland and Wales. The government claimed that the creation of a
Parliament in Scotland and an Assembly in Wales was not only aimed at
giving local people �more democracy� but was in keeping with the
distinct �national culture� in these two countries.
In the last months, there has been much discussion on the need to
create a specifically �English culture�. Various writers have
justified this as the necessary accompaniment to devolution in
Scotland and Wales. The government also plans to create nine new
regional assemblies in England, but opinion polls found that just 11
percent of the population were in favour.
Without doubt, the new citizenship subject to be taught in English
schools will be directed along these lines. But to elaborate this too
overtly would leave the government open to criticism for
racism�especially following the Macpherson Report into the racist
murder of black teenager Stephen Lawrence. That report had placed a
particular emphasis on the role of the school curriculum in
encouraging what it defined as �cultural diversity�.
Great efforts have been made to portray the �new nationalism� as
inclusive, harmonious and multi-racial. Cultural differences are to
be placed in their global and European context, the government
claims. But what is an English culture, and what is the purpose of
emphasising it in the first place? As soon as one starts to explore
the question, the entire premise breaks down. By stressing such
�differences�, the end result can only be to enforce the divisions
between peoples and inculcate nationalism.
Another feature of the government's proposals is the great stress it
lays on the fact that a citizen's �rights� are dependent on them
fulfilling certain responsibilities. This has been a basic feature of
the rightward shift that the Blair government has led in the erosion
of democratic rights. The advisory body on citizenship placed great
importance on this aspect, by quoting a speech given to the
Citizenship Foundation (27 January 1998) by the Lord Chancellor.
�Citizenship education must give people confidence to claim their
rights and challenge the status quo while, at the same time, make
plain that with rights come obligations. It should foster respect for
law, justice and democracy,� he said.
Further on he remarks, �But, since we learn by doing, the practical
experience of citizenship is at least as important as formal
education in its principles. One of the best ways of putting the
theories of citizenship into practice is through voluntary work in
the community.�
Consequently, the government proposal on the new subject states,
�Between the ages of 5 and 16 pupils will develop progressively the
skills of: enquiry and critical thinking; discussion and debate;
negotiation and accommodation; participation in school and community
based activities.� Professor Bernard Crick has explained, �We're
thinking much more generally, building up from the neighbourhood�kids
learning what the local voluntary bodies are, what the local social
services are�yes, what the local parties and pressure groups are
doing�broadening out onto a national field. But also having a
learning experience in the community, the idea of having active
citizenship rather than passive learning.�
According to reports, the government intends that those children aged
14 and over facing difficulties in their schooling will be released
from study for �work experience�. An element of work experience is
already incorporated into the curriculum, but the new proposal would
effectively mean schools taking the decision that certain pupils are
inadequate for further education. School exclusions have risen
rapidly over the last years as schools�faced with larger class sizes
and the competitive pressures of league tables�have been unable to
deal with the range of social and personal problems many of their
pupils confront.
Far from resolving the difficulties confronting schools and their
pupils, Labour's �citizenship classes� emphasising �rights and
responsibilities� learnt through voluntary work are a preparation to
transform large numbers of pupils into sweated labour.
Whilst the response from the largest teaching unions has been
cautious, their comments have focused solely on the purely sectional
implications of the proposed changes. Doug McAvoy, general secretary
of the largest teachers union, the National Union of Teachers, said
they will �resist any attempt to worsen teachers' working hours.�
Nigel de Gruchy of the NASUWT said, �If the Government wants to add
to the national curriculum it must stipulate the subjects to be
dropped. The National Curriculum is already overloaded. Taking on
more cargo could sink the ship.�
See Also:
A reactionary brief for English cultural nationalism
Nor Shall My Sword�The Reinvention of England, by Simon Heffer
[12 May 1999]
History in the service of ideology
Review of The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and
Nationalism, by Adrian Hastings
[30 April 1999]
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