-Caveat Lector-
an excerpt from:
Inside The League
Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson�1986
Dodd, Mead & Company
79 Madison Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10016
ISBN 0-396-08517-2
322pps � out-of-print/one edition
[re-print/first edition available from:
W. Clement Stone, P M A Communications, Incorporated]
--[3]--
THREE
Our organization was never a study group, and it will never be one. ABN is an
organization of fighters in the first place. Into it should come only people
of courage, men dedicated to the liberation of their countries, and ready for
sacrifice. We have no time and no room for orators. ABN is for action.
Dr. C. J. Untaru, ABN official,
London, 1968
THE IRON GUARD, OUN, and Ustasha movements did not expire in the ashes of the
Third Reich. The refugee relief offices of the Vatican Church provided them
with new passports and false identities and protected them until they could
be secreted out of Rome. American and British intelligence agencies recruited
hundreds of them to work in their propaganda and spying missions directed at
Sovietcontrolled Eastern Europe, then smuggled them out through "rat lines"
in Trieste and Genoa.[1]
In contrast to many of the German Nazis who escaped, the Romanian, Ukrainian,
and Croatian fascists did not "disappear" to end their days quietly. In exile
in South America, Western Europe, Canada, and the United States, they rebuilt
their networks and kept alive their ideology, their hatred of the Jews, and
their cries for a New Order. They formed front organizations with
benign-sounding names and attended international forums where they orated on
the necessity of combating communism. They rose to positions of prominence
within emigre communities and in political groups in their adopted countries.
In the United States, they became Republican and Democratic Party officials,
attended receptions in the White House, and met with presidents,
vice-presidents, congressmen, and senators. United under the banner of the
Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations, they helped found the World Anti-Communist
League.
After the war, the Legionnaires of the Archangel Michael melted away,
concealing their identity in the chaos of postwar Europe. Most of those who
were trapped in Romania by the approaching Soviet army or who were
repatriated after the war were executed by the new communist regime. Some
escaped to South America. Others remained in displaced persons (DP) camps in
Western Europe until they were processed and deemed innocent of war crimes
and fascist involvement; they were then allowed to emigrate to countries
where they had relatives or sponsors. A large number of them came to Canada
and the United States, often under the aegis of the Romanian Orthodox Church.
Horia Sima, the man most responsible for the massacres of 1940 and 1941,
slipped across the Austrian border into Germany in May 1945.
In October 1945, we came out of hiding, thinking that we were the only
survivors. We thought that the other Legionnaires had been captured by the
Allies and handed over to the Soviets, as had happened to other groups of
refugees. We discovered that they were not only free but that they had
regrouped and organized committees to help the refugees in all the occupied
zones.
This exception was granted to the Iron Guard because we had been subjected to
German concentration camps. It is true that we formed a government in Vienna
and that we fought on the German side to the end. However, the Allies took
into consideration the fact that we had no authority over any territory, that
we had not participated in the declaration of war and that we had not
committed any crimes against humanity.[2]
The Iron Guard leader eventually landed in an Italian DP camp, where he
avoided detection by assuming the name "Crivat" until he was able to secure
his escape. Taking on yet another identity, he entered France before finally
fleeing to Spain, where he lives today. By his own account, Chirila. Ciuntu's
escape was not as dramatic.
At the end of the war, he -worked for a farmer in Germany, then as a painter
in France, until sailing to Argentina. There he found two benefactors, a
doctor "who had a good friend at the Canadian Embassy" and a priest in the
Romanian Orthodox Church in Canada. Under their patronage, Ciuntu emigrated
to Canada. Still wanted in Romania for war crimes, he went to work in the
steel mills and slipped into the emigre' community of Windsor. It ended his
flight, but not his mission, for in North America he was reunited with Viorel
Trifa.
Trifa, who had exhorted the Legionnaires to war against "the kikes" in the
name of National Socialism, escaped to Italy in 1945. There he taught at a
missionary college for five years before emigrating to the United States. In
1952, he was named bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America.
Three years later, he led the opening prayer for the United States Senate,
the invitation extended by Vice-President Richard Nixon.
By then, Trifa was using the Romanian Orthodox Church to keep the Iron Guard
movement alive in parishes throughout the United States and Canada. Under the
auspices of the World Church Service, according to a 1972 official Church
publication, "the Episcopate inaugurated a program of theological training in
this country and of recruiting parish priests from among Romanian Orthodox
priests who left Romania after World War 11 due to the communist takeover in
Romania. Most of the priests who took refuge in Europe or on the American
continent were given a chance to serve under the jurisdiction of the
Episcopate."
Those recruited were often not priests but Iron Guard killers. At least
seventeen of the forty-six priests listed in the publication have been linked
to the Iron Guard by Holocaust researchers. By the 1970s, those that had
skinned children alive in 1941 could be found throughout the United States
and Canada on pulpits, clad this time not in green shirts but in priests'
robes. Churches regularly held masses in memory of fallen Legionnaires,
altars were adorned with Legion flags, and the fascist salute was exchanged.
As the spiritual leader, Trifa oversaw a complex and multifaceted fascist
network in the United States. The Iron Guard was resurrected not only through
the Church but also through various front groups, newspapers, and
periodicals.[3]
Ultimately, Trifa's past caught up with him. Almost solely due to the efforts
of Dr. Charles Kremer, a Romanian Jew whose family had been annihilated by
the Iron Guard, Trifa was stripped of his citizenship after years of court
cases and was deported to Portugal in 1984. Even then, his "spiritual
children" did not abandon him.
Your Eminence,
When you came:
We were few; but with your help we are now many....
We were divided; you leave us united....
We were weak in our faith; you made us strong....
We were unaware of our heritage; now we are proud of our origin.[4]
The political arm of the Iron Guard is still directed by Horia Sima in
Madrid. Over the years, he has published several books, which carefully avoid
discussion of Legionary atrocities or blame them on agents provocateurs. Not
wishing to dwell on the past, Sima's Iron Guard has joined the global
anti-communist movement and has achieved legitimacy through its international
affiliations, including the World Anti-Communist League.[5]
Chirila Ciuntu, a Romanian delegate to World Anti-Communist League
conferences, remains an active Guardist. According to Howard Blum in his book
Wanted!, Ciuntu is "the most important figure in the resurrection of the Iron
Guard in America. As treasurer of the American legionnaires, he collects the
contributions from the American nests and personally delivers these monies to
Sima in Spain.... 'What do I do in Spain? I buy books, anti-Communist books.
We find that Jews are Communists. We find that everywhere we live the Jews
are trouble.'"[6] Through this husky retired steelworker, the Legionnaires of
"Captain" Codreanu, the assassins of at least three Romanian prime ministers,
the killers of at least a thousand of their countrymen, the men who urged
"Romanization" through the eradication of Jews and Freemasons, have formed a
liaison with their compatriots around the world.
With the collapse of Nazi Germany, hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians found
themselves in displaced persons camps at the end of the war. Among them were
thousands of Nazi collaborators, including Stetsko and his followers.
Although the camps were searched for possible war criminals, the Ukrainians
had little to fear, for one of their last missions before fleeing the Soviet
onslaught had been to gather up every stamp, seal, -and letterhead that might
prove helpful in exile. In safehouses, they forged passports, produced bogus
seminary records, and even made up fake Nazi hit lists of Ukrainians slated
for execution for anti-fascist activities. Those on the lists, of course,
were the Ukrainians who had been steadfastly loyal to their German masters.
With such documents in hand, the collaborators simply headed west into the
displaced persons camps administered by the British or the Americans.
In the camps, the Bandera-Stetsko Ukrainians, with their secret police still
intact, continued the pogroms that they had initiated in the Ukraine. Rival
nationalists, Jews, even fellow collaborators�anyone who had evidence or
firsthand knowledge of the genocide in the Ukraine and who could not be
counted on to keep silent-were murdered. As a result of these purges, the OUN
emerged as the "Voice; of Ukrainian emigres.[7]
Most importantly, the Bandera-Stetsko forces were aided by their British and
American captors, who recruited hundreds to conduct espionage activities
against the Soviet Union. An American reporter who toured the camps in 1948
discovered that the Counter-Intelligence Corps "concerns itself almost wholly
with anti-Soviet intelligence. This work has led it into liaison activity
with the present Nazi underground, so its interest in apprehending former
allies of the Third Reich has dwindled."[8]
Harry Rositzke, a former high-ranking CIA official, refers to this policy in
oblique fashion in his book, The CIA's Secret Operations:
Agent candidates were recruited from displaced persons camps in Germany, from
among recent Soviet military defectors in Europe, Turkey, Iran and South
Korea, and through the auspices of various emigre groups. Military defectors
and men sponsored by an emigre group were carefully interrogated and assessed
by their prospective case officers. Our spotters in the DP camps helped
interview recent refugees and brought likely candidates to our notice.
What Mr. Rositzke did not know, or is not admitting, is that among these
candidates were a good many Nazi collaborators and men wanted for war crimes.
The emigre groups he refers to were usually ones like the OUN. The American
officials involved with the OUN recruitment program revised the group's
history, stating that they had "fought bitterly against the Germans." It is a
claim embraced today by Stetsko but contested by most experts.[9] Among them
is John Loftus, author of The Belarus Secret, who spent two years as an
investigator for the Nazi-hunting Office of Special Investigations in the
Justice Department:
This [revision] was a complete fabrication. The secret internal files of the
OUN clearly show how most of its members worked for the Gestapo or SS as
policemen, executioners, partisan hunters and mu-nicipal officials. The OUN
contribution to the German war effort was significant, including the raising
of volunteers for several SS divi-sions.[10]
With such prominent benefactors, many Eastern European Nazi collaborators not
only ensured that their war crimes would go unpunished, but were also able to
reorganize. With American government funds, the OUN formed a regional
anti-communist federation, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN), which,
according to a former high ABN official, also received funding from Great
Britain and "substantial" assistance from the postwar West German government.
Much has been written about different Nazi networks�ODESSA Kamaraden-werk,
etc.�that were created after the war to enable war criminals to escape and
work in exile toward the formation of a Fourth Reich. No other organization,
however, approaches the scope, depth, or influence of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc
of Nations. Since its inception, it has grown to become the largest and most
important umbrella for Nazi collaborators in the world. The organizer and
chairman of this "ex-Nazi International" is none other than Yaroslav Stetsko.
Though still largely controlled by the Ukrainians under Stetsko, the ABN now
has chapters from other Soviet republics as well and from all of the Eastern
European countries under Soviet control. A prime criterion for membership
appears to be fealty to the cause of National Socialism- ABN officers
constitute a virtual Who's Who of those responsible for the massacre of
millions of civilians in the bloodiest war in history.
After Stetskol the most important official of the Bloc in the 1940s was the
chairman of its council of nations, Alfred Berzins. Described by Stetsko as
"also a former prisoner of Nazi concentration camps," Berzins was in reality
a Latvian who volunteered to serve in a Nazi sponsored police battalion
responsible for the roundup and extermination of his nation's Jews and
Communist Party members. In February 1942, he joined the Latvian SS and was
awarded the German Iron Cross, First Grade. In exile, he was secretary of the
Central Committee of the Dangavas Vanagi ("Danaga Hawks"), an organization
composed of the Latvian SS officers and government ministers who oversaw the
Final Solution in their country. Until his death, he lived under his own name
in Hampton Roads, Virginia.
As chairman of the ABN Central Committee in the 1950s�a position he continues
to hold�Stetsko overcame nationalistic differences and embraced fascists from
all regions. Today, Byelorussian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Romanian, and
Croatian Nazi collaborators, to name but a few, are all represented in the
ABN. The Croatian delegation is made up of Ustashi from the Croatian
Liberation Movement of Pavelic and Hefer. The Bulgarian chapter is the
Bulgarian National Front Inc., the front group for the fascist Bulgarian
Legionnaries of World War II. The Romanian delegation is composed of Iron
Guardists.
The bloc has not even taken the basic step of drawing some of its officers
from younger, untainted members. On a 1980 list of its central committee
members, the overall leaders of its various activities, at least seven of the
eleven listed are accused of being war criminals.
Through its headquarters in Munich and its main branch in New York, the ABN
has gone a long way toward promoting a version of modern history that bears
no resemblance to fact. All mentions of the various members' services to the
Nazis have been purged in favor of laudatory passages about the great
sacrifices they endured in their struggle for world freedom and independence.
Despite its origins and membership, the ABN does not meet in secret covens in
mountain hideaways. It is an extremely visible international network that
publishes magazines, holds demonstrations, and lobbies elected officials in
the United States and Western Europe. It has branches in England, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Spain, Italy, and Argentina. It created the
European Freedom Council, whose Western European members consist of prominent
conservatives, as well as the requisite Nazi collaborators. Chapters of
American Friends of the ABN have been established in cities throughout the
United States, including Detroit, Chicago, Los Angeles, Cleveland, and Miami.
Its officers meet with congressmen and senators to solicit support, and both
Democratic and Republican officials have been honored guests at its
functions. Serving on its honorary committees have been high-ranking former
military officers, including General Daniel 0. Graham (former director of the
Defense Intelligence Agency), General Bruce Holloway (former commander in
chief of the Strategic Air Command), and General Sir Walter Walker (former
British commander in chief of Allied Forces-North).
An examination of one ABN chapter's activities in one year alone illustrates
the degree of access to elected officials that they have attained. In
September 1981, the Chicago chapter of American Friends of the ABN elected
new officers. Among those elected were John Kosiak, a Byelorussian Nazi
collaborator- Romanian Iron Guardist Alexander Ronnettj Anton Bonifacic, a
former official in the Croatian Ustasha foreign ministry- and George
Paprikoff, who had belonged to the pro-Nazi Bulgarian Legionary movement. The
following month, they accompanied the visiting Yaroslav Stetsko as he
addressed a joint session of the Illinois state congress and had a private
audience with Governor Jim Thompson. In June 1982, several members went to
Washington, where "they were briefed by CIA and FBI officials, Secretary of
the Department of Interior James Watt, Chairman of the Board of Governors of
the Federal Reserve System, and Secretary of the Department of Commerce
Malcolm Baldridge, as well as have had [sic] an opportunity to privately
converse with Senators Charles H. Percy and Alan J. Dixon and Congressman
Henry J. Hyde."[11]
Today, in Ronald Reagan, the ABN has found the closest thing ever to a White
House ally. On July 13, 1983, Yaroslav Stetsko, a man who went to prison for
participating in the murder of Polish officials, who once proclaimed his
devotion to the Nazis, whose followers assisted in the slaughter of Jews in
the Ukraine, sat in the center of the front row of a reception hall to hear
Reagan announce, "Your dream is our dream. Your hope is our hope." Afterward,
he shook the president's hand and posed for photographs.
"Whatever we may think of Reagan," Roman Zwaryz, an ABN official, told a
reporter in 1984, "the Captive Nations Week ceremonies during the Reagan
Administration have been at least an indicator of a basic, fundamental shift
in American foreign policy and it has led to certain tactical changes that
have benefited us. For the first time in twenty, twenty-five years, we are
being consulted as to the content of [Radio Liberty] broadcasts being sent
into the Ukraine. Prior to the Reagan Presidency, no one in the foreign
policy elite in the U.S. saw it even necessary to contact us."
The effect of those consultations could be seen in 1985; at the beginning of
Reagan's second term in office, congressional investigators found that Radio
Liberty and Radio Free Europe were broadcasting "unacceptable material ...
characterized as anti-Semitic, antiCatholic or even anti-Western" into the
Soviet bloc. Among the offending broadcasts was "a positive description of
the Nazi unit Galizien [Galician SS], which was responsible for allowing
Ukrainians to murder thousands of Jews in Lvov.[12]
>From the forests of Zhytomyr to Washington DC, from the journal, Our Front in
1940 to the White House, from the OUN Manifesto of 1940, the political basis
of the ABN, to this year's grand commemoration of the ABN's fortieth
anniversary, to the raising of the ABN emblem in the hallowed halls of
Congress, in this citadel of freedom ... the road has been hard and
difficult.... We were able to traverse the hard and bitter road from the
forests of Zhytomyr to the White House only with your continuous support!�ABN
Central Committee, 1983.[ 13]
Perhaps no other European fascist group escaped quite as intact as the
Croatian Ustasha. Although thousands of lesser officials and soldiers were
captured by either the Soviet army or Tito's partisans (and almost always
summarily executed), virtually the entire leadership escaped.
Responsible for the slaughter of a million of their countrymen, the Ustashi
were able to elude justice through a combination of Allied incompetence,
Vatican complicity, the chaos of postwar Europe, the mutual suspicions of the
United States and the Soviet Union 7 the generous assistance of the Argentine
and Spanish governments, and the solidarity of Croatian emigres in every part
of the world.
Thousands of Ustashi retreated with the German troops in May 1945 and
attempted to surrender to British forces at the Austrian border. [14] When
the British refused them entry, the Ustashi improvised. Ante Pavelic clipped
his recognizable bushy eyebrows, donned a beard, and, with an Argentine
passport, slipped into Austria under the name "Ramirez." He hid in the
Convent of St. Gilgin until picked up by British occupation forces. He was
released and surfaced two years later in Italy dressed as a priest and
secreted in another convent. It is believed that from there, with a new
Argentine passport under the name "Pablo Aranyos," he sailed to Buenos Aires
in 1948.
Stejpan Hefer also escaped into Austria. He was there on August 19; 1946,
when the Yugoslav government filed documents asking for his return to
Yugoslavia to stand trial for war crimes. The American and British
authorities were apparently unable to locate the former governor-general
among those in the displaced persons camps, for he surfaced a year later in
Italy. From there he sailed to join his poglavnik in Argentina.
Hefer was helped out of Europe by the most important Croatian escape route,
which operated out of the Instituto di Santa Jeronimus (Institute of St.
Jerome) at 132 Tomaselli Street in Rome. This Catholic foundation, run by
Fathers Draganovic and Levasic, facilitated the escape of thousands of
Ustashi to South America.
"The organization [St. Jerome]," U.S. State Department agent Vincent La Vista
reported in 1947, "provides free food, board and eventually clothing to its
members. It would appear that necessary sums come from Vatican circles, who
had previously actively supported this organization in 1923-1941. Membership
of Ustascha and Catholic religion are compulsory for help and assistance in
leaving Italy. "[15]
The Institute provided passports for fugitive Ustashi through two sympathetic
officials in the foreigner's police branch of the Italian government. Once
the passports were signed by the Italian officials, Father Levasic would
deliver them to the Argentine consulate, where immigration permits were
quickly issued. Shipping space was then arranged for the next available space
on a ship bound for Argentina. In Buenos Aires, the refugees could receive
assistance from a group of exiled Croatian Catholic monks. In this way, as
many as five hundred Ustashi a month were able to slip away.[16]
Besides whatever aid they may have received from sympathetic priests or
fellow fascists, the Ustashi were also greatly assisted in their escape by
the simple fact that no one was really looking for them. In 1948, the
undersecretary of state for foreign affairs of Great Britain announced that,
in spite of the fact that Yugoslavia had petitioned for the extradition of
eighteen hundred Ustashi to stand trial for war crimes, the British
government would assist in the cases of only nineteen, "who rendered such
signal service to the enemy that it would be difficult if not impossible for
us to justify a refusal to consider surrendering them."
Among those select nineteen was Pavelic, whom the British had previously
captured and released. As for the others who were wanted for war crimes,
including Stejpan Hefer, "we propose to take no further action and we will
not now accept any fresh requests for surrender. We feel that it is time for
this matter to be brought to an end. "[17]
Portraying themselves as victims of communist persecution whose only "crimes"
were to be Croatian patriots, the Ustashi quickly set up front groups in
their exile communities. In 1956, Pavelic founded the Croatian Liberation
Movement (HOP), with its headquarters and its supreme council in Buenos
Aires. Stejpan Hefer, the loyal henchman, was named to the supreme council.
In exile, Hefer made no attempt to hide his allegiance to the Ustasha. cause
or his bitterness at the United States and Great Britain for having failed to
accept the Croatians as allies: "The great Western powers preferred to fight
against the idea of nationalism because of their own selfish reasons.... The
Western democratic powers also accepted the propaganda of Tito and the
Yugoslav Communists and proclaimed Croatian nationalism and Croatian
revolutionary struggle for freedom ... under the leadership of the Croatian
USTASHA Movement as nazi-fascism."[18]
After rival Croatians attempted to assassinate Pavelic the following year,
the poglavnik sought refuge in Spain. He lived quietly and reclusively in
Madrid until his death from natural causes in December 1959. He is buried in
a secret cemetery outside Madrid.
On Pavelic's death, the leadership of the HOP passed to Stelpan Hefer. Other
factions appeared, each claiming to be the true inheritor of the Ustasha
creed- some were more than willing to display their adherence to Pavelic's
teachings by acts of terror. One, the Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood, a
hit squad formed in Australia in 1961, is composed mainly of
second-generation Croatians who have maintained close ties with the old
Ustasha network.
The brotherhood has been responsible for much of the "secret war" waged
against the Yugoslavian government during the past fifteen years, including
the bombing of a Yugoslav passenger plane in 1972 that killed twenty-seven
people and the 1976 hijacking of a TWA plane in New York that resulted in the
death of a New York City policeman. And, like their older compatriots, the
new generation of Ustasha has shown itself to be willing to rely on the help
of sympathetic third parties.
Two Croatian terrorists, assisted by five conspirators on the outside,
entered the Yugoslav Embassy in Stockholm in April 1971. Their target was
Vladimir Rolovic, the Yugoslav ambassador and the man who two years earlier
had given the Australian government a report on Croatian terrorist activities
originating there. For exposing their operations, Rolovic's punishment was
death. After binding and taunting the ambassador, the Croatians killed him,
instantly becoming causes celebres in Croatian emigre circles around the
world.
In reaction to their subsequent life sentences, three other Croatians
hijacked a Swedish plane in September 1972, demanding the release of their
seven comrades. The Swedes released them and all except one, who refused to
leave the Swedish prison, were then given asylum in Spain. They contacted the
vacationing Paraguayan president, General Alfredo Stroessner, in West Germany
in 1973.
Stroessner, moved by their plight, agreed to take them in seasoned
"anti-communist freedom fighters" were hard to come by. The Paraguayan
president immediately put them to work training his country's army and
police. One, Jozo Damjanovic, would later kill the Uruguayan ambassador to
Paraguay (mistaking him for the new Yugoslav ambassador), while another, Miro
Baresic, would be discovered serving as a bodyguard at the Paraguayan Embassy
in Washington and be deported back to Sweden.
The leader of the Croatian killers was Dinko Sakic of the Ustashi. Sakic is
wanted both for his World War II war crimes as a concentration camp
commandant and for his role as Pavelic's chief of cabinet. He is accused by
the Yugoslav government of coordinating much of the anti-Yugoslav reign of
terror in the 1970s. In 1979, he attended the World Anti-Communist League
conference in Paraguay.
The Ustashi and their progeny have sought to keep themselves in fighting form
for the day when they will "liberate" Croatia. Croatians were recruited as
mercenaries by Rafael Trujillo in 1959 for help in putting down the rebellion
against his savage rule of the Dominican Republic. In the 1960s, Croatian
mercenaries fought in the Congo, and Croatian exiles in Australia reportedly
offered that government a thousand men to help out in the Vietnam war. In
1972, in a mission dubbed Operation Phoenix, twenty Croatian nationalists
slipped into Yugoslavia on a combat mission, only to be wiped out by the
Yugoslavian army.
The Ustashi continue to have a great deal of strength within Croatian emigre
communities throughout the world, including in the United States. They now
portray themselves as "democrats," "in harmony with the American tradition of
freedom and independence." But such Croatian newspapers as Danica and Nasa
Nada, the latter the official newspaper of the Croatian Catholic Union of the
United States, continue to pay reverence to their fallen poglavnik and his
Ustasha cause.[19]
The Ustashi have managed to get their voices and demands heard not only
through acts of terrorism but also through the forum of international
organizations like the World Anti-Communist League. After the death of Hefer
in 1973, his place as head of the Croatian chapter of the League was taken by
Anton Bonifacic, another former Ustasha official, living in Chicago. As
president of the fallen Pavelic's Croatian Liberation Movement, Bonifacic now
represents Croatia at League conferences, giving speeches and passing
resolutions on the continuing struggle for the independent state of Croatia,
liberally rewriting history in doing so.
Whereas ... the Croatian Nation was subjected to the unprecedented genocide
in which massacre about one million of Croatians were slaughtered by
Communists or Serbs, who were opposed to the Cro-atian self-determination and
national independence-. Therefore, the 11th. conference of the WACL resolves
... to declare
that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, this artificial creation
of Versailles et [sic] Yalta, should be substituted by free, independent and
democratic states.[20]
Interestingly, Taiwan, the chief sponsor of the WACL, is one of only two
nations in the world to recognize the Croatian Liberation Movement as a
legitimate government-in-exile.
The extent to which the Ustashi have been able to influence world opinion and
portray reports of their past crimes as nothing more than communist
propaganda is perhaps best illustrated by the machinations over April 10,
1941.
April 10, 1941, was the day the Germans invaded Yugoslavia and established
the Ustasha regime. Today, among both the old Ustashi and the new, April 10
is known as Croatian Independence Day to Yugoslavians, especially Serbs and
Jews, it is remembered as the day their Holocaust began. During his tenure as
governor of California, Ronald Reagan passed a resolution recognizing the
date as Independent Croatia Day as a favor to his Croatian constituents. He
later rescinded the proclamation and apologized to the Yugoslav government
when informed of the true significance of April 10.
A simple, if embarrassing, mistake- but others haven't picked up the cue. In
a pamphlet put out by the National Republican Heritage Groups Council, a
branch of the Republican Party, entitled "1984 Guide to Nationality
Observances," there is this heading under April 10:
Croatian Independence Day The Independent State of Croatia was declared by
unanimous proclamation in 1941 thus ending an enforced union with Royalist
Yugoslavia in which Croatian independence was subverted and threatened. Lack
of Western support and Axis occupation forced the new state into an
unfortunate association with the Axis powers.
The Ustasha historical revisionists could not have said it any better.
We have examined the history of three Nazi collaborators who belonged to the
World Anti-Communist League. We did not have to cull membership lists or
examine the backgrounds of all League members to find them; they were chosen
virtually at random to serve as examples. They are not the three "bad apples"
of the League, they are, in fact, in the company of many other war criminals,
some of whom committed even worse crimes.
A frequent attendee of League conferences was a silver-haired elderly man
named Dimitri Kasmowich. Kasmowich returned from exile to his native
Byelorussia with the invading Germans in 1941. Designated police chief of
Smolensk, he purged the area of Jews, partisans, and Communist Party members,
destroying entire towns and villages to clear the path for the Nazis. As the
war began turning against Germany, Kasmowich was sent to an SS commando
training center in Germany; he returned to Byelorussia to lead a unit of
Byelorussian Nazis of the Abwehr-sponsored "special intelligence operations"
section in guerrilla warfare behind the Red Army front lines.
Escaping to Switzerland, Kasmowich later surfaced as a refugee rations
officer for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) in
France. In a displaced persons camp, he was recruited by British Intelligence
and smuggled to England, where he lived under the name "Zarechny." Returning
to Germany in the 1950s, he organized Byelorussian Nazi collaborators for the
U.S. State Department's Office of Policy Coordination while working as an
accountant for the U.S. Army. The result, the Byelorussian Liberation
Movement, was designed to gather information and carry out intelligence
missions for the Americans. Due to this high status within the Byelorussian
emigre community, Kasmowich headed the Liberation Movement delegations to
World Anti-Communist League conferences from 1966 until the late 1970s.
Today, the Byelorussian Liberation Movement is still the official
Byelorussian League chapter. Leadership has passed on to John Kosiak; he too
meets the requirements of a war criminal. Appointed an engineer in
Byelorussia by the SS, Kosiak used slave labor to repair war-damaged
factories, and he constructed the Jewish ghetto of Minsk. He lives in Chicago
and has been active in Republican Party politics.
Theodore Oberlander, the German commander of the Ukrainian Nightingales, has
continued his partnership with Yaroslav Stetsko through the World
Anti-Communist League. A staunch Nazi, Oberlander joined the Nazi Party in
1933 and was made an honorary officer of the Nazi SD (Gestapo) in 1936. The
Ukrainians accused of carrying out many of the purges in the Lvov area in
June 1941 were under his command.
After the war, Oberlander became a member of the Bundestag, controversial for
his habit of carrying a loaded gun onto the assembly floor. He served as West
German minister of refugee affairs until 1960, when details of his wartime
role became known and he was forced to resign. A year later, German
prosecutors dropped the charges against him, citing "lack of evidence," and
stating that they had heard testimony from at least 150 Soviet citizens
attesting to his innocence. What was not said was that most of these
character witnesses were Ukrainian Nazi collaborators and members of the
OUN/B in exile.
In other words, Oberlander was cleared largely on the testimony of men who
had served under his wartime command. Oberlander's special relationship with
Stetsko�each knowing intimate details of the crimes of the other-continues
today- Oberlander is a high officer of the ABN's European Freedom Council and
leads German delegations to World Anti-Communist League conferences.
The presence of Nazi collaborators in the League, both individuals and entire
organizations, is staggering.
St. C. de Berkelaar, who heads an organization in the Netherlands called Sint
Martinsfonds, attended the 1978 League conference in Washington, D.C. Sint
Martinsfonds is a brotherhood of three to four hundred former Dutch SS
officers.
Ake Lindsten, chairman of the Swedish National League, headed the Swedish
delegation to the League conference of 1979. Lindsten was a member of a Nazi
youth group in his native country during World War II and has been censored
by the Swedish government for his group's racist proclamations.
The Slovak World Congress, the Slovakian chapter of the League, is composed
of Nazi collaborators and their progeny. They are represented in the League
by Josef Mikus, who was an ambassador for the Nazi-puppet Slovak government
in World War II.
The Latvian chapter of the League is controlled by the Danagaus Vanagi
("Danaga Hawks"). Operating out of Munster, West Germany, and publishing a
newspaper in Canada, the Hawks are a band of Latvian leaders who assisted the
Nazis in exterminating the Jews of their Baltic homeland.
If one wants to find Nazi collaborators, it is only necessary to examine the
European chapters of the World Anti-Communist League.
With the creation of the World Anti-Communist League, there came into
existence a worldwide network of fascism. Today, League conventions afford
the opportunity for the old-guard war criminals to meet with, advise, and
support the new-guard fascists. Thus today a man like Chirila Ciuntu, who
helped slaughter "Communist-Jews" forty-five years ago, can sit down in the
same room with an Italian fascist who killed "Reds" ten years ago and with a
Salvadoran who is killing "subversives" now.
pps. 33-45
--[notes]--
FOREWORD
1. WACL Bulletin, vol. 17, no. 2 (Seoul, Korea: Freedom Center,- June
1983), p. 77.
2. Major General John K. Singlaub, "A New Strategy for the 1980's,"
address at the United States Council for World Freedom and the North American
Region of the World Anti-Communist League meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, on
April 23,1982 reprinted in ABN Correspondence, vol. 33, nos. 4/5 (New York:
JulyOctober 1982), p. 25.
3. On the October 18, 1984, edition of the ABC television news show
Nightline, Nazi investigator Charles Allen alluded to this in discussing the
historical origins of the CIA unconventional warfare manual that had recently
surfaced in Honduras: "In the early 1950s, up through 1957, at Fort Meade in
Maryland, counterinsurgency programs were put there and installed there by
all intelligence agencies in the United States, led by the,CIA�CIA and
military intelligencein which the Nazi experience was drawn upon.... Indeed,
there were booklets of that period that were executed along the lines of
counterinsurgency. I think there is a direct, concrete continuum relationship
between that early period of the '50s when such war criminals and
collaborators were used in these counterinsurgency programs as instructors,
and the Nicaraguan pamphlet which has just been released."
Part I
ONE
1. "Colom Argueta's Last Interview," Latin America Political Report,
vol. 13, no. 14,
(April 6, 1979).
TWO
1. Victor Livingston and Dennis Debbaudt, "Bishop Trifa: Prelate or
Persecutor?"
Monthly Detroit (July 1980), pp. 67-68.
2. Chirila Ciuntu letter to coauthor, January 17, 1985.
3. Alexander Ronnett, Romanian Nationalism: The Legionary Movement
(Chicago: Loy-ola University Press, 1974), p. 7.
4. Hans Rogger and Eugen Webber, The European Right (London: Weidenfeld
and
Nicholson, 1965), p. 522.
5. Ronnett, op. cit., p. 26.
6. Livingston and Debbaudt, op. cit., p. 64.
7. Jane Biberman, "His Magnificent Obsession," The Pennsylvania Gazette,
(February 1983), p. 25.
8. Lynda Powless, "The War That Won't Go Away," Windsor Star (Windsor,
Canada: February 12, 1983), p. B12.
9. Leigh White, Long Balkan Night (New York: Charles Scribners Sons,
1944), pp.
147-48.
10, Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of European Jewry (New York: Quadrangle
Books,
1961), p. 489.
11, Ciuntu letter to coauthor, January 17, 1985.
12, Powless, op. cit., p. B12.
13. Diary of Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, Kriegstagebuchaufzeichnung uber die
Konferenzim Fuhrerzug in l1nau, (September 12, 1939).
14. "For the purpose of delivering a lightning blow against the Soviet
Union," a German intelligence officer wrote, "Abwehr 11 ... must use its
agents for kindling national antagonism among the people of the Soviet Union
... I contacted Ukrainian National Socialists who were in the German
Intelligence Service and other members of the nationalist fascist groups....
Instructions were given by me personally to the leaders of the Ukrainian
Nationalists, MeInyk and Bandera, to organize ... demonstrations in the
Ukraine in order to disrupt the immediate rear of the Soviet Armies."
Alexander Dallin, The German Occupation of the Soviet Union (New York: St.
Martin's Press, 1967), p. 116.
15. John Alexander Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism (Littleton, Colorado:
Ukraini-
an Academic Press, 1963), p. 63.
16. Surma (Lvov, Ukraine: July 2, 194 1).
17, Hilberg, op. cit., p. 204.
18. Ibid., p. 205.
19. Even the sympathetic John Armstrong admitted as much in Ukrainian
Nationalism: "Their instrument was the SB or Security. Service, forged by
Mykola Lebed, [the third man in OUN/B] years previously. Though the extent of
the 'purges' of 'unreliable elements' (primarily East Ukrainians, but
including some former Melnyk partisans ... ) is uncertain, there is little
question that it was sufficiently great to arouse extreme disaffection among
the non-OUN/B elements in the enlarged partisan movement."
20. Hilberg, op. cit., pp. 329-30.
21. Allan A. Ryan, Jr., Quiet Neighbors (New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich, 1984),
p. 144.
22. Fitzroy Maclean, The Heretic (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957), p.
124.
23. Ibid., p. 125.
24. The Ustashi had a religious mandate in the time of their exile and
early days of power, enjoying the support of much of the Croatian Catholic
clergy. Franciscan monks joined Ustasha batallions, and Pavelic bestowed
medals on nuns and priests for their roles in defending the Fatherland.
When the Ustashi were ushered into Zagreb by the Germans, Archbishop Stepinac
of Croatia immediately offered his congratulations to the poglavnik and held
a banquet to celebrate the founding of the new nation. He ordered the
proclamation of the independent state to be delivered from all pulpits of the
Catholic Church in Croatia on Easter Sunday and arranged to have Pavelic be
received by Pope Pius XII. "God," he extolled in the newspaper Nedelja on
April 27,1941, "who directs the destiny of nations and controls the hearts of
kings, has given us Ante Pavelic and moved the leader of a friendly and
allied people, Adolf Hitler, to use his victorious troops to disperse our
oppressors.... Glory be to God, our gratitude to Adolf Hitler and loyalty to
our Poglavnik, Ante Pavelic."
Miroslav Filipovic, a Franciscan monk, served for two years as the commandant
of the Jasenovac concentration camp, supervising the extermination of at
least one hundred thousand victims. On May 25, 1941, a priest, Franjo Kralik,
wrote in the Katolicki Tlednik, a Zagreb newspaper: "The Jews who led Europe
and the entire world to disaster-morally, culturally and
economically�developed an appetite which nothing less than the world as a
whole could satisfy.... The movement for freeing the world from the Jews is a
movement for the renascence of human dignity. The all-wise and Almighty God
is behind this movement."
Some Catholic priests disagreed with Ustashi methods for a more basic reason.
After recounting stories he had heard of hundreds of women and children being
thrown alive off a cliff, the Bishop of Mostar lamented, "if the Lord had
given to the authorities more understanding to handle the conversions to
Catholicism with skill and intelligence with fewer clashes, and at a more
appropriate time, the number of Catholics would have grown at least 500,000
to 600,000."
25. Government of Yugoslavia Petition for Extradition, submitted by
Yugoslav Embassy, Washington, D.C., to Acting Secretary of United States
Department of State, August 19, 1946.
THREE
1. The various "rat lines" running out of post-war Europe have been
discussed at length by others, the Nazi collaborators now found in the World
Anti-Communist League were assisted by many different ones.
Perhaps the most important and widely-used escape route was through the
refugee offices operating in Rome under the sponsorship of the Vatican
Church. At these offices, without identification of any kind, a fugitive
could, with the aid of a sympathetic priest, obtain an affidavit with an
alias name and a false background. With this new identity, the fugitive could
obtain an International Red Cross passport.
The Catholic Church's role in this operation is surely one of the blackest
marks in its history. In pursuit of propagating the faith, the priests who
ran the refugee offices assisted nearly anyone, regardless of political
background, as long as they attested to being anti-Communist Catholics.
When a U.S. State Department investigator, Vincent La Vista, tried to
determine why so many refugees were emigrating to South America, he
discovered, "that in those Latin American countries where the Church is a
controlling or dominating factor, the Vatican has brought pressure to bear
which has resulted in the foreign missions of those countries taking an
attitude almost favoring the entry into their country of former Nazis and
former Fascists or other political groups, so long as they are
anti-communists."
Other fascists were saved by Reinhard Gehlen. As head of the German Fremde
Heere Ost (Foreign Armies East), Gehlen had been the overseer of the Nazi
collaborator forces in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union during the war. At
the end of the war, Gehlen had a vast network of thousands of agents
stretching from Bulgaria to Lithuania. In 1946, Gehlen was flown to
Washington, D.C. where he explained this network to the Americans.
"De-Nazified," he became the head of the West German intelligence agency, his
network intact and now working for the Americans.
"He opened the eyes of the Americans," Iron Guardist Alexander Ronnett wrote
in admiration on the occasion of Gehlen's death, "and convinced them of the
communist danger. The majority of American political and military leaders
based their knowledge about the Soviets on Gehlen's documents. The American
Intelligence Service incorporated Gehlen's network. . . " Potomac (Chicago:
April 1, 1980), p. 38.
Gehlen was also defended by former Deputy Director of CIA Ray Cline, who
claims he knew the former Nazi officer well, on the October 18, 1984 edition
of the ABC television news show Nightline.
2. Maurizio Cabona, An Interview with Horia Sima, Commander-in-Chief
Legion of the Archangel Michael (N.P., presumably reprinted in the United
States or Canada, 1977), p. 17.
3. On the surface, these different offshoots represent a wide range in
political outlook. They range from the vicious Jew-baiting of George Boian,
to the geopolitical ruminations of Dr. Alexander Ronnett.
Boian, a bullet-headed, balding man, operates the Boian News Service and the
newsletter Fin Daciei out of his home on East Ninety-first Street in New York
City. His writings constantly rail against America's "yarmulked bosses" and
contend that the Jews are in total control of the United States. In 1980, he
took what was surely an inordinate amount of credit for the election of
Ronald Reagan as President and the defeat of Elizabeth Holtzman (who had
spearheaded the Congressional pursuit of Trifa) for the Senate. Boian is
hardly a pariah within the Iron Guard community; a 1980 photograph shows
Archbishop Trifa patting him on the shoulder at a church reception in
Michigan.
All of which stands in considerable contrast to the writings of Alexander
Ronnett, a practicing doctor in Mount Prospect, Illinois, Chairman of the
Romanian American National Congress and a member of the World Anti-Communist
League. Ronnett's magazine, Potomac, which consists mainly of reprints of
articles by conservative columnists and favorable editorials on the Pinochet
government in Chile, never mentions the Iron Guard or voices overt
anti-Semitism. Nevertheless, Ronnett, whose real name is Rachmistriuc, is a
long-time Iron Guardist who, according to Holocaust researchers, participated
in the January 1941 revolt and is accused of being one of the primary
financial supporters of Guard activities in the Midwest today. He has
published monographs bearing the Guardist symbol, as well as a laudatory and
apologetic history of the Iron Guard, dedicated to "the memory of the
Legionary martyrs who so willingly gave their lives for the freedom of the
Romanian Nation." In fact, even his Potomac magazine has the Guard symbol
cleverly placed in each corner of the cover.
4. Solia (Publication of the Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America,
June 1984).
p. 6.
5. A pamphlet issued by Sima's headquarters on the occasion of the
Legionary Movement's fortieth anniversary, XL Anniversary of the Foundation
of the Rumanian Legionary Movement, 1927-1967 Declarations of the Legionary
Movement Concerning the Fate of the Free World and the Tragedy of the
Rumanian People, Madrid, Spain, (October 1968), throws the support of the
Movement "already a veteran in the struggle against communism," into the
ranks of the respectable conservative causes of the time.
Along with the dubious rationale of "the sacrifice of American young men in
Vietnam, directed to the containment of communism and to the stoppage of
Communist aggression in Asia, is the only bright point in the political
position of the western powers," it urges that Taiwan be allowed to enter the
Vietnam War and to invade the Chinese mainland.
"The Legionary Movement salutes the patriotic reaction of these Christian and
nationalistic forces of South America, which with the help of the armed
forces, have restored law and order in those nations." The passage concludes
that the movement "points out with admiration the role women have played in
such events."
6. Howard Blum, Wanted! (New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Com-
pany, 1977), p. 134.
Also, in the November/December 1979 issue of Tara Si Exilul (The Land and the
Exiled) the magazine of the Legionary movement published in Madrid, Ciuntu's
prominence is noted:
"In St. Nicholas Church in Detroit, Father Dumitru Mihaescu celebrated the
memorial service for the Captain [Codreanu] after which they remembered the
events when the highest Romanian of all time was killed.... Under the
leadership of Chirila Ciuntu, the Legionnaires from Windsor, Detroit and
other centers had a commemorative meeting which evoked the deeds of the
Captain and his great sacrifice in the service of the nation and God."
The presiding priest, Dumitru Mihaescu, was another Iron Guard leader who
participated in the January 1941 massacre. Trifa had arranged to have
Mihaescu brought from his Argentine exile to the United States to serve as a
priest.
7. The OUN/B was also assisted in their rise to post-war prominence by
Josef Stalin's demands that Soviet subjects found in American and British
Displaced Persons camps be returned to the Soviet Union. All those affected
knew that to return to the Soviet Union would almost certainly mean death,
especially if the Soviet authorities had suspicions of one's collaboration
with the Nazis. Eastern Ukrainians, those from Soviet regions, were slated to
be sent back while the Western Ukrainians, Bandera and Stetsko's followers,
were exempt due to their Polish origin. Eastern Ukrainians would only be
harbored and helped to escape the repatriation if they would accept the
Bandera-Stetsko leadership.
8. David W. Nussbaum, New York Post, November 21, 1948.
9. The chief American protector of all the Eastern European Nazi
collaborators was
Frank G. Wisner, head of the State Department's secret Office of
Policy Coordination, who openly bragged about his role in concealing
OUN members from war crimes investigators.
"Luckily," he wrote the Immigration and Naturalization Service in 195 1, "the
attempt to locate these anti-Soviet Ukrainians was sabotaged by a few
farsighted Americans who warned the persons concerned to go into hiding."
After protecting them from prosecution for war crimes, Wisner smuggled many
OUN members, along with hundreds of other Eastern European Nazi
collaborators, into the United States.
"In wartime," he wrote in defense of his actions, "a highly nationalistic
Ukrainian political group with its own security service could conceivably be
a great asset. Alienating such a group could, on the other hand, have no
particular advantage to the United States either now or in wartime."
Wisner later committed suicide.
10. Thomas O'Toole, The Washington Post, November 8, 1982; p. A-3. 7
11. ABN Correspondence (New York: March-April 1983), pp. 29-30.
12. Jack Anderson, The Washington Merry-Go-Round, April 19, 1985.
13. ABN Correspondence (New York: September-October, 1983).
14. Those who did get into Austria had a friend. Father Vilim Cecelia,
who had served as a military chaplain and performed absolution for Ustashi
forces during the height of the massacres of Serbs and Jews, had been
transferred to Austria in 1944. He was in place when the Ustashi began
slipping across the border in 1945, in the meantime taking it upon himself to
found the Croatian Red Cross, without affiliation or approval of the
International Red Cross.
At the end of the war, the International Red Cross, wanting to keep the
Serbian and Croatian refugees apart to avoid strife, gave Cecelia interim
permission to continue running his camp under their protection until a new
organization could be formed. With this stamp of approval, Cecelia was not
only able to receive medical and food supplies from the parent organization
but also had the authority to dispense International Red Cross identity
cards. It can be assumed that many Ustashi were able to change their
identities and continue their journeys to safety through the good offices of
Father Cecelia.
15. "Organization for clandestine departure from Italy and entry into
Argentine of Croat (Yugoslav) War Criminals�'Ustaschi." (Attachment to
Vincent La Vista report to State Department from unnamed agent in Buenos
Aires, July 16, 1946).
16. Archbishop Saric, who had declared that Almighty God was behind the
movement "for freeing the world from the Jews," escaped to Spain and lived
there until his death in 1960. Vjekoslav (Maks) Luburic, the Ustashi who had
been in charge of Croatian concentration camps, escaped to Hungary, Austria,
France, and, finally, to a Spanish monastery. Archbishop Stepinac, the
"Father Confessor" of the Ustashi, was arrested by the Yugoslav government
and sentenced to seventeen years in prison for war crimes. Portrayed as a
victim of communist persecution, Pope Pius XII ordained him a cardinal and
Cardinal Stepinac Associations, urging his release, were established in
Croatian emigre communities throughout the world. He was released after
serving only a few years of his sentence.
17. Another example of Western indifference to locating fugitive Ustashis
is the case of Andrija Artukovic. The Ustasha Minister of Interior, Artukovic
oversaw the Croatian government's genocide policies and supervised its
concentration camps. If measured by sheer numbers of victims, he is probably
the most important war criminal still alive and unpunished today.
Although captured by British authorities in Austria in 1945, Artukovic was
released and eventually arrived in the United States in 1948. The following
year, his true identity was discovered and deportation proceedings begun
against him. In response to the case an aide to Deputy Attorney General
Peyton Ford wrote in 1951: "Altho [sic] it appears that deportation
proceedings should be instituted, Artukovic and/or his family should not be
sent to apparently certain death at the hands of the Yugoslavia Communists.
Unless it can be established that he was responsible for the deaths of any
Americans, I think that deportation should be to some non-communist country
which will give him asylum. In fact, if his only crime was against
communists, I think he should be given asylum in the U.S."
Under such protection, Artukovic lived freely and under his own name in
Surfside, California for the next thirty-three years. In November 1984, he
was arrested and denied bail pending the outcome of a new deportation hearing.
18. Stejpan Hefer, "Croats Condemned to Extermination in Yugoslavia," Our
Alternative (Munich, West Germany: Press Bureau of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of
Nations 1972), p. 51.
19. On April 23, 1958, the Chicago newspaper Nasa Nada carried an article
by Father Cuturic, a Croatian Catholic priest defending the "persecuted"
Andrija Artukovic.
"And what are they trying to do to one of our real leaders, Andrija
Artukovic�Croatian and Catholic-who is being defended by the real champions
of freedom, justice, and truth against the godless Jews, Orthodox,
communists, protestants everywhere? They call our leader, Andrija Artukovic a
'murderer.' No, we Ustashi must keep our dignity."
20. 11th. WACL Conference Proceedings, April 27-May 1978 (Washington:
Council on American Affairs, 1978), resolution no. 22, pp. 89-90,
--[cont]--
Aloha, He'Ping,
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Em Hotep, Peace Be,
Omnia Bona Bonis,
All My Relations.
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
Kris
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