-Caveat Lector-
We are, and have been for awhile, an occupied country.
Department of State
Publication 7277
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277
Disarmament Series 5
Released September 1961
Office of Public Services
BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
For sale by the Superintendent ot Documents, U.S.
Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15
cents
INTRODUCTION
The revolutionary development of modern weapons within a
world divided by serious ideological differences has
produced a crisis in human history. In order to overcome the
danger of nuclear war now confronting mankind, the United
States has introduced, at the Sixteenth General Assembly of
the United Nations, a Program for General and Complete
Disarmament in a Peaceful World. This new program provides
for the progressive reduction of the war-making capabilities
of nations and the simultaneous strengthening of
international institutions to settle disputes and maintain
the peace. It sets forth a series of comprehensive measures
which can and should be taken in order to bring about a
world in which there will be freedom from war and security
for all states. It is based on three principles deemed
essential to the achievement of practical progress in the
disarmament field:
First, there must be immediate disarmament action:
A strenuous and uninterrupted effort must be made
toward the goal of general and complete disarmament; at the
same time, it is important that specific measures be put
into effect as soon as possible.
Second, all disarmament obligations must be subject to
effective international controls: The control organization
must have the manpower, facilities, and effectiveness to
assure that limitations or reductions take place as agreed.
It must also be able to certify to all states that retained
forces and armaments do not exceed those permitted at any
stage of the disarmament process.
Third, adequate peace-keeping machinery must be
established: There is an inseparable relationship between
the scaling down of national armaments on the one hand and
the building up of international peace-keeping machinery
and institutions on the other. Nations are unlikely to shed
their means of self-protection in the absence of alternative
ways to safeguard their legitimate interests. This can only
be achieved through the progressive strengthening of
international institutions under the United Nations and by
creating a United Nations Peace Force to enforce the peace
as the disarmament process proceeds.
There follows a summary of the principal provisions of the
United States Program for General and Complete Disarmament
in a Peaceful World. The full text of the program is
contained in an appendix to this pamphlet.
FREEDOM FROM WAR
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
SUMMARY
DISARMAMENT GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
The overall goal of the United States is a free, secure, and
peaceful world of independent states adhering to common
standards of justice and international conduct and
subjecting the use of force to the rule of law; a world
which has achieved general and complete disarmament under
effective international control; and a world in which
adjustment to change takes place in accordance with the
principles of the United Nations.
In order to make possible the achievement of that goal, the
program sets forth the following specific objectives toward
which nations should direct their efforts: The disbanding of
all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those
required to preserve internal order and for contributions to
a United Nations Peace Force; The elimination from national
arsenals of all armaments, including all weapons of mass
destruction and the means for their delivery, other than
those required for a United Nations Peace Force and for
maintaining internal order; The institution of effective
means for the enforcement of international agreements, for
the settlement of disputes, and for the maintenance of peace
in accordance with the principles of the United Nations;
The establishment and effective operation of an
International Disarmament
Organization within the framework of the United Nations to
insure compliance at all times with all disarmament
obligations.
TASKS OF NEGOTIATING STATES
The negotiating states are called upon to develop the
program into a detailed plan for general and complete
disarmament and to continue their efforts without
interruption until the whole program has been achieved. To
this end, they are to seek the widest possible area of
agreement at the earliest possible date. At the same time,
and without prejudice to progress on the disarmament
program, they are to seek agreement on those immediate
measures that would contribute to the
common security of nations and that could facilitate and
form part of the total program.
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
The program sets forth a series of general principles to
guide the negotiating states in their work. These make clear
that:
As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations
must be progressively strengthened in order to improve its
capacity to assure international security and the peaceful
settlement of disputes;
Disarmament must proceed as rapidly as possible, until
it is completed, in stages containing balanced, phased, and
safeguarded measures; Each measure and stage should be
carried out in an agreed period of time, with transition
from one stage to the next to take place as soon as all
measures in the preceding stage have been carried out and
verified and as soon as necessary arrangements for
verification of the next stage have been made;
Inspection and verification must establish both that
nations carry out scheduled limitations or reductions and
that they do not retain armed forces and armaments in excess
of those permitted at any stage of the disarmament process;
and Disarmament must take place in a manner that will not
affect adversely the security of any state.
DISARMAMENT STAGES
The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to
take place in three stages and for the simultaneous
strengthening of international institutions.
FIRST STAGE
The first stage contains measures which would significantly
reduce the capabilities of nations to wage aggressive war.
Implementation of this stage would mean that:
* The nuclear threat would be reduced:
All states would have adhered to a treaty effectively
prohibiting the testing of nuclear weapons.
The production of fissionable materials for use in
weapons would be stopped and quantities of such materials
from past production would be converted to non-weapons uses.
States owning nuclear weapons would not relinquish
control of such weapons to any nation not owning them and
would not transmit to any such nation information or
material necessary for their manufacture. States not owning
nuclear weapons would not manufacture them or attempt to
obtain control of such weapons belonging to other states. A
Commission of Experts would be established to report on the
feasibility and means for the verified reduction and
eventual elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.
* Strategic delivery vehicles would be reduced:
Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles of
specified categories and weapons designed to counter such
vehicles would be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and
balanced steps; their production would be discontinued or
limited; their testing would be limited or halted.
* Arms and armed forces would be reduced:
The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet
Union would be limited to 2.I million men each (with
appropriate levels not exceeding that amount for other
militarily significant states); levels of armaments would be
correspondingly reduced and their production would be
limited. An Experts Commission would be established to
examine and report on the feasibility and means of
accomplishing verifiable reduction and eventual elimination
of all chemical, biological and radiological weapons.
* Peaceful use of outer space would be promoted:
The placing in orbit or stationing in outer space of
weapons capable of producing mass destruction would be
prohibited.
States would give advance notification of space vehicle
and missile launchings.
* U.N. peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:
Measures would be taken to develop and strengthen
United Nations
arrangementS for arbitration, for the development of
international law, and for the establishment in Stage II of
a permanent U.N. Peace Force.
* An International Disarmament Organization would be
established for effective verification of the disarmament
program: Its functions would be expanded progressively as
disarmament proceeds. It would certify to all states that
agreed reductions have taken place and that
retained forces and armaments do not exceed permitted
levels.
It would determine the transition from one stage to the
next.
* States would be committed to other measures to reduce
international tension and to protect against the chance of
war by accident, miscalculation, or surprise attack: States
would be committed to refrain from the threat or use of any
type of armed force contrary to the principles of the U.N.
Charter and to refrain from indirect aggression and
subversion against any country. A U.N. peace observation
group would be available to investigate any situation which
might constitute a threat to or breach of the peace.
movements which might cause alarm; observation posts would
be established to report on concentrations and movements of
military forces.
SECOND STAGE
The second stage contains a series of measures which would
bring within sight a world in which there would be freedom
from war. Implementation of all measures in the second stage
would mean:
Further substantial reductions in the armed forces,
armaments, and military establishments of states, including
strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and countering
weapons; Further development of methods for the peaceful
settlement of disputes under the United Nations;
Establishment of a permanent international peace force
within the United Nations; Depending on the findings of an
Experts Commission, a halt in the production of chemical,
bacteriological and radiological weapons and a reduction of
existing stocks or their conversion to peaceful uses; On the
basis of the findings of an Experts Commission, a reduction
of stocks of nuclear weapons; The dismantling or the
conversion to peaceful uses of certain military bases and
facilities wherever located; and The strengthening and
enlargement of the International Disarmament Organization to
enable it to verify the steps taken in Stage II and to
determine the transition to Stage III.
THIRD STAGE
During the third stage of the program, the states of the
world, building on the experience and confidence gained in
successfully implementing the measures of the first two
stages, would take final steps toward the goal of a world in
which:
States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear
armaments, and establishments required for the purpose of
maintaining internal order; they would also support and
provide agreed manpower for a U.N. Peace Force. The U.N.
Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of
armaments, would be fully functioning. The manufacture of
armaments would be prohibited except for those of agreed
types and quantities to be used by the U.N. Peace Force and
those required to maintain internal order. All other
armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
purposes. The peace-keeping capabilities of the United
Nations would be sufficiently strong and the obligations of
all states under such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching
as to assure peace and the just settlement of differences in
a disarmed world.
APPENDIX
DECLARATION ON DISARMAMENT
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
The Nations of the world,
Conscious of the crisis in human history produced by the
revolutionary
development of modern weapons within a world divided by
serious ideological differences; Determined to save present
and succeeding generations from the scourge of war and the
dangers and burdens of the arms race and to create
conditions in which all peoples can strive freely and
peacefully to fulfill their basic aspirations;
Declare their goal to be: A free, secure, and peaceful world
of independent states adhering to common standards of
justice and international conduct and subjecting the use of
force to the rule of law; a world where adjustment to change
takes place in accordance with the principles of the United
Nations; a world where there shall
be a permanent state of general and complete disarmament
under effective international control and where the
resources of nations shall be devoted to man's material,
cultural, and spiritual advance;
1.The disbanding of all national armed forces and the
prohibition of their reestablishment in any form whatsoever
other than those required to preserve internal order and for
contributions to a United Nations Peace Force;
2.The elimination from national arsenals of all
armaments, including all weapons of mass destruction and the
means for their delivery, other than those required for a
United Nations Peace Force and for maintaining internal
order;
3.The establishment and effective operation of an
International Disarmament Organization within the framework
of the United Nations to ensure compliance at all times with
all disarmament obligations;
4.The institution of effective means for the enforcement
of international agreements, for the settlement of disputes,
and for the maintenance of peace in accordance with the
principles of the United Nations.
Call on the negotiating states:
1.To develop the outline program set forth below into an
agreed plan for general and complete disarmament and to
continue their efforts without interruption until the whole
program has been achieved;
2.To this end to seek to attain the widest possible area
of agreement at the earliest possible date;
3.Also to seek - without prejudice to progress on the
disarmament program -agreement on those immediate measures
that would contribute to the common security of nations and
that could facilitate and form a part of that program.
Affirm that disarmament negotiations should be guided by the
following principles: 1.Disarmament shall take place as
rapidly as possible until it is completed in stages
containing balanced, phased and safeguarded measures, with
each measure and stage to be carried out in an agreed period
of time. 2.Compliance with all disarmament obligations shall
be effectively verified from their entry into force.
Verification arrangements shall be instituted progressively
and in such a manner as to verify not only that agreed
limitations or reductions take place but also that retained
armed forces and armaments do not exceed agreed levels at
any stage. 3.Disarmament shall take place in a manner that
will not affect adversely the security of any state, whether
or not a party to an international agreement or treaty.
4.As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations
shall be progressively strengthened in order to improve its
capacity to assure international security and the peaceful
settlement of differences as well as to facilitate the
development of international cooperation in common tasks for
the benefit of mankind. 5.Transition from one stage of
disarmament to the next shall take place as soon as all the
measures in the preceding stage have been carried out and
effective verification is continuing and as soon as the
arrangements that have been agreed to be necessary for the
next stage have been instituted.
Agree upon the following outline program for achieving
general and complete disarmament:
STAGE I
A. To Establish an International Disarmament
Organization:(a) An International Disarmament Organization
(IDO) shall be established within the framework of the
United Nations upon entry into force of the agreement. Its
functions shall be expanded progressively as required for
the effective verification of the disarmament program. (b)
The IDO shall have: 1.a General Conference of all the
parties; 2.a Commission consisting of representatives of all
the major powers as permanent members and certain other
states on a rotating basis; and 3.an Administrator who will
administer the Organization subject to the
direction of the Commission and who will have the authority,
staff, and
finances adequate to assure effective impartial
implementation of the
functions of the Organization.
(c) The IDO shall:
1.ensure compliance with the obligations undertaken
by verifying theexecution of measures agreed upon; 2.assist
the states in developing the details of agreed further
verification and disarmament measures; 3.provide for the
establishment of such bodies as may be necessary for working
out the details of further measures provided for in the
program and for such other expert study groups as may be
required to give continuous study to the problems of
disarmament; 4.receive reports on the progress of
disarmament and verification arrangements and determine the
transition from one stage to the next.
B. To Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:
(a) Force levels shall be limited to 2.I million each
for the U.S. and U.S.S.R. and to appropriate levels not
exceeding 2.1 million each for all other militarily
significant states. Reductions to the agreed levels will
proceed by equitable, proportionate, and verified steps. (b)
Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be reduced by
equitable and balanced steps. The reductions shall be
accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots supervised
by the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage I
reduction process, the states party to the agreement have
agreed that the armaments and armed forces are at prescribed
levels, the armaments in depots shall be destroyed or
converted to peaceful uses. (c) The production of agreed
types of armaments shall be limited. (d) A Chemical,
Biological, Radiological (CBR) Experts Commission shall be
established within the IDO for the purpose of examining and
reporting on the feasibility and means for accomplishing the
verifiable reduction and eventual elimination of CBR weapons
stockpiles and the halting of their production.
C. To Contain and Reduce the Nuclear Threat:(a) States that
have not acceded to a treaty effectively prohibiting the
testing of nuclear weapons shall do so. (b) The production
of fissionable materials for use in weapons shall be
stopped. (c) Upon the cessation of production of
fissionable materials for use in weapons, agreed initial
quantities of fissionable materials from past production
shall be transferred to non-weapons purposes. (d) Any
fissionable materials transferred between countries for
peaceful uses of nuclear energy shall be subject to
appropriate safeguards to be developed in agreement with the
IAEA.
(e) States owning nuclear weapons shall not relinquish
control of such
weapons to any nation not owning them and shall not transmit
to any such nation information or material necessary for
their manufacture. States not owning nuclear weapons shall
not manufacture such weapons, attempt to obtain control of
such weapons belonging to other states, or seek or receive
information or materials necessary for their manufacture.
(f) A Nuclear Experts Commission consisting of
representatives of the nuclear states shall be established
within the IDO for the purpose of examining and reporting on
the feasibility and means for accomplishing the verified
reduction and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons
stockpiles.
D. To Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:
(a) Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles in specified
categories and agreed types of weapons designed to counter
such vehicles shall be reduced to agreed levels by equitable
and balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished in
each step by transfers to depots supervised by the IDO of
vehicles that are in excess of levels agreed upon for each
step. At specified periods during the Stage I reduction
process, the vehicles that have been placed under
supervision of the IDO shall be destroyed or converted to
peaceful uses. (b) Production of agreed categories of
strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and agreed types
of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be
discontinued or limited. (c) Testing of agreed categories
of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and agreed
types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be
limited or halted.
E. To Promote the Peaceful Use of Outer Space:
(a) The placing into orbit or stationing in outer space of
weapons capable c,f producing mass destruction shall be
prohibited. (b) States shall give advance notification to
participating states and to the IDO of launchings of space
vehicles and missiles, together with the track of the
vehicle.
F. To Reduce the Risks of War by Accident, Miscalculation,
and Surprise Attack: (a) States shall give advance
notification to the participating states and to the IDO of
major military movements and maneuvers, on a scale as may be
agreed, which might give rise to misinterpretation or cause
alarm and induce countermeasures. The notification shall
include the geographic areas to be used and the nature,
scale and time span of the event. (b) There shall be
established observation posts at such locations as major
ports, railway centers, motor highways, and air bases to
report on concentrations and movements of military forces.
(c) There shall also be established such additional
inspection arrangements to reduce the danger of surprise
attack as may be agreed. (d) An international commission
shall be established immediately within the IDO to examine
and make recommendations on the possibility of further
measures to reduce the risks of nuclear war by accident,
miscalculation, or failure of communication.
G. To Keep the Peace: (a)States shall reaffirm their
obligations under the U.N. Charter to refrain from the
threat or use of any type of armed force including nuclear,
conventional, or CBR - contrary to the principles of the
U.N. Charter. (b) States shall agree to refrain from
indirect aggression and subversion against any country. (c)
States shall use all appropriate processes for the peaceful
settlement of disputes and shall seek within the United
Nations further arrangements for the peaceful settlement of
international disputes and for the codification and
progressive development of international law.
(d) States shall develop arrangements in Stage I for the
establishment in Stage II of a U.N. Peace Force. (e) A U.N.
peace observation group shall be staffed with a standing
cadre of observers who could be dispatched to investigate
any situation which might constitute a threat to or breach
of the peace
STAGE II
A. International Disarmament Organization:
The powers and responsibilities of the IDO shall be
progressively enlarged in order to give it the capabilities
to verify the measures undertaken in Stage II.
B. To Further Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:
(a) Levels of forces for the U.S., U.S.S.R., and other
militarily significant states shall be further reduced by
substantial amounts to agreed levels in equitable and
balanced steps.
(b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be
further reduced by equitable and balanced steps. The
reduction shall be accomplished by transfers of armaments to
depots supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods
during the Stage II reduction process, the parties have
agreed that the armaments and armed forces are at prescribed
levels, the armaments in depots shall be destroyed or
converted to peaceful uses. (c) There shall be further
agreed restrictions on the production of armaments. (d)
Agreed military bases and facilities wherever they are
located shall be dismantled or converted to peaceful uses.
(e) Depending upon the findings of the Experts Commission on
CBR weapons, the production of CBR weapons shall be halted,
existing stocks progressively reduced, and the resulting
excess quantities destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
C. To Further Reduce the Nuclear Threat:
Stocks of nuclear weapons shall be progressively reduced to
the minimum levels which can be agreed upon as a result of
the findings of the Nuclear Experts Commission; the
resulting excess of fissionable material shall be
transferred to peaceful purposes.
D. To Further Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery
Vehicles:
Further reductions in the stocks of strategic nuclear
weapons delivery vehicles and agreed types of weapons
designed to counter such vehicles shall be carried out in
accordance with the procedure outlined in Stage I.
E. To Keep the Peace:
During Stage II, states shall develop further the
peace-keeping processes of the United Nations, to the end
that the United Nations can effectively in Stage III deter
or suppress any threat or use of force in violation of the
purposes and principles of the United Nations:
(a) States shall agree upon strengthening the
structure, authority, and operation of the United Nations so
as to assure that the United Nations will be able
effectively to protect states against threats to or breaches
of the peace.
(b) The U.N. Peace Force shall be established and
progressively strengthened.
(c) States shall also agree upon further improvements
and developments in rules of international conduct and in
processes for peaceful settlement of disputes and
differences.
STAGE III
By the time Stage II has been completed, the confidence
produced through a verified disarmament program, the
acceptance of rules of peaceful international behavior, and
the development of strengthened international peace-keeping
processes within the framework of the U.N. should have
reached a point where the states of the world can move
forward to Stage III. In Stage III progressive controlled
disarmament and continuously developing principles and
procedures of international law would proceed to a point
where no state would have the military
power to challenge the progressively strengthened U.N. Peace
Force and all international disputes would be settled
according to the agreed principles of international conduct.
The progressive steps to be taken during the final phase of
the disarmament program would be directed toward the
attainment of a world in which: (a) States would retain only
those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and establishments
required for the purpose of maintaining internal order; they
would also support and provide agreed manpower for a U.N
Peace Force. (b) The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed
types and quantities of armaments, would be fully
functioning. (c) The manufacture of armaments would be
prohibited except for those of agreed types and quantities
to be used by the U.N. Peace Force and those required to
maintain internal order. All other armaments would be
destroyed or converted to peaceful purposes.
(d) The peace-keeping capabilities of the United
Nations would be sufficiently strong and the obligations of
all states under such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching
as to assure peace and the just settlement of differences in
a disarmed world.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 11161 O-609147
=================================================================
MAJESTYTWELVE
Table of Contents
Address e-mail to:
Copyright � 1997 Harvest Trust. All rights
reserved.
Revised: June 07, 1999.
DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER
==========
CTRL is a discussion and informational exchange list. Proselyzting propagandic
screeds are not allowed. Substance�not soapboxing! These are sordid matters
and 'conspiracy theory', with its many half-truths, misdirections and outright
frauds is used politically by different groups with major and minor effects
spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRL
gives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers;
be wary of what you read. CTRL gives no credeence to Holocaust denial and
nazi's need not apply.
Let us please be civil and as always, Caveat Lector.
========================================================================
Archives Available at:
http://home.ease.lsoft.com/archives/CTRL.html
http:[EMAIL PROTECTED]/
========================================================================
To subscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email:
SUBSCRIBE CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED]
To UNsubscribe to Conspiracy Theory Research List[CTRL] send email:
SIGNOFF CTRL [to:] [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Om
