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<A HREF="aol://5863:126/alt.conspiracy:547165">U. S. Military Psy-Ops</A>
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Subject: U. S. Military Psy-Ops
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] (Abemarf)
Date: Mon, 23 August 1999 01:02 AM EDT
Message-id: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Employment of Psychological Operations
The versatility and flexibility of Psychological Operations throughout the
continuum make it a combat multiplier and weapons system available to the
maneuver commander.
Psychological Operations or PSYOP are planned operations to convey selected
information and indicators to audiences to influence their emotions, motives,
objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of organizations, groups, and
individuals. Used in all aspects of war, it is a weapon whose effectiveness is
limited only by the ingenuity of the commander using it.
A proven winner in combat and peacetime, PSYOP is one of the oldest weapons in
the arsenal of man. It is an important force protector/combat multiplier and a
non-lethal weapons system. The success of employing PSYOP starts with knowing
its capabilities:
� Project a favorable image of U.S. and allied forces
� Inform target audiences in new or denied areas
� Amplify the effects of a show of force
� Assess attitudes and impressions
� Give opponent audiences alternative courses of action
� Overcome censorship, illiteracy, or interrupted communications
� Diminish morale, reduce the will to fight or resist
� Exploit ethnic, cultural, religious or economic differences
� Support deception operations
Operations Other Than War:
� Humanitarian Assistance
� Noncombatant Evacuation Operations
� Counterdrug Operations
� Foreign Internal Defense
� Unconventional Warfare
� Peace Keeping/Peace Time Operations
PSYOP employment may be done through various media, i.e., visual: newspaper,
posters, pamphlets, handbills; audio: radio, loudspeakers; face to face, an
EC130 (Commando Solo,) and being both audio and visual, television. All media
must go through an approval process chain. Approval authority normally rests
with the JTF commander/supported CINC. Maneuver commanders can request
products
in support of battalion, brigade, and division operations.
PSYOP Support Detachments
Tactical PSYOP is also associated with 'face to face' (direct) operations in
support of the maneuver units within the theater. Tactical PSYOP Teams enable
tactical maneuver commanders to communicate directly with the enemy and
foreign
civilians. The PSYOP detachments are normally task organized as:
Corps PSYOP Detachment (CPD)
� nine to fifteen soldier HQ (BN command group)
� highest level of tactical PSYOP
� BN CDR is Corps CDR'S PSYOP officer
Division PSYOP Detachment (DPD)
� five to seven soldier HQ (1-2 OFF, 3-5 EM)
� contains three BPDs
� works in the G3 section
Brigade PSYOP Detachment (BPD)
� three to four soldier HQ (1 OFF, 2-3 EM)
� contains four Tactical PSYOP Teams
� works in the brigade S3 section
Tactical PSYOP Teams (TPT)
� three soldier team(1 E6, 1 E5, 1 E4)
� conducts planning and coordination with BN S3
� works a battalion level and below
Tactical Teams/Detachments can disseminate approved printed materials, conduct
loudspeaker operations, face to face PSYOP, gather and assess the
effectiveness
of friendly and hostile PSYOP or acquire PSYOP relevant information on the
local populace using linguistic skills.
How does PSYOP integrate into the maneuver unit?
As part of the J3/G3 Battlefield Operating System (BOS) under J3/G3 staff
proponency, at all levels, each PSYOP team:
� advises commander on PSYOP employment
� analyzes all higher OPLANS/OPORDS
� conducts mission analysis, course of action development, wargaming
� writes PSYOP annex/estimate
� coordinates for operational level PSYOP support (Radio, TV, Newspaper,
etc.)
How can a maneuver commander, employ PSYOP?
As part of the J3/G3 (non-lethal) Battlefield Operating System (BOS) under
J3/G3 staff proponency, the mission of tactical PSYOP is to provide the
supported maneuver commander with the ability to communicate directly with the
human element on the battlefield.
Tactical PSYOP can be employed on the battlefield as the climate for
operations
dictate:
CLOSE OPERATIONS:
� surrender instructions
� discourage/disrupt enemy operations
� control civilian/enemy personnel
� assist in deception operations
DEEP OPERATIONS:
� induce surrender
� discourage/disrupt enemy operations
� create favorable U.S. image in civilian populace
� counter enemy/negative propaganda
� assist in deception operations
REAR OPERATIONS:
� conduct area assessments
� create favorable U.S./friendly forces image
� counter enemy/negative propaganda
� publicize civilian control measures - assist Civil Affairs
How is PSYOP used in a combatant environment?
Tactical PSYOP soldiers can conduct psychological operations using several
types of media - audio, visual, and print. However, during combat operations,
loudspeaker systems are the only medium that can achieve face to face
communication providing immediate feedback from enemy forces. During
loudspeaker broadcasts, the enemy becomes a captive audience unable to escape
the message. As a result, tactical PSYOP rely heavily upon loudspeaker
operations at the Corp PSYOP Detachment, Division PSYOP Detachment, and
Brigade
PSYOP Detachment levels. Loudspeaker systems can be mounted on a vehicle or
carried by a soldier in a backpack.
The advantages of loudspeaker operations include: immediate feedback from the
target audience, flexibility, mobility, range of transmission, exploitation of
targets of opportunity, effectiveness with illiterate audiences, and ability
to
pinpoint targets. The limitations include: vulnerability to enemy fire,
distortion of messages over distance and time, and employment of enemy
countermeasures.
How can tactical PSYOP shape the maneuver commanders AO?
The key to a successful loudspeaker operation lies in tailoring each message
to
fit the situation. Loudspeakers are useful in tactical support of
exploitation,
retrograde movements, static situations, consolidations, and counterinsurgency
operations. They also provide public service announcements to small rural
areas.
Exploitation: When friendly forces are exploiting the breakthrough of the
enemy
lines, loudspeaker operations can accomplish spectacular results. Surrender
appeals and ultimatums are particularly effective when enemy units have been
surrounded, isolated, or bypassed.
Retrograde: Loudspeakers can be used to clear roads, thereby facilitating the
operation.
Static Situations: When lines are stabilized, TPT loudspeakers can broadcast
news of successes to the enemy, build upon enemy tensions or promote nostalgic
themes about home and family. Primary objectives are to encourage
dissatisfaction, malingering, individual distractions within the enemy force,
and desertion by creating an atmosphere of fear, insecurity, and
disillusionment.
Consolidation: In newly occupied terrain, TPTs can be utilized to assist in
civilian, traffic, or mob control.
Counterinsurgency Operations: TPTs can be used to broadcast a wide variety of
programs and messages to civilian populations and insurgents.
The utilization of PSYOP Deception
To be successful, PSYOP deception operations must be planned, coordinated,
integrated, synchronized, and executed successfully. Failure in any one area
will result in failure of the whole plan.
What must I do, as maneuver commander, to ensure an effective PSYOP campaign?
Tactical PSYOP support at each level must integrate the needs of the maneuver
commander with the CINC/JTF PSYOP campaign plan. This results in a PSYOP plan
that supports each maneuver commander while ensuring consistent PSYOP themes
and objective at all levels.
An effective PSYOP campaign requires regional analysis, detailed coordination,
and the inclusion of tactical PSYOP soldiers into the planning process as
early
as possible. Early planning results in well planned, integrated PSYOP
campaigns, deployment with the supported unit, and immediate operations upon
arrival. When incorporated early and coordinated at all levels, tactical PSYOP
will provide an effective weapons system for the maneuver commander. However,
knowing the limitations of any weapons system is key to its effectiveness.
Limitations of tactical PSYOP are:
� Tactical PSYOP teams require security
� Product approval process takes time
� Often must use supported unit's communications equipment
� All products developed must fall within a approved PSYOP campaign plan
Tactical PSYOP as a combat multiplier, in combination with other assets,
increases the effectiveness of the overall operation. PSYOP enhances the plan
when forward deployed or positioned at critical points in the AO. On weakened
or bypassed units, PSYOP decreases their effectiveness and prevents units from
fighting doggedly; which is the cause of higher friendly casualties and
expenditure of resources. PSYOP messages must remain truthful to maintain
credibility however, the impact on the target audience is only limited by the
imagination of the PSYOP specialist, the staff, and the commander.
SOURCES
Headquarters, Department of the Army, FM 33-1-1, Psychological Operations, May
1994
9th Psychological Operations Battalion Tactical Primer, Commander's Guide to
Tactical Psychological Operations, April 1993
USSOCOM, Joint Publication 3-53, Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations,
July 1996.
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Aloha, He'Ping,
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Em Hotep, Peace Be,
Omnia Bona Bonis,
All My Relations.
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
Kris
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