[CTRL] PSYOPS, Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Roadshow of Deception

[Dave]

 -Caveat Lector-

Dave Hartley
http://www.Asheville-Computer.com
http://www.ioa.com/~davehart



The information that follows provides the history of a Roadshow of
Deception. The Roadshow of Deception was used to demonstrate psychological
warfare techniques and strategies to different Whitehouse Administrations.
The Roadshow of Deception was used to convince different presidential
administrations to use psychological warfare techniques on American
citizens.
Four people staged and presented the Roadshow of Deception. They were Nelson
Rockefeller, Hadley Cantril, Gerard B. Lambert, and Adlebert Ames. However,
there were many other men involved in developing the psychological warfare
techniques; putting together the communication apparatus to apply those
techniques; and effectively coordinating the psychological operations
(PSYOPS) used to manipulate the American public and people in other nations.
Many of the men worked in United States intelligence agencies and the US
Department of State. Many of the men worked in the British Secret Service
and the British State Department. The Americans belonged to a group called
the Council on Foreign Relations; the British to a group called the Royal
Institute of International Affairs.

The Council on Foreign Relations and the Royal Institute of International
Affairs were formally founded in 1919. The Council on Foreign Relations and
Royal Institute of International Affairs continue to effectively coordinate
psychological operations used to manipulate the American public and people
in other nations. The Council On Foreign Relations headquarters is the Pratt
House, 58 E. 68th Street, NY, NY, 10021. England's Royal Institute of
International Affairs headquarters is Chatham House, 10 St. James' Square,
London, SW1Y 4LE, UK. The Council on Foreign Relations and the Royal
Institute of International Affairs have branch organizations in other
nations including Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, India,
France, China, Japan, Netherlands, and the Soviet Union.1

Few Americans have heard of the Council on Foreign Relations. The Council
grew out of a secret society funded by money left by Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes
was a racist, a sexist, a white supremacist, and an imperialist. Lord
Rothschild and Alfred Beit bankrolled Rhodes. Rothschild and Beit were
racist, sexist, white supremacist, and imperialists too.The banking house of
Rothschild maintained one of the great intelligence services of the nineteen
century. The private intelligence they gathered helped the Rothschild's to
successfully place their investments. According to former CIA chief Allen
Dulles, "In 1815, while Europe awaited news of the Battle of Waterloo,
Nathan Rothschild in London already knew that the British had been
victorious. In order to make a financial killing, he then depressed the
market by selling British Government securities; those who watched his every
move in the market did likewise, concluding that Waterloo had been lost by
the British and their allies. At the proper moment he bought back in at the
low, and when the news was finally generally known, the value of government
securities soared." In America the banking houses of Morgan and Rockefeller
would come to maintain the great intelligence services of the 20th century.
The intelligence services of the houses of Morgan and Rockefeller would
include control of the intelligence services of the United States
government. Many agents of the banking houses of Morgan and Rockefeller
would go to work for United States intelligence agencies. During World War
I, one of the most important elements of agent authentication was the
fabrication of passports, identification cards and other documents. The
censorship and documents branch was headed by Commander Henry S. Morgan of
the United States Naval Reserve, a son of financier J. P. Morgan Jr..
Morgan's agency collected and compiled intelligence from mail, cables, and
telephone conversations intercepted by the War Department under the
government's wartime censorship powers. 2

John Cecil Rhodes and his followers knew how to apply psycho-political
operations effectively to justify their conquests. The conquests were made
in the name of an ideology -- civilizing "the white man's burden." Rhodes
would leave a legacy that would help to formalize international
psycho-political operations and covert activities.

Cecil Rhodes was instrumental in establishing British control over South
Africa. Rhodes gained fabulous riches digging diamonds in South Africa. In
1888 Rhodes consolidated several diamond companies into the De Beers
Consolidated Mines. The same year Rhodes sent ten thousand pounds to England
for the cause of Irish Home Rule. In 1889 Rhodes obtained the charter for
the British South Africa Company. Rhodesia was named in his honor. Rhodes
became a South African statesman. Rhodes established a racist system of
government which would be named apartheid.

The racist policy called for strict separation of the races. Blacks were
restricted to certain occupations. Blacks received far lower wages than
whites for the same work. Only whites could run for or hold public office.
In 1948 the policy of separate development of the races was made official.
The new policy was called apartheid. On May 31, 1961 the Union of South
Africa withdrew from the British commonwealth and became the Republic of
South Africa. Until the end of 1993 the Government of South Africa was a
trilateral parliament. The parliament had one house for whites; one house
for Coloureds (people of mixed race); and one house for Asians. The
parliament had no franchise or representation for blacks.

Between the ages of 24 and 26 Cecil Rhodes made seven wills. The first will
established a secret society -- it was called the "Secret Society Will." The
seventh will established the Rhodes Scholarships. The scholarships were to
be awarded to Americans, Germans, and colonials for study at Oxford. All
Souls College at Oxford would become the secret societies headquarters.
Rhodes third will made his financier, Lord Rothschild trustee. The Rhodes
Scholarship will changed the trustee to Rothschild's son-in-law Lord
Rosebury. Rothschild was Jewish, Rosebury wasn't. Rosebury, was a more
fitting trustee then his Jewish father-in-law.

Rhodes was born 5 July 1853. The first will, written in 1877, established
the "Secret Society" --"The Round Table." Rhodes was the first Round Table
leader. Rhodes' wills insured Round Table members the funds to carry on for
generations to come. The men of the Round Table were English upper class --
the University Educated -- The Wealthy -- the Privileged. The group was
publicly referred to as the English "establishment." Secret Society members
included students from Oxford and Cambridge. The Oxford boys included Cecil
Rhodes, Arnold Toynbee, Lord Alfred Milner, Arthur Glazebrook, Sir George
Parkin, Philip Lyttleton Gell, and Sir Henry Birchenough. The Cambridge boys
included Reginald Baliol Brett ( aka Lord Esher), Sir John B. Seeley, Lord
Albert Grey, Arthur Edmund Garrett. The aim of the secret society, and the
purpose of the Rhodes Scholarships, was to spread English ruling class
tradition throughout the English-speaking world. The boys of Oxford and
Cambridge would devote their lives to extension of the British Empire and
uplift of England's urban masses as two parts of one project which they
called "extension of the English-speaking idea." Pursuit of the "extension
of the English-speaking idea" included becoming rich through war and
plunder. The imperialism of the time of Rhodes generated $40 billion in
gold, diamonds, and slaves. The Round Table boys captured the lions share of
the spoils resulting from their ignoble efforts.3

It was in the years following the Civil War that many of America's great
fortunes would be made. England had launched its industrial revolution one
hundred years earlier. Fortunes were made by both northern and southern
families during the civil war. Many men that made fortunes from the Civil
War sent their sons to England for an education. Some boys attended
preparatory schools some attended Universities such as Cambridge and Oxford.
Some boys went abroad accompanied by American nannies. Some of the nannies
sent abroad had been slaves before the war, and were now gainfully employed
by their former masters. The men and their wives traveled abroad to visit
their sons and tour England. Pompous manor houses in the English style
sprung up on the sooty hillsides outside Pittsburgh. Entire rooms where
purchased from Northumbrian castles and shipped to Tarrytown along with
acres of heavy English Furniture. English butlers and nannies were hired and
brought back to America as servants. A newly acquired "social voice"
developed. It was a blend of the Southern accent, Yankee accent, and
inflections copied from the British aristocracy. While attending Oxford and
Cambridge many of the American boys became interested in the pursuit of the
"extension of the English-speaking idea" which included becoming rich
through war and plunder. Some of these American boys were invited to join
the "Round Table." 4

The Round Table remained secret for 14 years. The Oxford boys and the
Cambridge boys were introduced to each other by one of England's most
sensational journalists William T. Stead (1840-1912). Like Rhodes, Stead was
a racist, a white supremacist, a sexist, and an imperialist. Rhodes enjoyed
Stead's articles. The two became close friends. On February 5, 1891 Rhodes
and Stead formally established the secret society "The Round Table". Rhodes
was the leader. William Stead, Reginald Baliol Brett ( the Cambridge Group -
Lord Esher ), Alfred Milner (from the Oxford Group - Lord Milner) formed an
executive committee. In 1897 Milner became high commissioner in South Africa
and Governor of the Cape Colony. Lord Arthur Balfour, Sir Harry Johnson,
Lord Rothschild, and Lord Albert Grey were listed as members of a "Circle of
Initiates." An outer circle known as the "Association of Helpers" would be
established in other nations. The first two secret Round Table Groups of the
outer circle were the Australia Round Table and New Zealand Round Table were
established between 1890-1893. William T. Stead recruited members through
his magazine Review of Reviews.5

In 1902 Rhodes died. The leadership of the Round Table passed to Lord Alfred
Milner who became chief Rhodes Trustee. While governor general and high
commissioner in South Africa Milner recruited a group of young men from
Oxford and Toynbee hall to help organize his administration. In South Africa
under Milner's direction this group was known as Milner's "Kindergarten."
Sir George Parkin became the Organizing Secretary of the Rhodes' Trust and
Milner's second in command. During the next seven years the "Round Table"
was busy establishing a network in the chief British Dependencies and in the
United States. The United States Round Table members included ( George Louis
Beer, Walter Lippmann, Frank Aydelotte, Whitney Shepardson, Thomas W.
Lamont, Jerome D. Green, Frederick Dixon, and others ). One of the functions
of the network would be to gather private intelligence. The intelligence
services of the Round Table would be modeled after one the great
intelligence services of the nineteenth century -- the intelligence services
of the banking house of Rothschild, made available to the group by Lord
Rothschild, a charter member of the Round Table, and the sugar daddy that
bankrolled Rhodes. The intelligence gathering activities would be used to
help the "Round Table Group" members to achieve successful investments. The
intelligence gathering activities would also be used to provide information
to media people like Stead, who would focus psychological operations at
different target groups through various publishing houses and newspapers
controlled by Round Table group members. Council members George Louis Beer,
Edward Mandel House, Walter Lippmann, Whitney Shepardson, James T. Shotwell,
Charles Seymour, and Isaiah Bowman would become charter members of America's
first formal Intelligence organization the Inquiry. The idea for the Inquiry
was suggested to President Wilson by Felix Frankfurter.

Between 1909-1913 the outer circle,the 'Association of Helpers,' was
expanded to other chief British dependences. The Canadian Round Table was
established by Arthur Glazebrook and George Parkin (Milner's Oxford
undergraduate friends). The South Africa Round Table was established by Sir
Patrick Duncan, B. K. Long, and Sir Dougal Malcom (men of Milner's
"Kindergarten"). The India Round Table was established by Sir William
Marris, Lord James Meston, and Lord Malcom Haily (men of Milner's
"Kindergarten"). The Australian Round Table and New Zealand Round tables
were expanded by Parkin (1889-1910) and Lionel Curtis (1910-1919). The
secret society "Round Table" groups were financed with Rhodes' money and
funds from Rhodes' supporters including Alfred Beit (1853-1906), Sir Abe
Bailey (1864-1940), and the Astor Family (1915). Since 1925 substantial
contributions have been made by foundations and firms associated with the
international banking fraternity especially the Carnegie United Kingdom
Trust, J.P. Morgan organizations, Rockefeller Family organizations, Whitney
Family organizations, the associates of Lazard Brothers, and Morgan,
Grenfell, and Company.

The Rothschild banking dynasty was founded in Frankfurt Germany by Mayer
Amschel Rothschild. Rothschild had five sons. Each son would establish a
branch in a different country. Amschel, the eldest, remained in Germany with
his father. Solomon, the second son, founded a branch in Vienna Austria.
Nathan, the third son, founded the London branch. Carl the fourth son,
founded a branch in Naples Italy. Jacob, the fifth son founded the Paris
branch. Other international family banking dynasties arose including Baring,
Larzard, Erlanger, Warburg, Schroder, Selingman, the Speyers, Mirabud,
Mallet, Fould, Peabody, and Morgan.6

The most effective means of controlling political appointments and deciding
political issues was through a Round Table Group controlled international
financial network. The banking dynasties differed markedly from regular
savings or commercial banks. They had special names, in England they were
known as "merchant bankers," in France they were called "private bankers,"
and in the United States, there were known as "investment bankers." The
characteristics that distinguished an "investment bank" included : 1. they
were international ( which meant "investment banks didn't owe allegiance to
any one nation, their allegiance shifted in favor of the nation resulting in
the banking network maximizing its profit); 2. they lent money to the
government ( which meant "investment banks", to paraphrase McKenna, directed
the policy of Governments and held in the hollow of their hands the destiny
of the people ); 3. they made money from investments in bonds (which meant
"investment banks" were interested in controlling the countries inflation
rates. Knowing how inflation would go was like knowing which horse would win
a horse race in advance. An "investment bank" could make money in periods of
inflation or deflation if they knew which was going to happen) 4. they
remained private unincorporated firms, usually partnerships (which meant
since the "investment banks" were private unincorporated firms they did not
have to make their business public. Since the public did not know if the
"investment banks" were buying or selling bonds the "investment banks" could
use this knowledge to help control inflation and deflation by buying and
selling. This also meant that the "investment banks" could keep their
commercial ventures a secret. This included financing such ventures as Cecil
Rhodes South African adventure. It also allowed financing covert operations
that would result in the imperialism of the time of Rhodes that generated
$40 billion in gold, diamonds, and slaves through war and plunder. It also
allowed the same "investment bank" to make money by financing both sides of
a war. During the Civil War the House of Rothschild and other banking
dynasties made money by financing both the northern and southern causes. A
the famous American banking house that financed both the northern and
southern causes was the banking house of George Peabody & Company. George
Peabody & Company made London its base of operations so it could take part
in directing the capital which flowed from Europe to pioneering America. J.
P. Morgan's father was a partner in George Peabody & Co. J. P. Morgan began
working at his daddies famous London banking house as an apprentice when he
was 19 years old. He left London in 1857 and returned to the rising
financial center to establish a banking house of his very own. In March 3,
1863 Morgan was investigated by a Committee on Government Contracts. Morgan
was investigated for participating in the purchase and resale of defective
rifles to General Fremont who headed the Northern troops quartered near St.
Louis. The defective rifles shot off the thumbs of soldiers using them. The
army refused to pay. Morgan filed a claim against the government for
$109,912. Morgan had loaned only $17,486 to purchase the defective weapons.
The committee report refused Morgan the payment. The committee report on
Morgan, said, "He cannot be looked upon as a good citizen, entitled to
favorable consideration of his claim, who seeks to augment the vast burdens
daily increasing, that are to weigh on the further industry of the country,
by demands upon the treasury for which nothing entitled to the name of an
equivalent has been rendered...Worse than traitors in arms are the men who
pretending loyalty to the flag, feast and fatten on the misfortunes of the
nation, while patriot blood is crimsoning the plains of the South and bodies
of their countrymen are moldering in the dust." 7

In the period between the end of the civil war and the beginning of the 20th
century the United States changed from a merchantile-agrarian democracy to a
unified industrial society. A small group of young entrepreneurs was largely
responsible for the change. This group gained economic control of the
nation. The men "were Jay Gould, Jim Fisk, J. P. Morgan, Philip Armour,
Andrew Carnegie, James Hill and John Rockefeller, Collis Huntington, Leland
Stanford, [and] Jay Cooke. In the ensuing years all of the members of this
band of youth would have met with their first "windfalls"... and the end of
the war would see them masters of money, capitalists equipped to increase
their capital. In the hour of danger and confusion it was as if they alone
were prepared. It was as if the Second American Revolution were fought for
them. "

The members of this new ruling class were generally called "barons,"
"kings," "empire-builders," or even "emperors". They were aggressive men;
sometimes they were lawless; in important crises, nearly all of them tended
to act without those established moral principles which fixed more or less
the conduct of the common people of the community.." 8

Morgan, Rockefeller, and Carnegie were members of the Cecil Rhodes' American
Round Table Group. The Robber Barons engaged in intense rivalries. These
rivalries often resulted in severe economic depressions causing misery for
hundreds of millions of people, in various nations throughout the world. The
rivalries and picturesque combats were played out in the press. Sometimes
the press was used to initiate the depression. In June of 1871, Pierpoint
Morgan joined forces with Anthony Drexel, the second largest "investment
banker" in Philadelphia. A company called Drexel, Morgan & Co. was formed
and linked to the J.S. Morgan branch in London. The Northern Pacific
Railroad was the country's second transcontinental railroad. It was being
financed by the most powerful "investment banking" house in the United
States Jay Cooke and Co., the largest "investment banker" in Philadelphia.
Cooke had a virtual monopoly on government financing. Cooke was the major
source of money for funding the North during the civil war. He operated
through a Washington DC banking house, his partner was Anthony Drexel. Cooke
was so successful at raising money for the war effort that he eventually
became the sole fiscal agent of the government. G.W. Childs ran the
Philadelphia Ledger. Drexel, Morgan's new partner, had loaned Childs the
money to establish the Philadelphia Ledger. In June of 1871, the
Philadelphia Ledger began attacking the Northern Pacific Railroad. Ulysses
Simpson Grant ran for re-election in 1872. Cooke was counting on Grant to be
re-elected. Part of Grant's re-election promise was a $300,000,000
government loan to "refinance" the Northern Pacific Railroad. Cooke spent a
lot of money to help Grant win. Cooke was providing $1,000,000 a month for
Railroad Construction. This money was coming from the sale of Northern
Pacific bonds by Jay Cooke & Co. offices in the United States and in
London.. The adverse publicity at home and abroad hurt bond sales. Cooke
could only sell enough bonds to cover $200,000 of the $1,000,000 a month
needed by Northern Pacific. Cooke had to buy the other $800,000 in bonds
himself, which he did. The Railroad started having problems; a section sank
into a northern lake, the President was ousted for corruption. As time
approached for the $300,000,000 refunding loan the Philadelphia Ledger
beefed up its anti-Northern Pacific campaign. It printed a rumor that Cooke
needed the new government funding operation to "bolster up their credit,
which had been impaired by the connection with the Northern Pacific." In
February of 1873 the $300,000,000 loan went down to defeat. Cooke had been
counting on the loan -- so had a lot of other people. Cooke's troubles made
money tight, the price of gold soared in London. Drexel & Morgan Co. did
quite well. Northern Pacific bonds became harder and harder to sell. On
September 18th Grant and Cooke were eating breakfast at Cooke's home in
Philadelphia. Cooke received a telegram from his partner in New York. Cooke
and the President went to the Philadelphia office. There Cooke told the
President and his Philadelphia associates that at 11:00 his partner closed
the doors of the branch office in New York. Cooke turned his face away from
the President and the men who surrounded him and cried. A few minutes latter
the doors to Jay Cooke & Co., Third St., Philadelphia swung shut. Soon
allied brokers and 5,000 commercial houses followed it into bankruptcy. The
Wall Street rout continued for ten days. It was everyman for himself. Only
the strongest survived. The strongest were Morgan, Rockefeller, and
Carnegie, the men who belonged to America's Round Table. A few young
adventures preyed upon the rich debris and became rich themselves. One of
the scavengers was Edward H. Harriman. The country entered a depression that
would last for five years.9

By 1901 there were two major "investment banks" left in the United States
The House of Morgan, and the House of Rockefeller . A powerful but smaller
firm was the House of Kuhn-Loeb & Co. These three houses were all closely
connected to the Round Table group. The chief financial genius of Kuhn, Loeb
and & Co. was Round Table group member Otto Kahn (February 21, 1867- March
29, 1934). Kahn was born in Mannheim, Germany. Otto's father was a financier
for the Deutsche Bank. Otto went to work at the bank when he was seventeen.
At twenty-one Otto was transferred to the London Branch, grew fond of London
and became a British Citizen. At twenty-six (1893) Otto accepted a position
with the banking house of Speyer & Company in New York. The House of Speyer
was one of the largest and oldest international banking dynasties in Europe.
That year a financial panic began that lasted four years. After two years at
Speyer (1895), Otto Kahn returned to Europe to travel, study art, and listen
to music. On January 6, 1896 Kahn married Addie Wolff, daughter of a former
partner of Khun-Loeb & Co. Kahn became a member of the Khun, Loeb & Co. a
year latter. Kahn and his wife were wealthy. Kahn collected art and became a
major force in establishing the Metropolitan Opera Company. In 1902 Paul and
Felix Warburg, of the House of Warburg, another of the largest and oldest
"investment banking" houses in Europe arrived in America. They left their
brother Max in Frankfurt Germany to run the family bank. Paul Warburg
married Nina Loeb, Felix married Jacob Schiff's daughter Frieda Schiff.
Jacob Schiff was the senior partner at Kuhn-Lobe & Co. Both brothers became
Kuhn-Lobe partners. Paul Warburg's salary was $500,000 a year. Kahn became
the chief financial genius of Kuhn-Loeb & Co. Prior to America's entry into
World War I, another Round Table member was hired by Kuhn-Loeb & Co, like
Kahn, he was an Englishman and member of the Round Table. His name was Sir
William Wiseman. Wiseman was the New York Section Chief of Britain's Secret
Intelligence Service. After America's entry into the war Wiseman would leave
Kuhn & Lobe and serve as intermediary between President Wilson's
administration and the British government. Wiseman was introduced to Wilson
by another Round Table member, Edward Mandel House. Wiseman returned to Kuhn
Lobe & Co. shortly after the Paris Peace Conference. While Wiseman's work in
the Secret Intelligence Agency allegedly ended, he remained in contact with
his successor agents who held that post in the years between wars including:
Maurice Jeffes; Captain Henry Maine; Commander H.B. Taylor, Royal Navy;
Captains Sir James Paget, Royal Navy; and William Stephenson. 10

Kahn entered Kuhn-Loeb & Co. just as Edward Harriman was rising to power.
Harriman depended upon Kahn for financing his titanic railroad transactions.
Harriman was also aligned with the House of Rockefeller. The other major
railroad baron was James J. Hill, who was aligned with the House of Morgan.
J. Pierpoint Morgan had surrounded himself with a group of partners. All his
partners were energetic -- many were handsome enough to be Hollywood leading
men, though Morgan wasn't much to look at himself. The ablest of his
partners were Charles H. Coster (a railroad expert) , Egisto Fabbri (an
Italian economist and mathematician), George W. Perkins (from the First
National Bank), George F. Baker (from the First National Bank) , George S.
Bowdoin, J. Hood Wright, and Robert Bacon (future Ambassador to London).
Morgan and his partners had been busily acquiring direct control of numerous
banks and insurance companies. In his campaign of secret alliances Morgan
controlled the National Bank of Commerce, First National Bank; and was
linked to Hanover, Liberty, and Chase. Morgan dominated three great life
insurance companies New York Life, Equitable Life, and the Mutual Life. As
1900 approached these companies owned about one billion dollars in assets.
By law they were required to invest $55,000,000 each year. Morgan Partners
Perkins, Baker, and Morgan were also life insurance company directors.
Morgan and his partners would buy securities from themselves. Morgan was
investigated, twice. One investigation was directed by Charles Evans Hughes
( the Armstrong investigation in New York). The other was the Pujo Committee
investigation lead by Louis Brandeis. The Pujo investigation concluded that
Morgan directed a great pool of banks and insurance companies to purchase
securities he floated; then the proceeds of these securities were deposited
either directly into the House of Morgan, or its controlled banks, the First
National, the Bank of Commerce etc. The Pujo committee found that
Rockefeller's National City Bank co-directors Cleveland H. Dodge, James
Stillman, J. Ogden Armour, William Rockefeller operated in the same way.
Brandeis concluded, "They control people through people's own money. The
power and growth of power of our financial oligarches comes from wielding
the savings and quick capital of others." The House of Morgan and the House
of Rockefeller already knew that. With the investigations closed they lost
no further time and extended themselves with amazing speed in a concentrated
effort to control all of the nations savings. 11

A spectacular contest for the stock of Northern Pacific Railroad began
between the Hill-Morgan forces and the Harriman-Rockefeller-Kahn forces (May
3-9, 1901). The Northern Pacific stock was run up by Robert Bacon of Morgan
and Company. The public, didn't know exactly what was happening. The
perception given by the press was that the House of Rockefeller and the
House of Morgan were locked in a life-and-death struggle. The by-product was
a sudden panic. When the smoke cleared thousands of people had been ruined.
Morgan was blamed. Morgan replied, "I owe the Public Nothing." The Round
Table groups House of Morgan and House of Rockefeller shook hands and formed
an interlocking directorship. The Truce of 1901 was negotiated by the Round
Table Groups House of Khun Lobe & Co. With their rivals out of the way the
Round Table Group members began a psycho-political operation to give the
public a perception of a much mellower and virtuous group of capitalists. As
a result the public perceived the age of the "Robber Baron" was over. What
they didn't know was the age of the "Subtle Fascist" had begun.12

Edward Mandell House was the seventh son of a seventh son. According to
House, "We originally came from Holland and the name was Huis, which finally
fell into House. Father ran away from home and went to sea when a child, and
did not return to his home until he had become a man of property and
distinction. He came to Texas when it belonged to Mexico. He joined the
revolution, fought under General Burleson, and helped make Texas a republic.
For his services in this war he received a grant for land in Coryell County.
He lived to see Texas come into the Union, secede, and return to the Union.
He lived in Texas under four flags."13 According House's biographer, Charles
Seymour, "Thus wrote Colonel House in the summer of 1916, when a brief lull
in his political activities gave opportunity for him to reconstruct on paper
something of the background that lay behind his rapid rise to national and
international eminence. Although the family was in its origin Dutch, his
forbearers were for some three hundred years English, and it was from
England that his father ran away. House himself, a seventh son, was born in
1858, at Houston, Texas, and this State he has always regarded as his home.
Even more than those of Wilson or Walter Page, with whom he later was so
closely associated, his first years were touched by the excitement and
turmoil of the times."14 The turmoil of the times was the Civil War (1861 -
1865). Thomas House had become a millionaire growing Cotton on his Coryell
County land. Thomas House used some of his money to buy ships. The ships
carried goods that were bought and sold. Two commodities House traded in
were cotton and slaves. Some Southerners managed to profit from the Civil
War. Thomas House was one. When the war began Lincoln blockaded the Southern
coast. Thomas House increased his wealth by using his ships to run the
blockades.Thomas House became rich and avoided risk by hiring men to run the
blockades while he observed safely from shore. According to Edward House,
"During the war he sent many ships out from Galveston with cotton, to run
the blockade to near-by ports, such as Havana and Belize Honduras. At that
time we had a house in Galveston as well as in Houston. The Galveston home
covered an entire block. The house was a large red brick Colonial one, with
white pillars, and an orange grove took up most of the grounds, and
oleanders encircle them.

In determining when to send his ships out, Father was governed largely by
the weather. Dark, stormy nights were the ones chosen. In the afternoon he
would go up to the cupola of our house, and with his glasses he would scan
the horizon to see how many Federal gunboats were patrolling the coast. Then
his ship would go out in the early part of the night. In the morning, at
daylight, he would be again on the lookout to count the Federal gunboats, to
see if any were missing. If they were all there, he felt reasonably sure his
ship had gotten through the blockade.

It would be months before he knew definitely whether his ships had come
safely to port or whether they had been captured. When he lost one, the loss
was complete; but when one got through, the gain was large. He had a working
arrangement with the Confederate Government by which the return voyage
brought them clothing, arms, and munitions of war of all kinds.

The terrible days between Lee's surrender and bringing some sort of order
out of the chaos in the South made a lasting impression on my mind. I cannot
recall just now long the interim was, but it must have been a full year or
more.

There was one regiment of Texas soldiers that came to Houston and disbanded
there. They looted the town. They attempted to break into Father's
storehouse, but he stood at the doors with a shotgun...Murder was rife
everywhere; there was no law, there was no order. It was unsafe to go at
night to you next-door neighbor's. When Father had this to do, he always
reached for his shotgun or six-shooter and held it ready to shoot while both
going and coming."15 Men of war met at the House plantation to discuss
military strategy. One of those men was Jefferson Davis. On January 1863
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing "all slaves in
rebellion." The proclamation encouraged slaves to rebel and kill their
owners -- their reward would be their Freedom. Slave owners had cause to
hate Lincoln. Lee's surrender on April 9th 1865 was bad news for Thomas
House -- his blockade running business was over. Lincoln would be
assassinated five days latter. This encouraged southern troops to fight on.
The news of Lincoln's assassination was a cause for celebration at the House
plantation. The last rebel troops surrendered a month later May 26, 1865. In
1866 the Ku Klux Klan formed secretly in the South. They were a vigilante
group, that terrorized blacks, and used frontier justice against carpet
baggers, and criminals that traveled throughout the south during
reconstruction. Thomas House and some of Edward's older brothers joined the
Texas Klan. 16

After the civil war Edward was sent to preparatory school in England. Edward
developed close friendships with his English schoolmates. Some of Edward's
schoolmates would become members of Cecil Rhodes Round Table group, so would
Edward. Some of Edward's schoolmates would grow up to become the most
powerful English diplomats and spies in Britain. Edward would grow up to be
on of the most powerful diplomats and spies in America. Edward's mother died
when he was fourteen. Edward returned to the States to complete his
education. According to House, "I had expected to be able to enter Yale, but
I found myself wholly unprepared and reluctantly entered the Hopkin's
Grammar School of the Class of '77...What I had been taught was of but
little use, and I would have been better off as far as Latin and Greek were
concerned if I had known nothing and had started from the beginning. I
studied but little, and I soon found I should have difficulty in joining the
Class of '81 in Yale. Meanwhile, Oliver T. Morton, a son of Senator Oliver
P. Morton of Indiana, and I had become fast friends and we agreed to tutor
and go to Cornell instead of Yale. Both Morton and I were more bent on
mischief than upon books and, while the mischief was innocent, it made us
poor students." 17

House didn't get good grades -- House did get a good education.Oliver T.
Morton's father was a potential Republican presidential Candidate. Morton
was an Republican. House, being from the south, was an ardent Democrat. The
youngmen's friendship, coupled with an interesting political presidential
race, would provide House with educational experience, that no planned
curriculum could ever have offered. The youngmen followed the election
campaign. They argued politics, they read about politics, they debated
political issues, and they cut class to attend political meetings. House
relates, "Every near-by political meeting I attended, and there was no one
more interested in the nomination and election of the presidential
candidates of 1876 than I. At every opportunity I would go to New York and
hang about Democratic Headquarters which, I remember, were at the Everett
House in Union Square. I used to see Mr. [Samuel] Tilden go in and out, and
wondered then how so frail a looking man could make a campaign for
President.

Bayard, Blaine, and others I heard speak whenever the opportunity occurred,
and I believe that I was as nearly engrossed in politics as I have ever been
since.

Before the nominations were made, I was, of course, hoping to see young
Morton's father nominated for President, and it was a bitter disappointment
to us both when the telegraph operator handed us out the first slip giving
new that the Republicans had compromised upon Rutherford B. Hays. The
operator knew us, for we were continually hanging about the office instead
of attending to our studies. Morton's father was such a poser at the time
that there was no difficulty in his having access to any information that
was to be had.

Ardent Democrat that I was, and ardent Republican that he was, young Morton
and I had no unpleasant discussions. After the election and during the
contest that followed, it was utterly impossible for me to bring myself to
think of desk or books. I was constantly going to Washington with Morton, in
order to be near the center of things. I was usually the guest of the
Mortons, who lived at the time at the Ebbitt House. I knew much of
everything that was going on. Republican leaders would come in day and night
to consult the distinguished invalid who was directing the fight for Hayes.
In this way, directly and indirectly, I saw and met many well-known
Republicans in public life at that time."18

When the election results of 1876 came in Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
believed he had lost the election to Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was
discovered that a few Southern States had submitted two different sets of
electoral votes. A dispute arose over the result. A electoral commission was
appointed by Congress. Eight Republicans and seven Democrats served on the
commission. All the disputed votes were awarded to Hayes. Hayes became
president by one electoral vote. Hayes did keep a promise he made to the
Southerners -- he withdrew troops from all areas still occupied in the
South, ending the era of reconstruction. 19

In 1880 Thomas House died. Edward House dropped out of Cornell and returned
to Texas. Edward inherited his father's greatest wealth the cotton
plantations. The Civil war had made it impossible for Edward to inherit his
father's slaves. Edward managed the plantations for ten years. In 1890 he
sold the plantations and invested the money in bank notes. The interest
provided Edward Mandell House with financial independence for the rest of
his life.20

Besides the Plantations, Edward inherited his daddies friends. They were
older than Edward. After the civil war they were the men that formed the Ku
Klux Klan. The Ku Klux Klaners were the old-timers who dispensed vigilante
justice. Some of that justice was warranted -- some of the justice was
simply murder. By 1880 a new legitimate group was in charge of dispensing
justice in Texas -- the Texas Rangers. They wore stars, carried arms, were
paid salaries, and killed in the line of duty. They were hard men, and tough
men. They were aggressive, virile and domineering men. Intimidation was one
way they used to keep the peace. Many of them had big brawny bodies -- all
of them had big egos -- all of them had six-shooters buckled around their
waists. Many of the Texas Rangers were members of the Klan. Edward was the
new master. It was Edward's job to gain their loyalty. Edward gained their
loyalty by stroking their egos. Edward would use his money and influence to
try and make them famous. Edward described his new friends as "that intrepid
band that made Texas what she is to-day. I make obeisance to them! Nothing
daunted them. They tore a principality from a sovereign state and moulded a
trackless wilderness into a great commonwealth. These men were the heroes of
my childhood; and now when I am growing old and have seen many men and many
lands, I go back to them and salute them, for I find they are my heros
still."21

One of the oldest and perhaps best of these "friends" was a Texas Ranger
named Captain Bill McDonald. According to House, "In my early boyhood I knew
many of the Bill McDonalds type, although he was perhaps the flower of them
all. I knew personally many of the famous desperados, men who had killed so
many that they had almost ceased to count their victims.

There were two types of so-called "killers" - one that murdered simply for
the pure love it, and others that killed because it was in their way of
duty. Bill McDonald belonged to this latter class. So also did Blue-eyed
Captain McKinney of the Rangers, whom I knew in my ranching days in
southwest Texas.

McKinney was finally ambushed and killed, as almost every sheriff of La
Salle County was killed during that particular period. Whenever I went to
our ranch, I was never certain that I would return home alive. Feuds were
always going on, and in some of these our ranch was more or less
involved."22

Many of the Sheriff's of La Salle county were little more than hired
thugs -- licensed to kill. They were loyal to the men running the county. If
those men's interest were threatened the Sheriffs administered discipline.
The Governor of Texas from 1890 to 1894 was Governor Hogg. Edward Mandell
House was instrumental in getting Hogg elected. During his administration
rail-road workers struck. Governor Hogg used Texas Ranger Bill McDonald to
break up the strike. According to House, "Governor Hogg...broke up strikes
during his administration. Captain Bill McDonald, of the Ranger Service, was
the instrument he used. Hogg sent word to the leaders that if they continued
to uncouple cars, or to do anything that might interfere with the movement
of trains, he would shoot holes through them big enough to see through. When
Bill conveyed this to the ringleaders and presented himself as the
instrument through which it was to be done, lawlessness ceased." Edward
inherited the Texas Ku Klux Klan.23

The success of the Hogg campaign insured the political position of House in
Texas. Edward Mandell House helped to make four men governor of Texas (James
S. Hogg (1892), Charles A. Culberson (1894), Joseph D. Sayers (1898), and S.
W.T. Lanham (1902)). After the election House acted as unofficial advisor to
each governor. House would say in regard to the Hogg election, "So in
politics I began at the top rather than at the bottom and I have been doing
since that day pretty much what I am doing now; that is, advising and
helping wherever I might." Hogg, caught onto House. Hogg gave House the
title "Colonel" by promoting House to his staff. Appointment to the official
Staff of the Governor was a Texas political custom of dubious honor. Along
with the staff position came a uniform they could wear to official
gatherings or "bestow upon an ancient and grateful darkey." Governor Hogg
appointed House to his staff without telling him. Upon receiving the staff
officer's uniform House did give it to a servant. The title Colonel stuck.
Despite his protest, he became "Colonel House" or even "The Colonel.".24

House wanted to control more than Texas, House wanted to control the
country. House would do so by becoming a king maker instead of a king. House
learned by controlling two or three men in the Senate; two or three men in
the House; and the President -- he could control the country. Edward saw his
father, Thomas, become rich and avoid risk by hiring men to run the
blockades while observing safely from shore. House would do the same in the
political arena. He would find a candidate that he could influence. He would
be instrumental in helping that candidate achieve office. He would influence
the candidate from behind the scenes. The people would perceive one man was
representing them, when in reality, an entirely different man was in
control. House could influence that man to betray his constituents with no
risk to himself. House had learned a great secret -- how to control a
country. House didn't need to influence millions of people, he need only
influence a handful of men. The less the people knew about him or what he
was doing, the better off he was. House would profit from remaining in the
shadows. House would help establish a secret society in America that would
operate in the same fashion -- the Council on Foreign Relations.

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson (president of Princeton 1902-1910, governor of New
Jersey 1911-13) ran as a Democrat in a three man presidential race. Howard
Taft was the incumbent Republican. Former President Theodore Roosevelt ran
on the Progressive party ticket. Wilson's main financial genius and support
came from a group of directors of the House of Rockefeller's National City
Bank including: Cleveland H. Dodge, J. Ogden Armour, James Stillman, and
William Rockefeller. Otto Kahn, and Jacob Schiff of the House of Khun-Lobe &
Co. provided additional financial support. The House of Morgan guided the
Progressive campaign of Teddy Roosevelt. Morgan partner George Perkins
provided Roosevelt with money, speeches, and men from Wall Street to help
his campaign. The House of Morgan also gave money to the Wilson campaign.
The republican vote was divided and Wilson was able to beat them both, won
by a land slide, and became 28th President of the United States. After the
election Wilson's financial backers provided him with their own agents to
act as unofficial advisors. Among these advisors was a young lawyer named
Felix Frankfurter. Frankfurter worked for the New York "establishment" law
firm Hornblower, Byrne, Miller and Potter. Another adviser was Edward
Mandell House. Without House, Wilson may never have become president. Wilson
was nominated as Democratic candidate because of support from William
Jennings Bryan. Colonel House obtained Bryan's support for Wilson. House
became Wilson's closest unofficial advisor. The Round Table Group had four
pet projects, a graduated income tax, a central bank, creation of a Central
Intelligence Agency, and the League of Nations.25

In the period between 1901 and 1913 the House of Morgan and the House of
Rockefeller formed close alliances with the Dukes and the Mellons. This
group consolidated their power and came to dominate other Wall Street powers
including: Carnegie, Whitney, Vanderbilt, Brown-Harriman, and Dillon-Reed.
The Round Table Group wanted to control the people. The Round Table Group
would control the people by controlling the government. The Round Table
Group would control the government by using the government to tax people and
having the government deposit the peoples money in a central bank. The Round
Group would take control of the bank and therefore have control of the
money. The Round Table Group would take control of the State Department and
formulate government policy, which would determine how the money was spent.
The Round Table Group would control the CIA which would gather information
about people, and script and produce psycho-political operations focused at
the people to influence them to act in accord with Round Table Group State
Department policy decisions. The Round Group would work to consolidate all
the nations of the world into a single nation, with a single central bank
under their control, and a single International Security System.

Between 1901-1913 the Establishment worked hard at achieving these goals.
Some of the men involved were American Round Table group members and
insiders Allen Dulles, John Dulles, Dean Rusk, Jerome Greene, James T.
Shotwell, John H. Davis, Elihu Root, and Philip Jessup, Felix Frankfurter,
and Edward Mandell House. Some of the first legislation of the Wilson
Administration was the institution of the graduated income tax (1913). An
inheritance tax was also instituted. These tax laws were used to rationalize
the need for legislation that allowed the establishment of tax-exempt
foundations. The tax-exempt foundations became the link between Round Table
members private corporations and the University system. The Round Table
Group would control the Universities by controlling the sources of their
funding. The funding was money sheltered from taxes being channeled in ways
which would help achieve Round Table Group aims. With the achievement of the
graduated income tax, the American Round Table Group focused on establishing
the United States Central bank.26

On March 13, 1907 a financial panic was triggered by rumors that the
Knickerbocker Bank, and The Trust Company of America were about to become
insolvent. The rumors were started by the House of Morgan. There was a run
on the banks. Morgan helped to avert the panic he helped to create. Morgan
imported $100 million worth of gold from Europe to stop the run on the
banks. This exercise was a Round Table group psycho-political operation. It
provided America with the perception and rationalization that what the
United States needed was a central banking system.

The Senate created the National Monetary Commission to study the problem.
Senator Nelson Aldrich (John D. Rockefeller's father-in-law) headed the
commission. To investigate the matter the Commission toured the continent of
Europe to study the European central banking system. Aldrich didn't have any
banking experience. It took nearly two years and $300,000 of tax-payer money
to wine and dine the men of the European central banking system before the
committee was able to complete their study. Towards the end of 1910, a group
of men held a secretive meeting on Jekyl Island, Georgia. The meetings
purpose was to write the final recommendations for the National Monetary
Commission report. Senator Aldrich arranged the meeting. The men who
attended included: Henry P. Davison (House of Morgan - J.P. Morgan and Co.);
Benjamin Strong (House of Morgan - Bankers Trust Co.); Frank A. Vanderlip
(House of Rockefeller - National City Bank ); A. Piatt Andres (Assistant
Secretary of the Treasury); and Paul Warburg ( House of Warburg and House of
Khun-Lobe & Co.). According to the memoirs of Frank Vanderlip, "Despite my
views about the value to society of greater publicity for the affairs of
corporations, there was an occasion, near the close of 1910, when I was as
secretive - indeed as furtive - as any conspirator...I do not feel it is any
exaggeration to speak of our secret expedition to Jekyl Island as the
occasion of the actual conception of what eventually became the Federal
Reserve System." Congress created the Federal Reserve to stabilize and
secure the nations financial system. President Woodrow Wilson signed the
Federal Reserve act on 23 December 1913.27

In December of 1963, on the fiftieth anniversary of the Federal Reserve, the
fifth edition of a book titled, The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and
Functions was printed. As with earlier editions, the purpose of the book was
to better public understanding of the System's trusteeship for the nations
credit. This edition, and the former editions, were collaborative products
of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors staff. The book tells us that the
Federal Reserve's, "original purposes, as expressed by its founders, were to
give the country an elastic currency, to provide facilities for discounting
commercial paper, and to improve the supervision of banking." It then
explains, "From the outset, there was recognition that these original
purposes were in fact parts of broader objectives, namely, to help
counteract inflationary and deflationary movements, and to share in creating
conditions favorable to a sustained, high level of employment, a stable
dollar, growth of the country, and a rising level of consumption. Acceptance
of the broader objectives has widened over the years.

Over the years too, the public has come to recognize that these domestic
objectives are related to the country's ability to keep its flow of payments
with foreign countries in reasonable balance over time. Today it is
generally understood that the primary purpose of the System is to foster
growth at high levels of employment, with a stable dollar in the domestic
economy and with over-all balance in our international payments.

How is the Federal Reserve System related to production, employment, the
standard of living, and our international payments position? The answer is
that the Federal Reserve, through its influence on credit and money, affects
indirectly every phase of American enterprise and commerce and every person
in the United States..." In 1924 Reginald McKenna chairman of the Board of
Midland Bank, and former British Chancellor of the Exchequer (i.e. head of
the Central Bank of England 1915-16), told Midland Bank stockholders in
England "They who control the credit of a nation direct the policy of
governments and hold in their hands the destiny of the people." The Board of
Directors of the United States Federal Reserve system must have been
familiar with McKenna. Midland Bank was established by the head of the Round
Table, Lord Alfred Milner.

The Federal Reserve is a corporation, accountable to the United States
government, but owned by banks which have purchased shares of stock. The
Federal Reserve Bank is the bankers banker. If a commercial or savings bank
wants to lend more money to customers, it borrows money from its bank - the
Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve is a watchdog that audits every banks
records to make sure loan decisions are based on sound judgements and that
regulations are being followed. The Federal Reserve is; the controller of
the currency; the US Governments bank where, the Treasury has its bank
account; the nation's check-clearing system - processing over 15 billion
checks a year; and keeper of the worlds gold. The gold is kept in a vault at
the New York Federal Reserve bank. Most of the gold stored in the Fed
belongs to other nations and represents about one-third of the official gold
reserves of the the world's non-communist countries.

The Federal Reserve is run by a seven-member board of Governors appointed by
the President and confirmed by the Senate. Terms of office last 14 years to
insulate governors from political pressures. Terms are staggered, with one
expiring every two years. There's one chairman and one vice-chairman, both
of whom hold terms of four years. The seven members of the board of
Governors, the President of the Federal Reserve bank of New York, and 4
other Federal Reserve Bank Presidents are members of a group called the
Federal Open Market Committee. This Committee is responsible for the
purchase and sale of government securities. That means that they are
responsible for influencing the cost and availability of money and credit.

In 1913, Colonel House helped to pick the charter members of the original
Federal Reserve Board. Among those chosen were Paul Warburg [ House Warburg
and House of Khun-Lobe & Co. ] and Benjamin Strong [ House of Morgan and
House of Khun-Lobe & Co. ]. House, Warburg, and Strong were American Round
Table group members. According to Round Table Group historian, Carrol
Quigley, the aim of the dynastic banking houses was, "...nothing less than
to create a world system of financial control in private hands able to
dominate the political system of each country and the economy of the world
as a whole. This system was to be controlled in a feudalist fashion by the
central banks of the world acting in concert, by secret agreements arrived
at in frequent private meetings and conferences. The apex of the system was
to be the Bank for International Settlements in Basle, Switzerland, a
private bank owned and controlled by the world's central banks which were
themselves private corporations. Each central bank , in the hands of men
like Montague Norman of the Bank of England, Benjamin Strong of the New York
Federal Reserve Bank, Charles Rist of the Bank of France, and Hjalmer Schact
of the Reichs bank, sought to dominate its government by its ability to
control Treasury loans, to manipulate foreign exchanges, to influence the
level of economic activity in the country, and to influence cooperative
politicians by subsequent economic rewards in the business world."28

Montague Norman was a member of the British Round Table Group, Benjamin
Strong was a member of the American Round Table Group. According to Quigley,
"Strong owed his career to the favor of the Morgan Bank, especially of Henry
P. Davison, who made him secretary of Bankers Trust Company of New York (in
succession to Thomas W. Lamont) in 1904, used him as Morgan's agent in the
banking rearrangements following the crash of 1907, and made him
vice-president of the Bankers Trust (still in succession to Lamont) in 1909.
He became governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as the joint
nominee of Morgan, Kuhn, Loeb and Co. in 1914. Two years later, Strong met
Norman for the first time, and they at once made an agreement to work in
cooperation for the financial practices they both revered."29

Alan Greenspan, Paul Volcker, G. William Miller, and William McChesney
Martin have all chaired the Federal Reserve board. All are members of the
Council on Foreign Relations. As of September 1993, the Congressional Budget
Office estimated that handling losses in failed savings and loan
institutions would cost $120 billion from 1990 through 1998 (this figure
does not include $60 billion spent before 1989). Wasn't one of the jobs of
the Federal Reserve to be watchdog? In 1987 leaders of America's major banks
went to Tokyo. They met with our finance minister and governor of the
central bank. They urged more positive cooperation by Japanese banks. The
big American banks were caught in the dilemma of their Latin American Debt.
On the one hand, they had to suffer the losses caused in part by their own
overlending, which meant they could not continue being exposed to new loans
to Latin America. On the other hand, they were unable to jettison Latin
America, which for them was an important market. The leaders of the banks
attending the meeting were John Reed of Citibank, Willard Butcher of Chase,
Lewis Preston of Morgan, and Tom Clausen of the Bank of America. Reed,
Butcher and Preston are all members of the Council on Foreign Relations.

With the creation of the Central Bank the Round Table Group focused their
attention on creating a Central Intelligence Agency and the League of
Nations. Prior to America's entry into the war, the State department, not
the justice department, had assumed the role of dealing with German
Subversion and sabotage. The "rationalization" was counterespionage was more
a problem of foreign relations than of domestic law enforcement. Frank L.
Polk, a "northeastern establishment" lawyer the State Departments chief
legal officer became the focal point of United States government
counterespionage activities. Polk coordinated the counterespionage work of
groups such as the Secret Service, the Bureau of Investigation, and British
Naval Intelligence. In September of 1917 Felix Frankfurter suggested the
idea for a new agency to President Wilson. The new executive agency would be
a planning organization to prepare American policy for President Wilson.
Frankfurter explained that the new agency would work closely with the State
department to help formulate the policy. The State Department would forward
copies of consular reports and other information requested by the agency.
The agency would also obtain information from private sector sources. These
sources would include the National Geographic Society, the Carnegie
Institution, and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The General
Rubber Company, the Standard Oil Company of New York, and the American
Tobacco Company. Wilson liked Frankfurter's idea and established the agency.
Its charter members were Colonel Edward Mandell House, Walter Lippmann,
James T. Shotwell, and Isaiah Bowman. The typical staff member was recruited
from an Ivy League University. Academic disciplines included geography,
economics, modern languages, and especially history. There were several
lawyers on Staff. One David Hunter Miller, was in charge of the agency's
financial accounts. Hunter had joined the State Department in 1917. He had
been a law partner of Gordon Auchincloss. Auchincloss worked in the State
department and was Colonel House's son-in-law. The agency was America's
first Central Intelligence Agency. The agency was given the cryptic name the
Inquiry. The Inquiry headquarters were established in the offices of the
American Geographical Society whose director was Isaiah Bowman. 30

The Inquiry had been in existence less than three months when it received an
urgent message from the White House to complete its mission. The Inquiry was
asked to produce its formulation of American Policy immediately. On 8
January 1917 Wilson assembled a joint session of Congress. He presented his
Fourteen Points. They were designed to appeal directly to the people of
Europe, over the heads of their government. The 14 Points were drafted by
members of the the Inquiry. The members of the Inquiry became charter
members of the Council on Foreign Relations. The 14 Points were an abysmal
failure. Many of the best were traded off at the Paris Peace conference to
insure the successful acceptance of the League of Nations. The League of
Nations made it through the Paris Peace Conference. The American people
objected to the League of Nations because they didn't want other nations
deciding whether or not to send American citizens to war. The senate turned
down the League of Nations. But, the American Round Table Group had
established three of its four pet projects, a graduated income tax, a
central bank, creation of a CIA ( the Inquiry ).31

The American and British Round Table groups were the secret society's back
bone. By 1914 (the beginning of World War I) there were secret Round Table
Groups established in seven countries: 1. England, 2. the United States, 3.
South Africa, 4. Canada, 5. Australia, 6. New Zealand and 7. India. In 1919
(after the Paris Peace Conference) the seven Round Table Groups were
formally established as the Institute of International Affairs at a meeting
held at the Majestic Hotel in Paris on March 19, 1919. The meeting was
hosted by Edward Mandell House. In 1920 the American Group broke off from
the other six groups because of anti-British feelings in America caused by
the War. The American Institute took the cryptic name the Council on Foreign
Relations. The other six groups became the Royal Institute of International
Affairs, with a central headquarters at Chatham house in England. Between
1919-1928 other Groups would establish their own Institute of International
Affairs headquarters. The Canadian Group became the Canadian Institute of
International Affairs in 1928. Canadian Institute of International Affairs
(CIIA) headquarters are at 15 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S V9
(416) 979-1851 and 31 Wellesley Street, Toronto M4Y 1G9, Canada.

The semi-secret groups opened headquarters, held meetings, and published a
quarterly magazine, The Round Table, to which all groups contributed. The
groups kept in touch by personal correspondence, frequent visits, and
through their quarterly magazine. Membership was by invitation only. But
anyone could purchase a copy of the groups magazine, many influential
non-members did. The stated purpose of the semi-secret organization was to
study the international aspects of political, economic, and strategic
problems; carry out research projects advised by study groups of selected
leaders in education, public service, business and media; and operate
international affairs fellowship programs. The unstated purpose of the
groups centered on Cecil Rhodes desire to federate the English speaking
peoples and to bring all the habitable portions of the world under their
control. It was for this purpose Rhodes left part of his great fortune to
found the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford. It was for this purpose the Round
Table Groups were established. Another function of the international network
of Round Table Groups was to gather intelligence information and carry out
well planned covert operations to further Round Table group aims.

Members of the British and American Round Table groups worked their way into
influential posts in the government, financial institutions, academia,
publishing industries, the law, and the military establishment. The same
pattern took place in other nations as more secret Round Table Groups were
established. The Rhodes-Milner groups power and influence in British Affairs
was in large part achieved by this groups domination of the Times and
numerous other papers and journals from 1890 on. They also established
numerous university chairs of imperial affairs and international relations
including: the Beit Chairs of Oxford, the Montague Burton chair at Oxford,
the Rhodes chair at London, the Stevenson Chair at Chatham House, the Wilson
Chair at Aberystwyth. An alliance was established between the Morgan Bank in
New York and a group of international Financiers in London led by Lazard
Brothers. Lord Milner became the director of several banks including the
London Joint Stock Bank which would become Midland Bank. Milner became one
of the greatest political and financial powers in England. He used his power
to place Round Table members in strategic positions that included the
editorship of the Times, editorship of the Observer, the managing
directorship of Lazard Brothers, various administrative posts. The
administrative posts included Cabinet positions in the British State
Department, and appointments to key positions in the British Secret Service.
Between the 1880 and 1940 The Rhodes-Milner groups power and influence in
American Affairs was achieved in the same way -- through domination of the
press, control of the University System, and placing Round Table members in
key State Department positions, and in key Intelligence positions.
In 1925 the secret nuclei of the Institutes of International Affairs was
extended again. Twelve independent national councils holding territory in
the Pacific Area were established. The councils were called the Institute of
Pacific Relations. An Institute of Pacific Relations was established in an
interlocking fashion with each of the seven existing Round Table group
Institute of International Affairs (Britain, US, South Africa, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand and India). An Institute of Pacific Relations was
established in five additional countries 1. China, 2. Japan, 3. France, 4.
the Netherlands, 5. the Soviet Union. Over the years several Round Table
groups whose membership included individuals from Round Table Groups from
different nations were established. The two best known organizations are the
DeBilderberger group (established 1954 - Headquarters at 1 Smidswater, Den
Haag, Netherlands - annual conferences initiated 1954), and the Trilateral
Commission (established 1973 members are individuals from the USA and in
countries including Canada, Australia, Japan, Belgium, Denmark, France,
Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and UK).

By 1928 the American Round Table branch included men associated with the New
York banking industry, various prestigious Universities, and a number of
Wall Street law firms. The Council on Foreign Relations gained influence
throughout the University system by making large academic endowments
deposited in and administered by Council controlled banks. The endowments
were directed by other Council members who worked at Universities including
Columbia, Yale, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Wesleyan, Princeton, and Brown.
Council controlled Wall Street Law Firms handled the legal matters of banks,
businesses, foundations, and academic endowments run by Council members.
These law firms included 1. Mann and Parsons; 2. Root and Strahan; 3. Davis,
Polk, Wardwell; 4. Carter, Hughes, and Cravath; 5. Cravath and Huston; 6.
Guthrie, Cravath and Henderson; 7. Sullivan and Cromwell; 8. Cravath, de
Gersdorff, Swain and Wood; 9. Strong and Cadwalader; 10. Cadwalader,
Wickersham, and Taft; 11. Evarts, Choate, and Beaman; 12. Davis, Poke,
Wardwell, Gardiner, Reed; 13. Midland, Tweed, Hope, Hadley, McCloy; 14.
Stone and Webster.32

Many Council officers and directors included bankers, academicians, and
lawyers closely associated with J.P. Morgan and Company. J. P. Morgan and
Company had headquarters in New York and local branches in Boston,
Philadelphia, and Cleveland. The Morgan banking network was made available
to the Council on Foreign Relations. Many Council matters were handled by
Council members at different Morgan locations. Belonging to this group were
the Council President John W. Davis; council Vice President Paul Cravath;
and ten of thirteen council directors (1. Owen D. Young, 2. Russell C.
Leffingwell, 3. Norman Davis, 4. Allen Dulles, 5. George W. Wickersham, 6.
Frank L. Polk, 7. Whitney Shepardson, 8. Isaiah Bowman, 9. Stephen Duggan,
and 10. Otto Kahn). The American "Round Table" Institute of International
Affairs (aka the Council on Foreign Relations), was publicly referred to by
the vague and ambiguous term the American "northeastern establishment."

In 1928 Council on Foreign Relation members who were bankers included: 1.
John W. Davis [ Morgan Associate ], 2. Paul Cravath [ Morgan Associate ], 3.
Russell C. Leffingwell ( Senior Partner Morgan and Company, 4. Norman Davis
[ Morgan Associate ], 5. Thomas Lamont [ Morgan Associate ], 6. Otto Kahn
 Kuhn, Loeb & Company ].

In 1928 Council members belonging to Wall Street law firms included: 1.
Elihum Root [ Mann and Parsons and Root and Strahan ], 2. John W. Davis
 Davis, Polk, Wardwell ], 3. Paul D. Cravath [ Carter, Hughes, and Cravath;
Cravath and Huston], 4. Russell Leffingwell [ Guthrie, Cravath and
Henderson ], 5. John Dulles [ Sullivan and Cromwell ], 6. Allen Dulles
 Sullivan and Cromwell ], 7. George W. Wickersham [ Strong and Cadwalader;
Cadwalader, Wickersham, and Taft; Attorney General the US ], 8. Frank L.
Polk [ Evarts, Choate, and Beaman (1897); Davis, Poke, Wardwell, Gardiner,
Reed (1920)], 9. Arthur H. Dean, 10. Philip D. Reed [ Pennie, Davis, Marvin
and Edmonds (1921-22); Law Department General Electric Company ], 11. John
J. McCloy [ Cadwalader, Wickersham and Taft (1921-25); Cravath, de
Gersdorff, Swain and Wood (1925-40) ; Midland, Tweed, Hope, Hadley, McCloy
(1920-40) ] 12. Owen D. Young [ Charles Taylor of Boston, and Stone and
Webster ], 13. Norman H. Davis.

In 1928 Council members within the academic community who controlled large
endowments included: 1. James T. Shotwell [ member the Inquiry. Columbia
University Director Carnegie Endowment's Division of Economics and History
(1924), President Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1949) ], 2.
Charles Seymour [ member the Inquiry, President Yale University ], 3. Joseph
P. Chamberline [ Columbia University Law School Professor - Director
Legislative Drafting Research Fund (1918-1951) ], 4. Philip Jessup, 5.
Isaiah Bowman [ member the Inquiry, Director of the American Geographical
Society (1915), President Johns Hopkins University (1935) ], 6. Philip
Moseley [ Columbia Univ. Professor International Relations Founder of
Russian Institute ], 7. Grayson L. Kirk [ Columbia Univ,. Director Institute
of European Studies ], 8. Henry M. Wriston [ Wesleyan U. Endowment Fund
(1919 $3,000,000), President Brown University ], 9. Stephen Duggan
 Professor Political Science, College City of New York, Director Institute
of International Education (1919-46) ], 10. Nicholas Murry Butler
 president Columbia University ], 11. Abraham Flexner [ Johns Hopkins -
established the Institute for Advanced Study Princeton (1928) Director
(1930-39) ] 12. Harold Dodds [ President Princeton University (1933) ].33

All Souls College at Oxford, and the Institute for Advanced Study at
Princeton, where established by the English and American Round Table groups
to conduct and coordinate Round Table research and development projects. The
Council on Foreign Relations established the Institute for Advanced Study at
Princeton in 1928. The acronym for the Institute is IASP ( pronounced
I-asp). An asp is a poisonous snake, such as cobra (serpent of the hood),
whose name is derived from the Greek word "aspis" meaning "in the shape of a
hood." John Oppenheimer, John von Neumann, and Council on Foreign Relations
member George Kennan were only a few famous men who worked for the Institute
of Advanced Study at Princeton. The Foreign Nationalities Branch of the
Intelligence Directorate of the Office of Strategic Services was founded by
veteran diplomats John C. Wiley and Dewitt C. Poole. Poole had been director
of Princeton's School of Pubic Affairs and a member of the nearby Institute
for Advanced Study. All Souls College and the Institute for Advanced Study
provided Round Table Controlled Intelligence Organizations with excellent
cover for their intelligence gatherers. Abraham Flexner organized The
Institute for Advanced Study in 1928. Flexner was a member of the J.P.
Morgan influenced Council on Foreign Relations; worked for the Carnegie
Foundation; Rockefeller's General Education Board; and served as a Rhodes
Memorial Lecturer at Oxford Universities All Souls College. Flexner worked
with Tom Jones, an active member of the London Round Table group at All
Souls College, the Round Table Groups chief headquarters in England. Flexner
and Jones based the plans for the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton
upon All Souls College. All Souls College and the Institute for Advanced
Study at Princeton were but a small part of the preparations of a power
structure established between London and New York Round Table Groups.
Abraham Flexner, member of the Council on Foreign Relations would be the
director of IASP from 1930-1939. 34

The Council on Foreign Relations exerted much of its influence through
control of the American Press. Control came through outright purchase or
establishment of a number of Newspapers including the New York Times, the
New York Herald Tribune, the Washington Post, the Boston Evening Transcript,
the Evening Post, and the New Republic. Control came by placing Council
members on staff as Newspaper Reporters. Charter members of the
Anglo/American Round Table Institute of International Affairs Walter
Lippmann, Thomas W. Lamont had close ties to the British press, and worked
for both British and American intelligence organizations. These papers were
part of the Round Table groups propaganda delivery system. Council members
would print carefully scripted psycho-political scenarios designed to
influence different groups of Americans and trick them into acting in ways
that would further Round Table aims. Sometimes a successful deception would
be discovered, in which case the reputation and future of the newspaper
would be completely destroyed. Sometimes members of this group would
infiltrate successful newspapers and destroy them on purpose. Council
influence has extended to all types of mass media operations including radio
and TV. A partial list of media organizations influenced or controlled by
the Council on Foreign Relations today includes: Central Broadcasting
System, National Broadcasting Corporation, RCA, American Broadcasting
Corporation, Cable News Network, Public Broadcast Service, Associated Press,
U.P.I., Reuters, Boston Globe, Los Angeles Times Syndicate, Baltimore Sun,
Chicago Sun Times, Minneapolis Starr/Tribune, Houston Post, New York Times
Company, Time Inc., Newsweek/Washington Post, Dow Jones & Company, and the
National Review.

Psychological operations, were coordinated by a Governmental agency called
the Psychological Strategy Board. The architect of the Psychological
Strategy Board was Gordon Gray. Gray had a consultant named Henry Kissinger.
Kissinger was the paid political consultant to the Rockefeller family.
Gordon Gray, Henry Kissinger, and many members of the Rockefeller family
belonged the Council on Foreign Relations. On Thursday 26 July 1951,
President Truman would tell the press that the Psychological Strategy board
was a part of the Central Intelligence Agency. 35

In the book 1984 Big Brother controlled the people by invading their privacy
and using psychological manipulation to control and change reality through
conscious deception, deliberate lying, and an official ideology that
abounded in contradictions. Council on Foreign Relations and Royal Institute
of International Affairs members employed the same techniques to control
people -- including their fellow countrymen.

Hadley Cantril and Lloyd Free were Princeton University Social
Psychologists; researchers; and members of the intelligence community.
Council on Foreign Relations Member Nelson Rockefeller funded them to
develop psycho-political policy strategies and techniques. Council on
Foreign Relations Member Edward R. Murrow, would, with Rockefeller
Foundation Funding conduct a research project to perform a systematic
analysis of Nazi radio propaganda techniques and the political use of radio.
This study would result in a world wide monitoring and broadcasting
Government agency called the Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service (FBIS).

The FBIS would become the United States Information Agency (USIA). The USIA
was established to achieve US foreign policy by influencing public attitude
at home and abroad using psycho-political policy strategies. The USIA Office
of Research and reference service prepares data on psychological factors and
propaganda problems considered by the Policy Planning Board in formulating
psycho-political information policies for the National Security Council.

The Psychological Strategy Board became the Operations Coordinating Board
(OCB). The Operations Coordinating Board was a renamed superpowered
Psychological Strategy Board. The Operations Coordinating Board had more
members than the Psychological Strategy board. The Operations Coordinating
Board had the same mission. The Operations Coordinating Board would use
psychological strategy, propaganda, and mass media, to manipulate huge
groups of individuals. The Operations Coordinating Board had a propaganda
machine -- the United States Information Agency at its disposal. The USIA
would be responsible for foreign policy propaganda for the National Security
Council.

The National Security Council is responsible for recommending national
security policy. The President of the United States is responsible for
having the policy approved. The Operations Coordinating Board was
responsible for coordinating interdepartmental aspects of detailed
operational plans to insure timely and coordinated execution of the policy
plans.

The national security policy recommended by the National Security Council is
the de facto foreign policy of the United States of America. The policy was
scripted for the National Security Council by men who worked in the
Department of State for the Policy Planning Board. The USIA Office of
Research and Reference service would prepare data on psychological factors
and propaganda problems which would be considered by the Policy Planning
Board in formulating psycho-political information policies for the National
Security Council. In 1955 the Director of the USIA became a voting member of
the Operations Coordinating board; USIA representatives were invited to
attend meetings of the National Security Council Planning Board; and the
USIA Director was invited to Cabinet meetings.36

The Council on Foreign Relations began to take control of the Department of
State on September 12, 1939. On that day Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Editor of
Foreign Affairs, and Walter H. Mallory, Executive Director of the Council on
Foreign Relations paid a visit to the State Department. The Council offered
such aid as might be useful and appropriate in view of the outbreak of the
war in Europe. The Council proposed to form groups of experts to proceed
with research in four general areas; Security, Armaments, Economic and
Financial Problems, Political Problems, and Territorial Problems. From
1939-1945 Hamilton Fish Armstrong was an Executive director of a Council on
Foreign Relations project called The War and Peace Studies. The wartime work
of the Council was confidential. 37

In February 1941, the relationship between the Council and the Department of
State changed. The CFR officially took control of the State Department. The
Department of State established a special division, the Division of Special
Research. It was organized just like the Council on Foreign Relations War
and Peace Studies group. It was divided into Economic, Political,
Territorial and Security Sections. The Research Secretaries serving with the
Council groups were hired by the State Department to work in the new
division. These men also were permitted to continue serving as Research
Secretaries to their respective Council groups. Leo Pasvolsky was appointed
Director of Research.38

In 1942 the relationship between the Department of State and the Council on
Foreign Relations was strengthened again. The Department organized an
Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies. The Chairman was Secretary
Cordell Hull, the vice chairman was Under Secretary Sumner Wells, Dr. Leo
Pasvolsky ( director of the Division of Special Research) was appointed its
Executive Officer. Several experts were brought in from outside the
Department. The outside experts were Council on Foreign Relations members
War and Peace Studies group; Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Isaiah Bowman,
Benjamin V. Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shotwell.39

In total there were 362 meetings held during the operation of the War and
Peace Studies group. The meetings were held at the Harold Pratt house in New
York City. The Harold Pratt house is at Fifty-Eight East Sixty-Eighth
Street, and is the Council on Foreign Relations headquarters.

"Tactics of deception" are formalized psychological warfare techniques.
Tactics of deception build a psychological environment that differs from the
material environment (i.e. they are used to create false reality worlds for
people). In terms of perceptual psychology, tactics of deception attempt to
provoke illusory percepts. There are three basic rules that must be followed
for the deception to influence behavior. First, the deception must be
"reasonable"; second there must be no simple way of checking what the facts
in the case really are; and third the use of deception should not discredit
a source which which may have valuable future potential. 40

An illusionist uses misdirection and sleight of hand to manipulate their
audience into believing they are seeing one thing when in fact they are
seeing nothing of the sort. Magicians are forever sawing people in half and
putting them back together again. Magicians perform their misdirection and
sleight of hand to baffle and amuse their audience.

The Council on Foreign Relations uses misdirection and sleight of mind
techniques to effectively manipulate people into believing they are seeing
one thing when in fact they are seeing nothing of the sort. Men driven by
greed and personal gain; men who controlled the banks, industry, the media,
and the military; men who could profit from war more easily then they could
profit from peace; men not loyal to their country but loyal to a group
called the Council on Foreign Relations would use sleight of mind
techniques, not to baffle and amuse, but to profit at their fellows expense,
and to trick people at home and abroad to accept the beliefs of a small
group of amoral, unethical,characterless inhuman beings.

1Addresses: The Council On Foreign Relations 58 E. 68th Street, NY, NY,
10021, 212-734-0400; England's Royal Institute of International
Affairs -Chatham House, 10 St. James' Square, London, SW1Y 4LE, UK -
930-2233 Tx RIIA 89669 - Founded 1919; Canada's Canadian Institute of
International Affairs CIIA - 15 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S V9
(416) 979-1851 & 31 Wellesley Street, Toronto M4Y 1G9, Canada Founded 1928;
the Netherlands Institute of International Affairs(Alexanderstraat 2, 2514
JL Den Hagg, Netherlands phone (070) 46 64 29 - Founded 1945; the European
DeBilderberger Group ( 1 Smidswater, Den Haag, Netherlands, phone (070) 45
21 21 - annual conferences initiated 1954; and the American Trilateral
Commission 345 East 46th Street, New York NY, 10017, USA phone
212-616-1180 - Founded 1973 members are individuals from the USA and in
countries including Canada, Australia, Japan, Belgium, Denmark, France,
Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway and UK.

37The War and Peace Studies of The Council On Foreign Relations 1939-1945,
The Harold Pratt House 58th E. 68th Street, NY, 1946, pg. 2-3 Appendix A
(pgs. 19-24) lists the personnel and dates of service of the War and Peace
Studies group members as: Steering Committee Officer -- Norman H. Davis,
Chairman (12/39-4/44); Isaiah Bowman, (12/39 (made chairman)-3/45); Hamilton
Fish Armstrong, Vice Chairman, (12/39-9/45); Walter H. Mallory, Secretary
(12/39-9/45); Paul F. Jones,Administrative Secretary, (1/40-11/40); Francis
P. Miller, Administrative Secretary, (12/40-02/42); Dwight E.
Lee,,Administrative Secretary, (09/42-09/43); Julius W.
Pratt,,Administrative Secretary, (09/43-09/44); Richard C. Snyder,
Administrative Secretary, (10/44-02/45); William Edwin Diez, Administrative
Secretary, (03/45-09/45); Steering Committee Members -- Hanson W. Baldwin
(07/40-09/45), Isaiah Bowman (12/39-Chairman 03/45); Allen W. Dulles
(12/39-12/43); Carter Goodrich (08/42-09/45); Alvin H. Hansen (12/39-09/45);
Whitney H. Shepardson, (12/39-06/42); Jacob Viner, (12/39-09/45); Edward P.
Warner, (01/44-09/45); Henry M. Wriston, (06/42-09/45); Security And
Armaments Group Rapporteurs Allen W. Dulles, Rapporteur (02/40-06/40) &
Joint Rapporteur (07/40-12/43); Hanson W. Baldwin, Joint Rapporteur
(07/40-09/45); Edward P. Warner,Joint Rapporteur (01/44-09/45); Security And
Armaments Group Research Secretaries -- William M. Franklin (02/40-05/41);
Grayson Kirk (06/41-09/45); Security And Armaments Group Members -- Brig.
General Thomas J. Betts (07/40-12/43); Maj. Gen. Clayton Bissell
(01/44-0945); Rear Ad. Ralph Davison (07/41-12/43); Edward M. Earle
(03/45-09/45); Maj. George Fielding Eliot (02/41-09/45); Joseph C. Green
(11/43-09/45); Brig. Gen. Haywood S. Hansell (07/41-07/42); Stacy May
(07/40-02/45); Maj Gen. Frank R. McCoy(04/40-09/45); Col. James F. Olive
(02/43-02/44); Adm William V. Pratt,Ret. (04/41-02/45); David N. Rowe
(03/45-09/45); Capt. Richard W. Ruble (11/43-05/45); Harold F. Sheets
(07/42-09/45); Harold Sprout (02/44-09/45); Adm. William H. Standley, Ret.
(02/40-11/40); Maj. Gen. George V. Strong (07/44-09/45); Edward P.
Warner(02/40-11/44); Brig. Gen. John Weckerling (01/44-09/45); Hugh R.
Wilson (02/41-11/42); Theodore P. Wright (02/41-09/45); Economic and
Financial Group Rapporteurs Alvin H. Hansen, Joint Rapporteur (02/40-09/45),
Jacob Viner, Joint Rapporteur (02/40-09/45); Economic and Financial Group
Research Secretaries Arthur R. Upgren (02/40-07/40); William Diebold Jr.
(08/40-09/43); Arthur D. Gayer (10/43-09/45); Economic and Financial Group
Members -- Percy W. Bidwell (02/40-09/45); Edwin F. Chinlund (11/43-09/45);
Benjamin V. Cohen (09/41-09/45); Lauchlin Currie (02/43-09/45); Ralph E.
Flanders (07/42-11/40); Heman Greenwood (03/45-09/45); Leon Fraser
(02/40-11(40); Calvin B. Hoover (01/44-09/45); Winfield W. Riefler
(02/40-03/42); William H. Schubart (07/42-12/44); Harold F. Sheets
(02/40-05/42); Allan Sproul (02/41-12/43); Eugene Staley (02/40-09/45);
Arthur R. Upgren (07/40-09/45); Jacob Viner (02/40-09/45); John H. Williams
(02/40-11/40); Political Group Rapporteurs Whitney H. Shepardson
(02/40-06/42); Henry M Wriston & Carter Goodrich Joint-Rapporteurs
(08/42-09/45); Political Group Research Scientists Walter Langsam
(02/40-02/41); Walter R. Sharp (02/41-09/45); Political Group Members Frank
Altschul (03/45-09/45); Hamilton Fish Armstrong (02/40-09/45); James P.
Baxter III (11/43-02/45); Charles W. Cole (03/45-09/45); John Foster Dulles
(02/40-09/40); Maj. George Fielding Eliot (02/40-09/45); Thomas K. Finletter
(03/45-09/45); Carter Goodrich (09/41-became Joint Rapporteur 08/42);
William Langer ( 03/45-09/45); Owen Lattimore (03/45-09/45); Dwight E. Lee
(03/45-09/45); Francis P. Miller (05/40-05/43); Philip E. Mosely
(09/42-02/45); Lindsay Rodgers (02/41-09/45); David N. Rowe (11/43-02/45);
James T Shotwell (02/40-02/43); Arthur Sweetser (02/41-09/45); Payson S.
Wild (03/43-09/45); Henry M. Wriston (05/40-became Rapporteur 07/42);
Territorial Group Rapporteur Isaiah Bowman (02/40-02/45); Territorial Group
Research Secretaries Philip E. Mosely (03/40-09/41 & 08/42-02/45); William
P. Maddox (09/41-06/42); Territorial Group Members Hamilton Fish Armstrong
(02/40-02/45); H. Foster Bain (02/44-02/45); Charles H. Behre, Jr.,
(06/42-02/45); Charles W. Cole (05/42-02/45); John C. Cooper, Jr.,
(02/40-11/40); Rupert Emerson (05/43-02/45); A. Whitney Griswold
(09/41-01/42); John Gunther (02/41-08/41); Bruce C. Hopper (02/40-02/45);
Owen Lattimore (04/40-02/45); Frank W. Notestein (11/43-02/45); Walter H.
Voskuil (09/43-02/45); William L. Westermann (02/40-02/45); Peace and Aims
Group Chairman Hamilton Fish Armstrong (06/41-02/45); Peace and Aims Group
Research Secretaries Philip E. Mosely (06/41-09/41); Mose L. Harvey
(11/41-05/42); Dwight E. Lee (09/42-02/45); Peace and Aims Group Members Jay
Allen (11/41-09/42); Frank Altschu (06/41-02/45); Percy W. Bidwell
(06/41-02/45); Crane Brinton (09/42-12/42); Allen W. Dulles (06/41-02/45);
Frank D. Graham (10/43-02/45); John Gunther (06/41-11/45); Bruce C. Hopper
(06/41-02/45); Tracy B. Kittredge (06/41-04/42); William L. Langer
(06/41-02/45); James G. McDonald (06/41-02/45); Philip E. Mosely
(09/41-02/45); Winfield W. Riefler (06/41-02/45); Lindsay Rodgers
(06/41-02/45); Whitney H. Shepardson (06/41-02/45); William L. Shirer
(10/43-02/45); George N. Shuster (06/41-02/45); Oscar C. Stine
(06/41-02/45); Arthur Sweetser (09/42-02/45); Max W. Thornburg
(06/41-11/41); Jacob Viner (10/42-03/43); John K. Wright (11/42-02/45).

38The War and Peace Studies of The Council On Foreign Relations 1939-1945,
The Harold Pratt House 58th E. 68th Street, NY, 1946, pg. 6

39The War and Peace Studies of The Council On Foreign Relations 1939-1945,
The Harold Pratt House 58th E. 68th Street, NY, 1946, pg. 6

40Pollock, Daniel C Project Director & Editors De Mclaurin,Ronald,
Rosenthal, Carl F., Skillings, Sarah A., The Art and Science of
Psychological Operations: Case Studies of Military Application Volume One,
Pamphlet No. 725-7-2, DA Pam 525-7-2, Headquarters Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 1 April 1976 Vol 2 pg 760 Tactics of Deception In
Psychological Operations by Robert I Holt and Robert W. Van De Velde;
Excerpts from Strategy Psychological Operations and American Foreign Policy,
the University of Chicago Press, 1960 pp. 33-35; Second Impression 1964.

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