"After all, nature's own method of transferring some of the most
disastrous diseases, such as malaria or dengue, is to enclose them within
the mosquito."
-- <Gene Wars>, p 99
************************
Now let's look at the mosquitoes themselves. Interest in use of mosquito
and other insect vectors, as well as in their aerial distribution, by the
U. S., British and Japanese CBW research establishments can be traced at
least as far as W.W.II.
************************
"The scientists at Edgewood Arsenal told their opposite members at Porton
in a secret meeting of their worry that botulism, for example,
'might be used by sabotage agents for the wholesale
poisoning of foods . . . Mosquitoes and other insects
impregnated with bacteria which produce communicable
and infectious diseases is another possibility which has
caused some argument in this country.'"
-- <A Higher Form of Killing> by Robert
Harris and Jeremy Paxman, Hill and Wang,
New York, 1982, ISBN 0-9080-5471-X, p 96
************************
"On 4 October 1940, according to the Chinese Ambassador in London, a
Japanese plane visited the town of Chusein in the province of Chekaing.
'After circling over the city for a short while it scattered rice and
wheat grains mixed with fleas over the western section of the city', and
the resulting plague epidemic killed twenty-one townspeople. Three weeks
later 'Japanese planes raided Ningpo and scattered a considerable quantity
of wheat grains over the port city'. Ninety-nine people were killed by
plague."
-- <Ibid>, p 80
************************
Harris and Paxman also document report of attacks on Kinghwa and Changteh.
In Washington and London there was skepticism about these reports. Tests
were run.
************************
"Traces of plague bacteria were found. Finally there were another 600
cases of plague in three other Chinese provinces which the Chinese
ascribed to an 'inhuman act of our enemy'. The detail certainly suggests
that the incidents were more than propaganda stories. Whether they were
isolated events or part of a systematic attack on China is unknown.
In July 1942 the Chinese allegations were passed on to Winston Churchill.
Two days later he had them placed on the agenda of the Pacific War
Council.
The growing alarm in London and Washington that the Japanese were on the
verge of initiating biological warfare gave an added urgency to the first
anthrax bomb tests on Gruinard that summer. Up to then the Allied germ
warfare effort had lagged significantly behind the Japanese, but from 1942
onwards the Anglo-American biological programme began to vie with the
Manhattan Project for top development priority."
-- <Ibid>, p 81
************************
The Japanese bio-war research program was under the command on General
Shiro Ishii, and headquartered near Pingfan, a small village about forty
miles south of Harbin. It was the world's first major biological warfare
installation. Experiments were performed on thousands of human subjects,
most of them Chinese, but including American, British, and Australian POWs
who were sometimes dissected alive and without anesthesia.
************************
"Although the camp had 3000 members, including guards, the nucleus was
described as 200 to 300 of Japan's best pathologists -- many recruited by
Ishii from his alma mater, Kyoto University."
-- <San Francisco Chronicle>, 11/20/76
************************
"In August 1945, with the Russian army only a few miles away, the Pingfan
Institute was destroyed: every piece of machinery systematically smashed
to bits, every scrap of incriminating paper burned."
-- <A Higher Form of Killing>, p 76
************************
"Some of the soldiers were captured by the Russians and given prison terms
of up to 15 years after a war crimes trial in the Soviet border city of
Khabarovsk. But most of the regiments 3600 members were able to reach
Japan. Lieutenant General Shiro Ishii, the commander, reportedly made a
deal with the United States military occupation authorities whereby he and
his subordinates were given immunity from prosecution in return for
handing over their research."
-- <San Francisco Chronicle>, 4/12/83
************************
"Recently declassified documents tell a remarkable tale about the breadth
of the American 'national security' mentality: In 1947 U. S. occupiers
captured some leaders of the Japanese BW program. In top secret cables
army officials told Washington about their prisoners and made a policy
suggestion: '[Lieutenant General Ishii, director of BW work] states that
if guaranteed immunity from 'war crimes' in documentary form for himself,
superiors and subordinates, he can describe program in detail . . .
[A]aggressive prosecution will adversely affect U. S. interests.'
Reportedly with the approval of General Douglas MacArthur, the commander
of the occupying force, the suggestion was readily accepted.
<snip>
The blanket immunity allowed thousands of Japanese BW researchers to slip
unnoticed back to the civilized world. Some ranking officers went on to
lead prestigious Japanese microbiology or medical institutions.
<snip>
It is difficult to over estimate the significance of their legacy. By 1945
the American effort in BW was already impressive. But with the Japanese
data it gained the only known scientific studies of the effects of germ
warfare on human beings. Much of the data, 'human pathological remains,'
and descriptive information from the tests -- both human experiments and
'field tests' against the Chinese -- were transferred intact into American
hands.
Dr. Edwin V. Hill, then chief of the basic sciences division at Camp
Detrick, indicated the data's extraordinary military value. 'Evidence
gathered . . . has greatly supplemented and amplified previous aspects of
this field,' he wrote in 1947. "Such information could not be obtained in
our own laboratories because of scruples attached to human experimentation
. . . Furthermore, the pathological material which has been collected
constitutes the only material evidence of the nature of these
experiments.'"
-- <Gene Wars>, pp 40-41
************************
As we now know, Dr. Hill was, at the very least, mistaken about American
scruples. At the time he wrote that report, the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis
Experiment was in full swing. In this experiment, conducted by the NIH,
400 African-American men were, in essence, very slowly tortured to death
and then dissected. The result was that everything that it was possible to
learn about untreated and under treated syphilis was learned. This
experiment was by no means kept secret from the scientific community.
Results were published in scientific journals and were available to all
who were interested. It is difficult to imagine that Dr. Hill was not
interested.
For details of the Tuskegee story see:
<Bad Blood> by James Jones,
The Free Press, A Division of Macmillan
Publishing Co., Inc., New York,
1981, ISBN 0-02-916670-5
************************
It is perhaps worthy of note that General MacArthur's head of intelligence
at the time of Ishii's "capture" was Brig. General Charles A Willoughby. A
curious character, he. Willoughby was born either Karl Weidenbach or Adolf
August Weidenbach, in Heidleburg Germany. His mother was reputed to have
been an American, though this is questionable. He changed the name later
to further his career.
Willoughby was an overt fascist. Despite his ancestry, he preferred the
Hispanic brand of fascism to the Teutonic. He lectured at West Point
between the wars. His lectures are still read by cadets, including his
numerous lectures in praise of his personal idol Generalissimo Francisco
Franco.
When the Japanese delegation sent to arrange the formal surrender finally
arrived in Manila, a week after Nagasaki, Willoughby went to the airport
to great them. They conversed in his native German as their motorcade
forced its way at bayonet point through the hundred thousand strong
Filipino lynch mob who had also showed up to "greet" the Japanese. Unlike
their German allies, who were essentially overrun, the Japanese fascists
had plenty of time to burn evidence before American occupation troops
showed up at their door. They were assimilated into the American empire
far more structurally intact and far more "spared of possible
embarrassment" by their crimes than were their counterparts in Europe.
Willoughby played a direct role in "sparing" certain Japanese war
criminals. This soon bore fruit in Korea.
After the Korean War, Willoughby retired to Spain where he acted as a sort
of informal public relations man for Franco and his regime. For details on
Willoughby's life, a good place to start is the excellent article in <The
Reporter> August 19, 1952.
Willoughby was a large, tall man, often described as carrying himself "as
if he were peering over a tall fence." It was he who went to Ishii's
country house to question him. Ishii's daughter made lunch. One cannot
help but wonder what exactly they talked about. Imagine the hulking
Willoughby seated on the floor next to the short, slight Ishii discussing
their mutual future. Ishii suffered from chronic dysentery, a side effect
of his research. He must have had to excuse himself quite often. How
embarrassing.
************************
"A report on December 12, 1947, by Dr. Edwin V. Hill . . . described some
of the technical data secured from the Japanese during an official visit
to Tokyo by Hill and Dr. Joseph Victor. Acknowledging the 'wholehearted
cooperation' of Brig. Gun. Charles A Willoughby,' MacArthur's intelligence
chief, Hill wrote that the objectives were to obtain additional material
clarifying reports already submitted by the Japanese, 'to examine human
pathological materiel which had been transferred to Japan from BW
installations,' and 'to obtain protocols necessary for understanding the
significance of the pathological material.'
Hill and Victor interviewed a number of Japanese experts who were already
assembling biological warfare archival material and writing reports for
the United States."
-- John Powell, Robert Goner and Bert Ruling,
writing in the <Bulletin of Atomic Scientists>,
October 1, 981, p 46
************************
"<The Observer>, a weekly newspaper in London, and Independent Television
(IT), both reported on the secret deal with the U. S. authorities in which
Gun. Ishii and his collaborators were granted immunity from prosecution as
war criminals in return for turning over all their data to the U. S. and
working with it. Gun. Ishii was reported to have entered the U. S. in
1948.
The IT broadcast stressed that the only country to have put members of
Unit 731 on trial was the USSR, which liberated the prison camp maintained
by Unit 731 deep in northeastern China. More than two years of research by
investigators employed by IT showed that the U. S. has known for 40 years
that at the camp, thousands of people were subjected to 'the most
appalling experiments' in which they were repeatedly injected with
tetanus, cholera, typhoid and plague solutions.
The British TV broadcast said that POWs also were dissected while still
alive. It said as many as 3,000 people might have died as a result of
these fiendish experiments.
IT said that following what it called a 'remarkable deal' arranged by Col.
Murray Sanders on behalf of Gun. Douglas MacArthur, the Japanese director
of the camp, Gun. Ishii, secretly lectured at the U. S. Army's biological
warfare school in the U. S. Other doctors who worked with Unit 731 were
never put on trial and now hold top positions in the Japanese medical
profession, it said.
<snip>
The IT program states that the Japanese slaughtered all prisoners as the
Soviet Army neared the camp and tried to destroy all traces of their
activities, but sufficient evidence was saved for 12 Japanese officers to
be sentenced by a Soviet war crimes tribunal in 1949-50 to 25 years in
prison.
The Soviet war crimes tribunal, IT said, correctly named Gun. Ishii and
several of his cohorts as war criminals and said they were living and
working in the U. S. The U. S. dismissed the charges as 'a Communist
propaganda smokescreen,' the IT broadcast said."
-- <Daily World>, 8/17/85
************************
"A more dramatic confirmation of Ishii's work was an hour long Japanese
television documentary produced by Yoshinaga Heroic and shown by the Tokyo
Broadcasting System. A <Washington Post> dispatch on November 19, 1976,
reported:
'In the little-publicized television documentary on the germ warfare unit,
Yoshinaga laid bare secrets closely held during and since the war . . .
[She] traveled throughout Japan to track down 20 former members of the
wartime unit . . . Four of the men finally agreed to help, and the
reporter found their testimony dovetailed with reports of war crime trials
held in the Soviet Union.'
Some of those interviewed by Yoshinaga claimed that they had told their
stories to American authorities. Eguchi said that he 'was the second to be
ordered to G. H. Q. [General Headquarters]' and 'they took a record' of
his testimony. Takahashi, an ex-surgeon and Army major, stated: 'I went to
G. H. Q. twice in 1947. Investigators made me write reports on the
condition that they will protect me from the Soviets.' Kumamoto, an
ex-flight engineer, said that after the war General Ishii went to America
and 'took his research data and begged for remission for us all.'"
-- Powell, Goner and Ruling, p 50
************************
"Dr. Murray Sanders, a former top aide to Gun. Douglas MacArthur,
disclosed last year that in 1945 American authorities knew about the . . .
experiments but agreed not to prosecute the Japanese scientists in
exchange for their germ warfare data."
-- <San Jose Mercury News>, 9/18/86
************************
"Professor Bert Ruling, who represented the Netherlands at the post-World
War II trial of Japanese soldiers and politicians, said he only learned of
the atrocities five years afterward.
Initially skeptical, Ruling now thinks reports of experiments conducted in
Manchuria under Gun. Shiro Ishii are true and ordered by top Japanese
officials.
'The court was never informed,' Ruling said at a press conference. 'The
United States knew about these things (but) . . . it was kept secret from
(the judges) because they wanted to have all the results of these
experiments,' he said.
'(The Americans) were afraid that if this came up in the open court that
the Russians would learn the same from these experiments,' Ruling said."
-- <Houston Post>, 5/25/83
************************
"A later memo by two American officials, Dr. Edward Wetter and H. I.
Stubblefield, said Ishii was beginning to supply the desired materials,
including 8, 000 slides of tissues from autopsies of humans and animals
subjected to BW (biological-warfare) experiments.
The memo said that 'since any war-crimes trial would completely reveal
such data to all nations, it is felt that such publicity must be avoided
in the interests of defense and national security of the U.S.'"
-- <The Washington Post>, 9/13/81
************************
The cover up began with the original establishment of the project by the
Japanese. The cover up was multi-layered. Biological warfare was not the
only thing it hid.
************************
"Euphemistically called a 'water purification unit' General Ishii's
organization also worked on medical projects not directly related to
biological warfare. In the Asian countries it overran, the Japanese Army
conscripted local young women to entertain the troops. The medical
difficulties resulting from this practice became acute. In an effort to
solve the problem, Chinese women confined in the detachment's prison 'were
infected syphilis with the object of investigating preventive means
against this disease.'"
-- Powell, Goner and Ruling, p 50
************************
A full exploration of all the implications of Ishii's syphilis research is
beyond the scope of this pamphlet but, in light of Robert Ben Mitchell's
seminal work on the role of misdiagnosis of undertreated and malignant
syphilis in AIDS patients, and in light of recent advances in gene
splicing technology, it is well worth taking note of.
************************
" . . . Ishii reportedly handed over 8,000 slides of tissue from human and
animal dissections and other information, which the recent accounts
suggest was stored at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Md.
<snip>
Whether the United States did anything with the material it allegedly
obtained from the Harbin experiments is a matter of controversy. An
article in the U. S. publication <Bulletin of Atomic Scientists> 18 months
ago, which quoted U. S. military documents, said, 'It is known that some
of the biological weapons later developed [by the United States] were at
least similar to ones that had been part of the Japanese project,'
including a method for infecting bird feathers with contagious diseases."
-- <The Washington Post>, 5/26/83
************************
A few years after the secret "capture" of Ishii, his henchmen and their
data, war broke out on the Korean peninsula. The North Koreans reported
that American planes dropped germ bombs identical in description to those
the Japanese had dropped on China and Manchuria. Captured American pilots
confessed. The spin doctors went into action.
************************
"The techniques and effects of organized mind perversion of individuals by
Communist Governments, which the Chinese have given the name
'brain-washing' was the subject of a very informing speech just made by
the chief of the Government's principle unit engaged in collecting such
information and determining its accuracy. To Princeton University Alumni,
meeting last Friday at Hot Springs, Va. Allen W. Dulles. Director of the
Central Intelligence Agency reviewed the process thoroughly and made this
comment: 'The Communists are now applying the brain-washing techniques to
American prisoners in Korea and it is not beyond the range of possibility
that considerable number of our own boys there might be so indoctrinated
as to be induced, temporarily at least, to renounce country and family.'
<snip>
Already the Communists have broadcast what they represent to be the
recorded voices of a colonel and a major of the United States Marine
Corps, captured in July, giving (said Dulles) 'in the greatest detail
fictitious information regarding preparations for bacteriological warfare
in Korea.'"
-- <The New York Times>, 4/16/53
************************
"Fictitious information," eh? Sounds more like propaganda, doesn't it?
Propaganda it was. One effect of the campaign was that most Americans
believed that the confessions of the captured germ warriors were the
result of brain-washing. Another, more insidious, effect was that the rest
of the government became convinced that the Communists were pulling ahead
in a vital area of expertise. Funding was forth coming to close the
"brain-wash gap." Such programs as MKULTRA were carried on in secret for
decades in an attempt, among others, to "replicate the techniques" used by
the Communists. The far reaching consequences of these studies are beyond
the scope of this pamphlet, but, like Ishii's syphilis experiments, well
worth a deeper look.
Not surprisingly, the rest of the world was skeptical of Dulles's
explanation. A body of prestigious scientists from around the world went
to Korea to study the situation.
************************
"The international scientists who investigated the Korean allegations
produced a weighty 700 page report in October 1952, which concluded that
"the peoples of Korea and China did actually serve as targets for
bacteriological weapons.' It listed the various techniques used, which
ranged from fountain pens filled with infected ink, to anthrax-laden
feathers, and fleas, lice and mosquitoes carrying plague and yellow fever."
-- <A Higher Form of Killing>, p 162
************************
After the Korean War subsided, research along these lines continued.
************************
"Fort Detrick scientists discovered a Trinidadian who had been infected
with yellow fever in 1954 and had later recovered. They took serum from
the Trinidadian and injected it into monkeys. From the monkeys they
removed infected plasma, into which they dropped mosquito larvae. The
infected mosquitoes were then encouraged to bite laboratory mice and pass
on the disease. This ingenious technique of public health research in
reverse worked. The mice duly contracted yellow fever.
Laboratories were built at Fort Detrick where colonies of the <Aedes
aegyptii> mosquitoes were fed on a diet of syrup and blood. They laid
their eggs on moist paper towels. The eggs would later turn into larvae,
and eventually into a new generation of mosquitoes. The Fort Detrick
laboratories could produce half a million mosquitoes a month, and by the
late fifties a plan had been drawn up for a plant to produce one hundred
and thirty million mosquitoes a month. Once the mosquitoes had been
infected with yellow fever, the Chemical Corps planned to fire them at an
enemy from 'cluster bombs' dropped from aircraft and from the warhead of
the 'Sergeant' missile.
To test the feasibility of this extraordinary weapon, the army needed to
know whether the mosquitoes could be relied upon to bite people. During
1956 they carried out a series of tests in which uninfected female
mosquitoes were released first into a residential area of Savannah,
Georgia, and then dropped from an aircraft over a Florida bombing range.
'Within a day,' according to a secret Chemical Corps report, 'the
mosquitoes had spread a distance of between one and two miles, and bitten
many people.'"
-- <Ibid>, p 166
************************
In view of this, one cannot help but wonder if the following explanation
for a mosquito invasion of our own shores is also the work of the spin
doctors.
************************
"DANGEROUS ASIAN MOSQUITO INVADES FOUR SOUTHERN STATES
by Erik Eckholm
An aggressive, dangerous Asian mosquito has established itself for the
first time in the United States, and health experts fear it will spread
and become a major new carrier of serious diseases in this country, Latin
America and the Caribbean.
Mosquitoes of the species, <Aedes albopictus>, commonly called the Asian
tiger mosquito, were first discovered nine months ago in the Houston area
and have since been found in three other states. Scientists suspect the
insects arrived years earlier aboard shiploads of used tires which are
imported for recapping. The insects breed in standing water in the
discarded tires and other containers.
<snip>
Beyond lamenting the arrival of a new public nuisance, experts foresee
serious potential health problems. Compared with most mosquitoes, the
Asian tigers are unusually efficient transmitters of numerous human
diseases, including dengue fever and several forms of encephalitis.
The danger is further multiplied because of 'the avidity with which they
seek out humans' and their ability to survive in a broad range of climates
and conditions, said Chester G. Moore of the Federal Centers for Disease
Control in Fort Collins, Colo. No cases of disease in the United States
have so far been linked to the Asian tigers so far.
In Asia, the insects live in northern Japan, in tropical zones and in
forests as well as cities. Data from there suggest the mosquitoes could
survive in much of the United States.
<snip>
But the worst health consequences would occur in Latin America and the
Caribbean, Dr. Moore predicted. If the tiger mosquito spreads there,
campaigns against dengue fever would be set back severely and the flexible
intruder might carry yellow fever into the cities from the jungles, where
it is mainly restricted now.
<snip>
Currently, the main mosquito-borne threat in New York and New Jersey is
eastern equine encephalitis, according to Wayne J. Crans of Rutgers
University. The disease has felled dozens of horses in recent years and
appears occasionally in humans, who usually die or suffer brain damage as
a result.
Studies are planned to see whether the Asian tiger can spread the equine
encephalitis virus."
-- <New York Times>, 5/19/86
************************
"The debauchery of nature has become part of our modern military, with
decades of research and development invested to produce a list of
disease-causing weapons never before imagined. J. H. Rothschild, once
Commanding General of the U. S. Army Chemical Corps Research and
Development Command, wrote this in his 1964 text <Tomorrow's Weapons.> His
list of disease agents useful as biological weapons included . . .
encephalitis . . ."
-- <Syphilis As AIDS >by Robert Ben Mitchell,
Banned Books, Austin, 1990, ISBN 0934411-35-2, p 79
************************
"Detrick labs also produced plague-infested fleas, ticks with tularemia,
and flies carrying cholera, anthrax and dysentery."
-- <Gene Wars>, p 44
************************
"Among the many wartime recollections published by Japanese ex-servicemen
are a few by former members of Unit 731 . . . Sakaki Ryohei, a former
major, has described how plague was spread by air-dropping voles- and has
given details of the flea 'nurseries' developed by Ishii for rapid
production of millions of fleas."
-- Powell, Goner and Ruling, p 50
************************
Again the air drop. Are we beginning to see a pattern here?
Just in case you think raining disease from the sky is a new idea or the
stuff of science fiction, think again. You'd be right on the second count
but dead wrong (no pun intended) on the first. Long before the fact mass
slaughter from the air was a favorite theme of speculative fiction,
particularly of American speculative fiction. Non-whites, especially
Asians have long been favorite targets of homicidal American imagination.
************************
"Hiroshima and Nagasaki were were foreshadowed decades earlier in dozens
of future-war novels and stories about the Yellow Peril. For example, Jack
London's 1910 short story, 'The Unparalleled Invasion,' predicts that in
1975, when the world seems doomed to be overrun by hordes of Chinese, it
is saved by a secret weapon developed by an American scientist. Fleets of
air-ships shower China with 'missiles' loaded with 'every virulent form of
infectious death,' exterminating the entire Chinese population with
'bacteria, and germs, and microbes, and bacilli, cultured in the
laboratories of the West.' As London says, this is 'ultra-modern war,
twentieth-century war, the war of the scientist and the laboratory.' Once
the Yellow Peril is entirely expunged -- 'All survivors were put to death
wherever found' -- the world becomes a virtual utopia for the victorious
forces of progress, led by the United States."
-- H. Bruce Franklin, writing in <The Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists>, November 1989
************************
The illustration which accompanied London's story showed an air-ship that
looks exactly like one would imagine an air-ship would look like in an
illustration for a science fiction story published in 1910. It is
emblazoned 'The International Chinese Pest Co., N. Y., USA.'
Some things change. Some don't.
Speaking of which . . .
In the fall of 1975 Congress went through the motions of investigating the
CIA. Some interesting and revealing testimony somehow emerged.
************************
"Senator Mathias: Well let us establish this in the first place. Fort
Detrick was the national biological warfare center?
Mr. Colby: Yes.
Senator Mathias: And CIA had a continuing relationship at Fort Detrick
which, in fact, supported the SOD division at Detrick. Is that not true.
Mr. Colby: Yes.
Senator Mathias: And that this was the facility in which experiments were
carried out and in which research was done?
Mr. Colby: Yes. It was not solely supported by CIA. It was also supported
by the Army.
Senator Mathias: But CIA was one of the principal customers?
Mr. Colby: Principal participants, yes. It wasn't the principal, but it
was a substantial customer."
--- <Hearings before the Select Committee to Study
Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence
Activities of the United States Senate, Ninety-Fourth
Congress, First Session, Volume I, Unauthorized Storage
of Toxic Agents, September 16, 17, 18, 1975.>
************************
"Senator Hart of Colorado: I think in the memorandum of October 18, 1967
[exhibit 6] identified as MKNAOMI, clearly states that anticipated future
use of some of these capabilities were certainly intended to be offensive.
Mr. Colby: We are talking about a weapons system that the United States
was developing and potential applications for it, and through regular
military force or through secret methods and (sic) during times of war and
some such thing."
--
<Ibid>
************************
So, all things considered, were you in Castro's shoes, would you have
ordered those Cessnas shot down, just to be on the safe side?
Or would you have taken the chance?
And if you took the chance and you were wrong, how long do you think you
would stay in power?
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