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>From the New Paradigms Project [Not Necessarily Endorsed]:
From: Lloyd Miller <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: New Paradigms Discussion
Subject: Freedom From War
Date: Monday, June 26, 2000 5:04 PM
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Freedom From War
The United States Program
for General and Complete
Disarmament in a Peaceful
World
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 7277
Disarmament Series 5
Released September 1961
Office of Public Services
BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents
INTRODUCTION
The revolutionary development of modern weapons within a world divided by serious
ideological differences has produced a crisis in human history. In order to overcome
the danger of nuclear war now confronting mankind, the United States has introduced at
the Sixteenth General Assembly of the United Nations a Program for General and
Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World.
This new program provides for the progressive reduction of the war-making capabilities
of nations and the simultaneous strengthening of international institutions to settle
disputes and maintain the peace. It sets forth a series of comprehensive measures
which can and should be taken in order to bring about a world in which there will be
freedom from war and security for all states. It is based on three principles deemed
essential to the achievement of practical progress in the disarmament field:
First, there must be immediate disarmament action:
A strenuous and uninterrupted effort must be made toward the goal of general and
complete disarmament; at the same time, it is important that specific measures be put
into effect as soon as possible.
Second, all disarmament obligations must be subject to effective international
controls:
The control organization must have the manpower, facilities, and effectiveness to
assure that limitations or reductions take place as agreed. It must also be able to
certify to all states that retained forces and armaments do not exceed those permitted
at any stage of the disarmament process.
Third, adequate peace-keeping machinery must be established:
There is an inseparable relationship between the scaling down of national armaments on
the one hand and the building up of international peace-keeping machinery and
institutions on the other. Nations are unlikely to shed their means of self-protection
in the absence of alternative ways to safeguard their legitimate interests. This can
only be achieved through the progressive strengthening of international institutions
under the United Nations and by creating a United Nations Peace Force to enforce the
peace as the disarmament process proceeds.
--------
There follows a summary of the principal provisions of the United States Program for
General and Complete Disarmament in a Peaceful World. The full text of the program is
contained in an appendix to this pamphlet.
FREEDOM FROM WAR
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
SUMMARY
DISARMAMENT GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
The over-all goal of the United States is a free, secure, and peaceful world of
independent states adhering to common standards of justice and international conduct
and subjecting the use of force to the rule of law; a world which has achieved general
and complete disarmament under effective international control; and a world in which
adjustment to change takes place in accordance with the principles of the United
Nations.
In order to make possible the achievement of that goal, the program sets forth the
following specific objectives toward which nations should direct their efforts:
The disbanding of all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those required to preserve internal
order and for contributions to a United Nations Peace Force;
The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments, including all weapons of mass
destruction and the means for their delivery, other than those required for a United
Nations Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;
The institution of effective means for the enforcement of international agreements,
for the settlement of disputes, and for the maintenance of peace in accordance with
the principles of the United Nations;
The establishment and effective operation of an International Disarmament Organization
within the framework of the United Nations to insure compliance at all times with all
disarmament obligations.
TASK OF NEGOTIATING STATES
The negotiating states are called upon to develop the program into a detailed plan for
general and complete disarmament and to continue their efforts without interruption
until the whole program has been achieved. To this end, they are to seek the widest
possible area of agreement at the earliest possible date. At the same time, and
without prejudice to progress on the disarmament program, they are to seek agreement
on those immediate measures that would contribute to the common security of nations
and that could facilitate and form part of the total program.
GOVERNING PRINCIPLES
The program sets forth a series of general principles to guide the negotiating states
in their work. These make clear that:
As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations must be progressively strengthened
in order to improve its capacity to assure international security and the peaceful
settlement of disputes;
Disarmament must proceed as rapidly as possible, until it is completed, in stages
containing balanced, phased, and safeguarded measures;
Each measure and stage should be carried out in an agreed period of time, with
transition from one stage to the next to take place as soon as all measures in the
preceding stage have been carried out and verified and as soon as necessary
arrangements for verification of the next stage have been made;
Inspection and verification must establish both that nations carry out scheduled
limitations or reductions and that they do not retain armed forces and armaments in
excess of those permitted at any stage of the disarmament process; and
Disarmament must take place in a manner that will not affect adversely the security of
any state.
DISARMAMENT STAGES
The program provides for progressive disarmament steps to take place in three stages
and for the simultaneous strengthening of international institutions.
FIRST STAGE
The first stage contains measures which would significantly reduce the capabilities of
nations to wage aggressive war. Implementation of this stage would mean that:
The nuclear threat would be reduced:
All states would have adhered to a treaty effectively prohibiting the testing of
nuclear weapons.
The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons would be stopped and
quantities of such materials from past production would be converted to non-weapons
uses.
States owning nuclear weapons would not relinquish control of such weapons to any
nation not owning them and would not transmit to any such nation information or
material necessary for their manufacture.
States not owning nuclear weapons would not manufacture them or attempt to obtain
control of such weapons belonging to other states.
A Commission of Experts would be established to report on the feasibility and means
for the verified reduction and eventual elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.
Strategic delivery vehicles would be reduced:
Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles of specified categories and weapons
designed to counter such vehicles would be reduced to agreed levels by equitable and
balanced steps; their production would be discontinued or limited; their testing would
be limited or halted.
Arms and armed forces would be reduced:
The armed forces of the United States and the Soviet Union would be limited to 2.1
million men each (with appropriate levels not exceeding that amount for other
militarily significant states); levels of armaments would be correspondingly reduced
and their production would be limited.
An Experts Commission would be established to examine and report on the feasibility
and means of accomplishing verifiable reduction and eventual elimination of all
chemical, biological and radiological weapons.
Peaceful use of outer space would be promoted:
The placing in orbit or stationing in outer space of weapons capable of producing
mass destruction would be prohibited.
States would give advance notification of space vehicle and missile launchings.
U.N. peace-keeping powers would be strengthened:
Measures would be taken to develop and strengthen United Nations arrangements for
arbitration, for the development of international law, and for the establishment in
Stage II of a permanent U.N. Peace Force.
An International Disarmament Organization would be established for effective
verification of the disarmament program:
Its functions would be expanded progressively as disarmament proceeds.
It would certify to all states that agreed reductions have taken place and that
retained forces and armaments do not exceed permitted levels.
It would determine the transition from one stage to the next.
States would be committed to other measures to reduce international tension and to
protect against the chance of war by accident, miscalculation, or surprise attack:
States would be committed to refrain from the threat or use of any type of armed
force contrary to the principles of the U.N. Charter and to refrain from indirect
aggression and subversion against any country.
A U.N. peace observation group would be available to investigate any situation
which might constitute a threat to or breach of the peace.
States would be committed to give advance notice of major military movements which
might cause alarm; observation posts would be established to report on concentrations
and movements of military forces.
SECOND STAGE
The second stage contains a series of measures which would bring within sight a world
in which there would be freedom from war. Implementation of all measures in the second
stage would mean:
Further substantial reductions in the armed forces, armaments, and military
establishments of states, including strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and
countering weapons;
Further development of methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes under the
United Nations;
Establishment of a permanent international peace force within the United Nations;
Depending on the findings of an Experts Commission, a halt in the production of
chemical, bacteriological and radiological weapons and a reduction of existing stocks
or their conversion to peaceful uses;
On the basis of the findings of an Experts Commission, a reduction of stocks of
nuclear weapons;
The dismantling or the conversion to peaceful uses of certain military bases and
facilities wherever located; and
The strengthening and enlargement of the International Disarmament Organization to
enable it to verify the steps taken in Stage II and to determine the transition to
Stage III.
THIRD STAGE
During the third stage of the program, the states of the world, building on the
experience and confidence gained in successfully implementing the measures of the
first two stages, would take final steps toward the goal of a world in which:
States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and establishments
required for the purpose of maintaining internal order; they would also support and
provide agreed manpower for a U.N. Peace Force.
The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of armaments, would be
fully functioning.
The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for those of agreed types and
quantities to be used by the U.N. Peace Force and those required to maintain internal
order. All other armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful purposes.
The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would be sufficiently strong and
the obligations of all states under such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as to
assure peace and the just settlement of differences in a disarmed world.
Appendix
DECLARATION ON DISARMAMENT
THE UNITED STATES PROGRAM
FOR GENERAL AND COMPLETE DISARMAMENT
IN A PEACEFUL WORLD
The Nations of the world,
Conscious of the crisis in human history produced by the revolutionary development of
modern weapons within a world divided by serious ideological differences;
Determined to save present and succeeding generations from the scourge of war and the
dangers and burdens of the arms race and to create conditions in which all peoples can
strive freely and peacefully to fulfill their basic aspirations;
Declare their goal to be: A free, secure, and peaceful world of independent states
adhering to common standards of justice and international conduct and subjecting the
use of force to the rule of law; a world where adjustment to change takes place in
accordance with the principles of the United Nations; a world where there shall be a
permanent state of general and complete disarmament under effective international
control and where the resources of nations shall be devoted to man's material,
cultural, and spiritual advance;
Set forth as the objectives of a program of general and complete disarmament in a
peaceful world:
(a) The disbanding of all national armed forces and the prohibition of their
reestablishment in any form whatsoever other than those required to preserve internal
order and for contributions to a United Nations Peace Force;
(b) The elimination from national arsenals of all armaments, including all weapons of
mass destruction and the means for their delivery, other than those required for a
United Nations Peace Force and for maintaining internal order;
(c) The establishment and effective operation of an International Disarmament
Organization within the framework of the United Nations to ensure compliance at all
times with all disarmament obligations;
(d) The institution of effective means for the enforcement of international
agreements, for the settlement of disputes, and for the maintenance of peace in
accordance with the principles of the United Nations.
Call on the negotiating states:
(a) To develop the outline program set forth below into an agreed plan for general and
complete disarmament and to continue their efforts without interruption until the
whole program has been achieved;
(b) To this end to seek to attain the widest possible area of agreement at the
earliest possible date;
(c) Also to seek --- without prejudice to progress on the disarmament program ---
agreement on those immediate measures that would contribute to the common security of
nations and that could facilitate and form a part of that program.
Affirm that disarmament negotiations should be guided by the following principles:
(a) Disarmament shall take place as rapidly as possible until it is completed in
stages containing balanced, phased and safeguarded measures, with each measure and
stage to be carried out in an agreed period of time.
(b) Compliance with all disarmament obligations shall be effectively verified from
their entry into force. Verification arrangements shall be instituted progressively
and in such a manner as to verify not only that agreed limitations or reductions take
place but also that retained armed forces and armaments do not exceed agreed levels at
any stage.
(c) Disarmament shall take place in a manner that will not affect adversely the
security of any state, whether or not a party to an international agreement or treaty.
(d) As states relinquish their arms, the United Nations shall be progressively
strengthened in order to improve its capacity to assure international security and the
peaceful settlement of differences as well as to facilitate the development of
international cooperation in common tasks for the benefit of mankind.
(e) Transition from one stage of disarmament to the next shall take place as soon as
all the measures in the preceding stage have been carried out and effective
verification is continuing and as soon as the arrangements that have been agreed to be
necessary for the next stage have been instituted.
Agree upon the following outline program for achieving general and complete
disarmament:
STAGE I
A. To Establish an International Disarmament Organization:
(a) An International Disarmament Organization (IDO) shall be established within the
framework of the United Nations upon entry into force of the agreement. Its functions
shall be expanded progressively as required for the effective verification of the
disarmament program.
(b) The IDO shall have: (1) a General Conference of all the parties; (2) a Commission
consisting of representatives of all the major powers as permanent members and certain
other states on a rotating basis; and (3) an Administrator who will administer the
Organization subject to the direction of the Commission and who will have the
authority, staff, and finances adequate to assure effective impartial implementation
of the functions of the Organization.
(c) The IDO shall: (1) ensure compliance with the obligations undertaken by verifying
the execution of measures agreed upon; (2) assist the states in developing the details
of agreed further verification and disarmament measures; (3) provide for the
establishment of such bodies as may be necessary for working out the details of
further measures provided for in the program and for such other expert study groups as
may be required to give continuous study to the problems of disarmament; (4) receive
reports on the progress of disarmament and verification arrangements and determine the
transition from one stage to the next.
B. To Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:
(a) Force levels shall be limited to 2.1 million each for the U.S. and U.S.S.R. and to
appropriate levels not exceeding 2.1 million each for all other militarily significant
states. Reductions to the agreed levels will proceed by equitable, proportionate, and
verified steps.
(b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be reduced by equitable and balanced
steps. The reductions shall be accomplished by transfers of armaments to depots
supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage I reduction
process, the states party to the agreement have agreed that the armaments and armed
forces are at prescribed levels, the armaments in depots shall be destroyed or
converted to peaceful uses.
(c) The production of agreed types of armaments shall be limited.
(d) A Chemical, Biological, Radiological (CBR) Experts Commission shall be established
within the IDO for the purpose of examining and reporting on the feasibility and means
for accomplishing the verifiable reduction and eventual elimination of CBR weapons
stockpiles and the halting of their production.
C. To Contain and Reduce the Nuclear Threat:
(a) States that have not acceded to a treaty effectively prohibiting the testing of
nuclear weapons shall do so.
(b) The production of fissionable materials for use in weapons shall be stopped.
(c) Upon the cessation of production of fissionable materials for use in weapons,
agreed initial quantities of fissionable materials from past production shall be
transferred to non-weapons purposes.
(d) Any fissionable materials transferred between countries for peaceful uses of
nuclear energy shall be subject to appropriate safeguards to be developed in agreement
with the IAEA.
(e) States owning nuclear weapons shall not relinquish control of such weapons to any
nation not owning them and shall not transmit to any such nation information or
material necessary for their manufacture. States not owning nuclear weapons shall not
manufacture such weapons, attempt to obtain control of such weapons belonging to other
states, or seek or receive information or materials necessary for their manufacture.
(f) A Nuclear Experts Commission consisting of representatives of the nuclear states
shall be established within the IDO for the purpose of examining and reporting on the
feasibility and means for accomplishing the verified reduction and eventual
elimination of nuclear weapons stockpiles.
D. To Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:
(a) Strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles in specified categories and agreed
types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be reduced to agreed levels
by equitable and balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished in each step by
transfers to depots supervised by the IDO of vehicles that are in excess of levels
agreed upon for each step. At specified periods during the Stage I reduction process,
the vehicles that have been placed under supervision of the IDO shall be destroyed or
converted to peaceful uses.
(b) Production of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and
agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be discontinued or
limited.
(c) Testing of agreed categories of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and
agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be limited or halted.
E. To Promote the Peaceful Use of Outer Space:
(a) The placing into orbit or stationing in outer space of weapons capable c,f
producing mass destruction shall be prohibited.
(b) States shall give advance notification to participating states and to the IDO of
launchings of space vehicles and missiles, together with the track of the vehicle.
F. To Reduce the Risks of War by Accident, Miscalculation, and Surprise Attack:
(a) States shall give advance notification to the participating states and to the IDO
of major military movements and maneuvers, on a scale as may be agreed, which might
give rise to misinterpretation or cause alarm and induce countermeasures. The
notification shall include the geographic areas to be used and the nature, scale and
time span of the event.
(b) There shall be established observation posts at such locations as major ports,
railway centers, motor highways, and air bases to report on concentrations and
movements of military forces.
(c) There shall also be established such additional inspection arrangements to reduce
the danger of surprise attack as may be agreed.
(d) An international commission shall be established immediately within the IDO to
examine and make recommendations on the possibility of further measures to reduce the
risks of nuclear war by accident, miscalculation, or failure of communication.
G. To Keep the Peace:
(a) States shall reaffirm their obligations under the U.N. Charter to refrain from the
threat or use of any type of armed force--including nuclear, conventional, or
CBR--contrary to the principles of the U.N. Charter.
(b) States shall agree to refrain from indirect aggression and subversion against any
country.
(c) States shall use all appropriate processes for the peaceful settlement of disputes
and shall seek within the United Nations further arrangements for the peaceful
settlement of international disputes and for the codification and progressive
development of international law.
(d) States shall develop arrangements in Stage I for the establishment in Stage II of
a U.N. Peace Force.
(e) A U.N. peace observation group shall be staffed with a standing cadre of observers
who could be dispatched to investigate any situation which might constitute a threat
to or breach of the peace.
STAGE II
A. International Disarmament Organization:
The powers and responsibilities of the IDO shall be progressively enlarged in order to
give it the capabilities to verify the measures undertaken in Stage II.
B. To Further Reduce Armed Forces and Armaments:
(a) Levels of forces for the U.S., U.S.S.R., and other militarily significant states
shall be further reduced by substantial amounts to agreed levels in equitable and
balanced steps.
(b) Levels of armaments of prescribed types shall be further reduced by equitable and
balanced steps. The reduction shall be accomplished by transfers of armaments to
depots supervised by the IDO. When, at specified periods during the Stage II reduction
process, the parties have agreed that the armaments and armed forces are at prescribed
levels, the armaments in depots shall be destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
(c) There shall be further agreed restrictions on the production of armaments.
(d) Agreed military bases and facilities wherever they are located shall be dismantled
or converted to peaceful uses.
(e) Depending upon the findings of the Experts Commission on CBR weapons, the
production of CBR weapons shall be halted, existing stocks progressively reduced, and
the resulting excess quantities destroyed or converted to peaceful uses.
C. To Further Reduce the Nuclear Threat:
Stocks of nuclear weapons shall be progressively reduced to the minimum levels which
can be agreed upon as a result of the findings of the Nuclear Experts Commission; the
resulting excess of fissionable material shall be transferred to peaceful purposes.
D. To Further Reduce Strategic Nuclear Weapons Delivery Vehicles:
Further reductions in the stocks of strategic nuclear weapons delivery vehicles and
agreed types of weapons designed to counter such vehicles shall be carried out in
accordance with the procedure outlined in Stage I.
E. To Keep the Peace:
During Stage II, states shall develop further the peace-keeping processes of the
United Nations, to the end that the United Nations can effectively in Stage III deter
or suppress any threat or use of force in violation of the purposes and principles of
the United Nations:
(a) States shall agree upon strengthening the structure, authority, and operation of
the United Nations so as to assure that the United Nations will be able effectively to
protect states against threats to or breaches of the peace.
(b) The U.N. Peace Force shall be established and progressively strengthened.
(c) States shall also agree upon further improvements and developments in rules of
international conduct and in processes for peaceful settlement of disputes and
differences.
STAGE III
By the time Stage II has been completed, the confidence produced through a verified
disarmament program, the acceptance of rules of peaceful international behavior, and
the development of strengthened international peace-keeping processes within the
framework of the U.N. should have reached a point where the states of the world can
move forward to Stage III. In Stage III progressive controlled disarmament and
continuously developing principles and procedures of international law would proceed
to a point where no state would have the military power to challenge the progressively
strengthened U.N. Peace Force and all international disputes would be settled
according to the agreed principles of international conduct.
The progressive steps to be taken during the final phase of the disarmament program
would be directed toward the attainment of a world in which:
(a) States would retain only those forces, non-nuclear armaments, and establishments
required for the purpose of maintaining internal order; they would also support and
provide agreed manpower for a U.N Peace Force.
(b) The U.N. Peace Force, equipped with agreed types and quantities of armaments,
would be fully functioning.
(c) The manufacture of armaments would be prohibited except for those of agreed types
and quantities to be used by the U.N. Peace Force and those required to maintain
internal order. All other armaments would be destroyed or converted to peaceful
purposes.
(d) The peace-keeping capabilities of the United Nations would be sufficiently strong
and the obligations of all states under such arrangements sufficiently far-reaching as
to assure peace and the just settlement of differences in a disarmed world.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1961 O 609147
[end of document]
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