Prehistoric Moon map unearthed

A map of the moon with the rock carvings superimposed on it

By BBC News Online Science Editor Dr David Whitehouse
A map of the Moon 10 times older than anything known before has been found
carved into stone at one of Ireland's most ancient and mysterious Neolithic
sites.



Dr Phil Stooke: I am confident it is the moon
It has been identified by Dr Philip Stooke of the University of Western
Ontario in Canada. He spends most of his time preparing maps of asteroids
based on spacecraft observations, but he has also prepared detailed maps of
the Moon.

What puzzled him greatly was that there was no recorded map of the moon older
than about 500 years. "I simply could not believe this," he told BBC News
Online. "I felt there just had to be an older map somewhere."

Prehistoric tombs

So he began looking in old manuscripts and history books as well as the
records of excavations of the Neolithic sites of the British Isles.



The world's oldest map of the moon?
Then he found one. It took the eye of an expert to see it for what it was. It
was carved into a rock in one of Ireland's most remarkable prehistoric tombs
at Knowth, County Meath.

"I was amazed when I saw it. Place the markings over a picture of the full
Moon and you will see that they line up. It is without doubt a map of the
Moon, the most ancient one ever found," said Dr Stooke.

"It's all there in the carving. You can see the overall pattern of the lunar
features from features such as Mare Humorun through to Mare Crisium."

Before this discovery, the oldest map of the Moon was by Leonardo da Vinci,
drawn about 1505. The Knowth map is 10 times older.

Knowth is already a major focus of research into understanding prehistoric
man. Now it will become one of the most important scientific sites in the
world.

"The people who carved this moon map were the first scientists," says Dr
Stooke. "They knew a great deal about the motion of the moon. They were not
primitive at all."


The passage tomb at Knowth is estimated to be about 5,000 years old. It was
obviously built by men who had a sophisticated understanding of the motions
of the Sun, Moon and stars.

It is known that many stone circles and ancient tombs are aligned with the
Sun but less attention has been paid to possible lunar alignments. This is
despite the fact that at certain times the Moon can rise or set at any
location on the horizon that the Sun can.

Series of arcs

Investigations at Knowth almost 20 years ago showed that at certain times
moonlight could shine down the eastern passage of the tomb.

Remarkably, the moonlight would also fall on the Neolithic lunar map.

During excavations, the stone in question was named Orthostat 47. Its
right-hand section contains a series of arcs.

The circular limb of the moon is not included in the carving. Dr Stooke
believes that it may have been drawn on the rock with chalk or with coloured
paint.

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