-Caveat Lector- From: "M.A. Johnson" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> http://www.reagan.com/HotTopics.main/document-11.16.2000.0.html "Explicit statistical evidence of massive ballot tampering in Palm Beach, Fl" Errors only Occurred in Presidential Races? Editor's Note: The following statistical analysis was sent to me by Robert Cook, PE, a nuclear engineer, with an MS in statistical quality control, a software testing specialist and QA manager, who has a track record for analyzing and correcting trends, errors, and mistakes in heavy construction projects (ships, power plants, nuclear reactors, military and aerospace vehicles, etc. for more than twenty years. Robert Cook presents here a remarkable statistical analysis of the Palm Beach presidential ballot controversy that deserves serious investigation. He says that the controversial 19,120 Presidential race ballots at issue there were "destroyed by deliberate double-punching ballots in Palm Beach County FL with a 'second punch' for Al Gore or Pat Buchanan. (In 1996, an additional 15,000 Dole and Perot ballots were destroyed by double-punching presidential ballots in Palm Beach County, FL. *) "It uses simplified but wide-ranging statistical comparisons to establish beyond doubt that democratic operatives "stole" by double-punching ballots approximately 15,000 Bush votes in Palm Beach County; and approximately 3,400 additional Buchanan votes." 09 November, 2000 By: Robert A. Cook, PE Ref: Statistical evidence establishes beyond reasonable doubt that 19,120 Presidential race ballots were destroyed by deliberate double-punching ballots in Palm Beach County FL with a "second punch" for Al Gore or Pat Buchanan. (In 1996, an additional 15,000 Dole and Perot ballots were destroyed by double-punching presidential ballots in Palm Beach County, FL. *) The national error rate of double-punching ballots is less than 1/2 of one percent, or at most, 1800 ballots in all of Palm Beach County, with the errors between all races and all candidates. 19,120 double punched ballots -all in one race, with "errors" only occurring two Presidential races against Republican opposition - is 33,000 "too many" to be an accident. References: (*9 Nov, 2000 CNN; Jim Smith, Former Florida Secretary of State; WSJ, 11-10-2000) (San Diego Union-Tribune, Nov 10, 2000, page A-12, Local Figure on Double Voting Only 0.3%; Haas Sees Red Flag in Florida Totals; by Caitlin Rother) (Los Vegas Sun, Nov 10, 2000. Statistics Point To More Than Random Error in Florida Vote; by Jace Radke) The news media is utterly focused on the Democratic Party spin that voters were "confused" in Palm Beach, FL. They are ignoring the 15,000 Bush and 3,400 Buchanan votes that statistical evidence can show were stolen by fraud in these 19,120 ballots. There is explicit statistical evidence of massive ballot tampering in Palm Beach FL. These ballots show Democratic voter fraud....NOT Republican fraud or "voter error" as publicized by the national media. Statistical evidence cannot prove any single ballot was tampered with, nor show which individual tampered with any single ballot. It can show specific places and times and methods where the fraud was done. (For example, if 15,000 dollars are missing from the register the day after your cashier left on a Los Vegas vacation, there is no direct evidence that the cashier stole the money. If, however, 19,120 dollars are missing from the register the next year when the cashier again leaves for vacation in Los Vegas, one has reason to investigate the cashier closely.) Consider these "unusual" ballot problems in Palm Beach, FL - every one of them adds more Gore votes, and removed Republican and Reform party votes. ONLY Palm Beach County Florida voters seem incapable of understanding and using this style of ballot. Palm Beach County has an error rate TEN TIMES larger than reported in ANY other county in the nation using paper punch ballots! No information is available about the number of ballots invalidated for previous primary, state, and the 1998 Congressional votes. Unless an equal number (equal proportion of "invalid ballots" per primary voter) of ballots was double-punched in the 1996 primaries, the 1998 primaries, and the 1998 Congressional races ..... the Palm Beach election officials are specifically guilty of deliberate ballot tampering fraud in the year 2000 Presidential elections.) ONLY in Palm Beach FL were 15,000 ballots "invalidated" (for double punched ballots) in the 1996 Presidential election. (This is almost unique among the entire nation! (Certain central city Democratic precincts in Chicago reported 120,000 double-punched ballots; and Duval County in Florida reported 22,000 double-punched ballots. Neither used the same arrangement of candidates as at Palm Beach. This shows that "lining up" buttons was NOT actually an issue at Palm Beach, but was created as an excuse to blame the symptoms of fraud at Palm Beach.) One early excuse given to the national news media by Democratic "spokesmen" to explain the Palm Beach fraud was that people were 'exchanging" their double-punched ballots - and were given new ones...If so, over 26 people per minute "were confused" and voted twice for President! This many errors were supposedly made, detected, and corrected (by handing out new ballots) while no person made any "error" in any other race. This excuse would also mean that more voters were being handed new ballots per minute than new voters were being signed in. (19,120 "double punched" Democratic ballots divided by 12 hours, there are fewer than 100 precincts in Palm Beach County where the precinct level returns are suspect . Significantly, the massive number of errors occurred only in a few of the precincts, and all of those precincts were strongly Democratic. In precinct 144F, for example, there was only one "counted" republican voter for president.) However, the "double-punched" ballots counted in the election were NOT exchanged, and were actually read by the voting machine. They are the symptom and the method of the fraud. There is no reason for this early Democratic Party statement other than that of beginning a cover-up for the double-punched ballots. Not surprisingly, this early fable was not maintained, and has not be repeated. It also has not been retracted or contradicted by follow-up stories in the national news media. ONLY in Palm Beach (and in ONLY the most heavily Democratic precincts) were 19,120 ballots rejected in 2000 for double punching....(This is a 4.4% error rate overall; in the rest of Florida there is less than 1/2 of ONE percent "double punch" error rate! (Unofficially, this error rate was 15% in predominately Afro-American precincts, and 10% in precincts with large numbers of Jewish retirees.) In strongly Republican precincts, the error rate was the "usual" 1/2 of one percent.) San Diego County has 800,000 voters, and (overall) has more senior, retired, minority, and new immigrants than does Palm Beach County. Since all of these were represented the 1992, 1996, and 2000 results in the San Diego double count totals, there can be no excuse for "innocent errors" in Palm Beach. ONLY in Palm Beach did this "double punch" error happen ONLY in the Gore-Bush-Buchanan selections for President. (In a truly random "error," the mistakes happen in every race, all at about the same rate. In Palm Beach, the massive errors (over 19,000) ONLY happened in the Presidential race.) ONLY in Palm Beach has the news media complained about "massive" ballot confusion. In the 43 counties in Missouri, also mostly Democratic voters, which use the same kind of ballot, there are NO complaints about "confused voters" at all. (St Louis Post Dispatch, Nov 8, 2000) Therefore, ONLY in Palm Beach FL do the Democrats have to "explain" a massive number of incorrect votes. ONLY in Palm Beach did Gore GAIN 750 votes in a recount. In 50 out of 67 counties in FL, the actual change in the recount was 5-7 votes, and in 63 out of 67 counties, the total change was less than 30 votes either way. Further, in 63 out of 67 counties the "changes" were somewhat evenly divided between ALL the candidates, in rough proportion to the original number of votes. This is the statistically expected result, and represents a true and legal recount of the ballots without any change in the ballots themselves. This means that Palm Beach FL had an error rate in favor of Gore more than 120 TIMES greater than any other county, (Two other heavily Democratic "inner city" counties (Flagler and Pinellas) had changes greater than 400 votes. Whether or not fraud existed in those counties is possible, but not analyzed here.) In a statistically valid recount, half of the errors would favor Bush, and half favor Gore. This extreme change from the normal in only three counties shows massive "tampering" towards Gore in those three counties between the original machine count (already tainted by fraud.) and the second machine recount. In EVERY precinct in Palm Beach where Gore got more votes than there are registered Democrats., Bush received less than 60% of the registered Republican votes. In NO precinct in Palm Beach County did Bush receive more than 80% of the number of registered Republicans. .... (Absentee ballots were equally distributed by percentage between the two parties at 8% each. Thus, there is specific evidence to show that the "level of interest" in the Presidential election was equal between the two parties.) It is ONLY in the "counted" turnout on Nov 7 that the democrats appear to "remove" 15,000 votes in the Presidential race. Or, it is ONLY in Palm Beach County that more than 20% of the registered Republicans "forgot" to vote for their party's presidential candidate. This 'lack of interest" by the republicans despite equally massive "get-out-the vote" efforts by both parties. As shown by the absentee ballot numbers, there WAS equal interest in the election by both parties; at least until the votes were "totaled". ONLY in Palm Beach did Bush receive LESS than 65% of the registered Republican voters. (Registered Republicans = 231,626 while Bush voters = 152,954.) On average, in every other county in FL Bush received MORE votes than there were registered Republicans. In the rest of the nation, poll results show more than 90% of registered Republicans actively supported the Republican candidate. (Also, unique in the entire state, the percentage of Republican voters COUNTED as voting in Palm Beach was much less than normal, despite the pre-election attention to Florida as a critical state; and massive Republican get -out-the-vote campaigns.) This is very significant when the Republican Senate race is examined. To compare similar counties in Florida, look at the 10 counties in Florida where there are more than 100,000 democratic voters for president. In every one of these counties - EXCEPT Palm Beach County - Gore received FEWER votes than Nelson, the democratic Senate candidate. In Palm Beach county, Gore received slightly more votes than Nelson, which is not by itself statistically significant. However, his "gain" over equally sized counties IS directly proportional to the number of "blank ballets" (or "protest votes") that were cast in Palm Beach County.) However, in 8 of 10 of these counties, Bush led McCollum (the Republican Senate candidate by a major proportional to the county size, with the margin being between 25,000 votes and 4000 votes. McCollum ONLY led Bush in Palm Beach County and Lee County (which is also the focus of fraud due to its change in votes during the recount.) The margin of Bush's lead in two counties close to Palm Beach in population was 15,000 votes and 15,000 - equal to the number of Republican presidential voters "missing" when the number of registered Republicans is checked. The only way this could occur is if 15,000 registered Republican voters went to the polls, and "forgot" to cast their votes for president, or were "confused" and voted twice for President by did NOT replace their ballot at the polling booth; while remembering to correctly and accurately punch 15,000 votes for the Republican Senate candidate. The same number of "missing" Republican votes is found when the four Congressional races involved in Palm Beach County are checked. ONLY in Palm Beach County do the smaller (Congressional) races outdraw the Presidential race. Again, the number of total Republican votes "missing" (not counted in the presidential race) is equal to 15,000 Bush votes destroyed by double punching in the Presidential race. The only way this could occur is if 15,000 registered Republican voters went to the polls, and "forgot" to cast their votes for president, or were "confused" and voted twice for President but did NOT replace their ballot at the polling booth; while remembering to correctly and accurately punch 15,000 votes for the Republican Congressional candidate in their district. When the two "coincidences" of correct votes in two other races are included, it is impossible to accept "confusion" in the presidential race. ONLY in Palm Beach did Buchanan get less than HALF the of votes he received before in 1996. Buchanan's "lost" votes in that county in 2000 were much greater than in any other district in Florida. (Buchanan received over 8,000 votes in 1996 Republican PRIMARY (where only registered Republicans can vote; but he received only 3,407 under the Reform Party from ALL voters in the 2000 Presidential election. (Pat Buchanan has relatives who lives in Palm Beach County, and this local support greatly increase the number of local voters who choose Buchanan, compared to every other region of the country. There are over 14,551 members of the Reform party in Palm Beach County - which indicates that less than 1/5 of the Reform voters voted for their own candidate. The Fraud is NOT whether Gore voters were "confused" and voted for Gore, but rather WHY Reform Party and Libertarian voters were prevented from registering THEIR vote!) Much has been (erroneously) made of the number of apparent Buchanan votes, with some partial observers (paid by the democratic Party officials who started the first lawsuits requesting a recount) claiming that his total vote count "must" be wrong. It is important to note that Buchanan's running mate is the FIRST Afro-American to run for national office. Further, she is only the SECOND woman to run for national office. Given the demographics of the Palm Beach are, and its high concentration of minorities, it is perhaps surprising that Buchanan-Foster didn't get more votes than they are credited with receiving. There is a simple, single explanation for ALL of these 19,120 problems in ONE set of ballots in ONE district in ONE state. 15,000 Bush ballots, and 3,400 more Buchanan ballots, were double-punched to imitate a Gore vote, AFTER legitimate voters left their polling booth. Assume 45,000 ballots were stuck with a stiff wire or pointed tool. It would take somebody a little bit of privacy and about 15 minutes. A ream of paper is 1 inch thick, 45,000 many ballots can be carried by one person in one handcart or box, damaged, and returned to position very quickly. More simply, they could be punched several hundred at a time while the stack is lined before being read at the voting machine - since all the ballots would already be lined up and stacked neatly in order at that time. Originally, 3,000 = Buchanan 15,000 = Bush 25,000 = Gore (Gore has approximately a 2:1 margin over Bush in Palm Beach Cty.) 1,250 = other parties and random existing errors 750 = "blank" or "protest votes"- No vote for President; other spots may be filled in. After .... 3,000 Buchanan + Gore = thrown out. 15,000 Bush + Gore = thrown out. 25,000 Gore (+ Gore) = GOOD VOTES for Gore = counted already 1,250 + others + Gore = thrown out. 750 = "blank" + Gore = Gore additional "free" votes Stamping 45,000 ballots with a tool (or other device) THROUGH the Gore slot gives: Every Gore vote = still a valid Gore vote. (No change in the total, no change in the recount.) Every Bush, Buchanan, Workers Party, and Libertarian Party ballot IS IMMEDIATELY INVALID. They will be thrown out because they have two votes. They NEVER were counted in the first place = no change in the recount. The double-punch occurs ONLY in the presidential race, and no position on the ballot is disturbed. All other races are correctly counted. EVERY ballot that had no vote (a "protest vote" against both major candidates) becomes a Gore vote. All other races on the ballot are not disturbed, and are correctly counted. Evidence of fraud by selectively punching "empty" or "protest" ballots before the recount. Statewide, 2% of the voters deliberately chose NOT to select a presidential candidate. 2% of 45,000 ballots is 900, statistically equal to the 950 "votes" changed into 750 Gore votes, and 150 Bush votes during the recount. It is statistically impossible (odds of over 149 million to 1) to have ONE county out of 67 change its recount votes by over 900 votes if it is counting untainted, unaltered ballots, while the other 64 counties (using legal methods) change their recounts by less than 30 votes either way! Significantly, the recount results DO require that approximately 900 ballots be "blank" or "protest votes (originally) before tampering. From the first set of 45,000 tampered ballots, there would no "blank ballots" for the Presidential election - all would have an original vote, or be blank from a protest vote and be filled in by the original double-punching. Further, no additional double-punching could be done, or an additional 15,000 presidential votes would be canceled during the recount. However, the recount processed all ballots again, and thus allowed 900 "selected" blank ballots to be "newly counted" - rather than being left blank as in the original. The key to prosecuting the criminals involved: maintaining the double-punched ballots separate in the order they were originally received, and under evidentiary control for later prosecution. 1. RECOUNTING them by hand, recording the remainder of the votes on the ballot. Gloves are required to avoid contaminating the fingerprint evidence (if any) of who handled the ballots. Also, if available, precinct numbers of which precinct processed should be kept with the ballot. Note that continuing the "hand-recount" effort (as now demanded by the Democrats) will destroy any fingerprint evidence available, since all judges are handling the ballots with no protection.. 2. Finding out the order of the double punched ballots (in groups, one-by-one, or only at the top of box of ballots) will yield forensic evidence to indicate how the fraud was done, and who did it. 3. Looking for a pattern of tears, hanging remnants of paper, and misshapen holes - a pattern that will appear ONLY in those ballots that have duplicated votes - I have used this kind of paper-punch ballot for many years here in GA. A "valid" hole is created when you punch the ballot above the hole in the voting booth. IF the ballot has been "stacked" together and many ballots were punched at one time - the stacked ballots will have remnants, paper tears, misaligned holes, and oddly shaped holes......It is these violated 15,000 Bush votes that Gore wants to declare "Gore" votes....further violating the legal Bush vote already discarded by the voting machine. 4. The fraudulent double-punched ballots will show double punches ONLY in the presidential race....and no other errors in other races that are properly punched. A "valid error" in the first race (the presidential race) that was detected by the voter and replaced with another ballot - WILL NOT BE RECORDED. THOSE BALLOTS WOULD HAVE BEEN REPLACED ALREADY by the election official and the replacement put in the ballot box. 5. The double-punched ballots will ALWAYS include a Gore vote....legitimate errors will have randomly distributed errors in every position.... If the ballots include an overwhelming number of number of "Bush + Gore" votes, and almost no "Bush + Buchanan" votes, then that proves that this set of ballots were tampered with and never counted in the first place ... because the voting machine discards double punched ballots.. IF the ballots include "no" (or very few) Bush + Buchanan, or "Buchanan + somebody + Gore votes" else....then it shows that they were deliberately tampered with to exclude (throw out) otherwise valid Bush votes. There has been speculation that the tampering may have involved Buchanan duplicates "accidentally" punched in several thousand ballots cases by double-punching the Buchanan position. This creates a Buchanan "double-punch" rather than a "Gore" double punch. The same evidentiary and analysis rules apply. The result, as far as Bush is concerned, are the same. The valid Bush vote is voided, not by a Gore + Bush double punch, but by a Buchanan + Bush double punch. Any Gore votes in the group accidentally double-punched will be voided as well. Obviously.... Every tampered ballot WILL include a GORE vote, if the double punch was done by a Gore operative inserting a false Gore vote. Of all double-punched ballots, a certain number (0.3% of the original 460,000 ballots, or 7-9% of the 19,120 double-punched ballots) will contain "true" errors randomly spread among all the contenders. Or if an "error" was made in the tampering, the pattern would be a massive number of Gore + Buchanan and Buchanan + Bush double-punched ballots, plus the same 7% of randomly generated errors spread among all contenders. Further, if an error in double-punching fraud occurred, it is reasonable to assume that the error did not occur every time. The ratio of Gore + Buchanan and Gore + Bush and Buchanan + Bush ballots may vary between precincts, depending on how long the puncher was "confused" and how many operatives got "confused" between the Buchanan button and the Gore button. The combination of deliberate double-punched Gore + valid vote" ballots and confused "Buchanan + valid vote" ballots will total 19120 ballots. Approximately 1400 ballots will be random errors, and the remainder, deliberate (or accidental!) double-punched ballots To verify this....count the doubled ballots, list each with what OTHER votes were cast. Almost NO "legitimate" Gore voter would choose other Republican choices, or at least very, very few would. IF almost all of the Bush + Gore ballots had mostly Republican choices, or blanks where there is a Democrat running unopposed, then that shows additional evidence where a Bush vote was destroyed. ONLY when a Gore + Buchanan ballot shows almost all Democrats is there the potential for "confusion": these few ballots will show the few cases where some Gore supporter actually got confused! A Buchanan + Gore vote with a reform Party vote for Senator is evidence of a Buchanan vote that got destroyed. Approximately 2000 of these ballots are expected. There is a definite possibility that the double-punch fraud involves the Buchanan presidential vote being duplicated - either accidentally (by error!) of a Gore operative double-punching the wrong ballot hole, or by a Buchanan operative adding votes for his candidate. The Democratic cover-up by Election Officials began before the ballots were "officially counted. Massive and continuing publicity that declares "voter confusion" before the ballots are "counted" or results released indicates that the "double-punch" error was known before the ballots were totaled "officially." Palm Beach County was one the last counties in Florida to release its voting results, and the Palm Beach County results were critical in a last minute "surge" in Gore votes that reduced Bush's lead from 50,000 votes (in Florida overall) to less than 1500. Late delivery of votes, with the specific precinct vote count delayed until the required number of votes is known, is classic symptom of local election fraud. It DOES NOT prove fraud, but late delivery of vote results is the most common way of tampering with the vote, and is essential if ballot tampering is involved in the vote fraud. Late delivery of fraudulent votes has happened in several previous democratic elections at the national level, showing that the individuals involved had close knowledge of previous fraud and its successes. Local Democrat officials are claiming that these are "double -punched! They know...and were told early this morning! to collect 3000 old folks who could claim they were confused...They quickly needed a cover story to explain that the ballots were "confusing" to create the 3000 Gore - Buchanan "voters" that they need. But in the remaining two days after the elections, no local democratic officials can physically identify the required number (19,120) "confused" witnesses who can attest to actually double-punching ballots. ANY citizen who realized that they double-punched a ballot at the polling booth was able to exchange ballots and resubmit his choices. IT IS CRITICAL TO UNDERSTAND THAT THESE "REPLACED" BALLOTS WERE SET ASIDE IMMEDIATELY, AND WERE NEVER COUNTED IN THE MACHINES. The 19,120 double-punched ballots include ONLY those actually an error (approximately 1300) and those double-punched by fraud. Note, after the first two days, the local party officials have softened their rhetoric and are only claiming "hundreds" of "confused voters." Again, no actual lists of these citizens have been released for confirmation or interviews by investigators. Further evidence of deliberate double-punching of ballots, and perhaps of making an error in the fraud itself by double-punching a Buchanan hole rather than a Gore hole is the immediate cover-up effort by democratic officials. The national Democratic Party hired a Texas telemarketing firm to call several thousand voters in Palm beach County late Tuesday night specifically to "prompt" Palm Beach citizens to declare "they were confused" by the ballots, and specifically to declare being "confused" between the Gore and Buchanan ballot positions. Further, the national democratic telemarketing campaign was instructing users in what to claim ballot positions to be "confused" with, and was specifically prompting the people that they called to declare a "Buchanan-Gore" confusion on Tuesday night, before midnight. This was approximately 5 hours BEFORE the Palm Beach results were released. Also, national democratic teams were in flight to Palm Beach immediately after midnight, again before the results were officially known to anyone. This indicates that democratic leaders at the precinct level (and thus the national level) knew about the "confusion" (accidentally/incorrectly double-punched Buchanan ballots) BEFORE the Palm Beach votes were counted, and several hours before they were released to the Florida election officials. Note too that this telemarketing campaign began before the Palm Beach results were announced. Before anyone (other than election officials) knew how any double-punched ballots existed, nor which ballot choices (for president) were double-punched. No democratic source has ever offered proof of this "vast number" of confused voters, and no Democratic operative has offered any explanation why "confusion" needs to be advertised and prompted for in a telemarketing phone blitz at any time other than this elections. This indicates that the actual number of voters actually "confused" is minor, and further indicates that the Gore-Buchanan "confusion" may exist ) The individuals who are suing now to revote that ballots are experienced democratic officials, donors, and activists - on even a formerly elected official. Democratic officials in Palm Beach County have not been able to explain why 15,000 ballots were double-punched in 1996 AND in 2000. The "butterfly ballots were NOT used in the previous Presidential election. Thus, there is a pattern not of massive error by the voters, but of continued fraud by the Democratic election committee members and local officials. Further indication of deliberate fraud is that there is no evidence of previous massive "voter error" in Democratic primaries, Democratic runoff's, or Congressional races the past years. Specifically, Massive "voter confusion" does appear in the democratic primaries (where Democratic votes must be accurate!) and where there was little effective opposition to the Democratic Congressman (Waxler) Symptoms of voter fraud by double punching will stand out by the number of the doubled punches, and by the remaining choices on the ballet. A Republican voter will have in almost every case have punched Bush + several other Republican candidates. So look for how many "Bush + Gore" ballots have mostly Republican choices below. THESE ARE FRAUDS. They represent Bush votes that were stolen. There are about 15,000 of these ballots. A "true" Buchanan voter would have punched Buchanan and a mix of other candidates....A Libertarian voter would most likely be choosing a variety of flowing positions, depending on his personal opinion of freedom and regulation. There will be about 2000-3000 of these ballots. A "mistaken" "Gore + Buchanan" voter would ALMOST CERTAINLY have chosen the Democrats in the rest of the ballot.....or, IF AS THEY CLAIM, those "Gore + Buchanan" voters that were "told to push the second hole" really meant "only followed directions" ---- THEN the rest of the ballot would be solid Democrat, or blank. There will be approximately 0.3% of the total ballots used (1380 out of 460,000) that are legitimate errors or protest votes with a several candidates selected. NOT "confused" 15,000 Bush voters in 1996....and 15,000 other "confused" Dole and Perot voters in 2000. ================================================================= Kadosh, Kadosh, Kadosh, YHVH, TZEVAOT FROM THE DESK OF: *Michael Spitzer* <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Best Way To Destroy Enemies Is To Change Them To Friends ================================================================= <A HREF="http://www.ctrl.org/">www.ctrl.org</A> DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion & informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substance—not soap-boxing—please! These are sordid matters and 'conspiracy theory'—with its many half-truths, mis- directions and outright frauds—is used politically by different groups with major and minor effects spread throughout the spectrum of time and thought. That being said, CTRLgives no endorsement to the validity of posts, and always suggests to readers; be wary of what you read. 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