-Caveat Lector-

http://www.nationalpost.com/
National Post
March 3, 2001

The shallow behaviour of a deep thinker

Troy Jollimore
National Post

BERTRAND RUSSELL: THE GHOST OF MADNESS 1921-1970

By Ray Monk
Random House UK
xv+574 pp., $75
---

Bertrand Russell was one of the best
known and most influential
philosophers of the 20th century. At
various times he was also a massively
popular public speaker, an anti-nuclear and anti-war activist, an
educational administrator and a frequently slapdash journalist. He
was an aristocrat -- an earl, whose godfather was John Stuart Mill
-- yet he always seemed to identify more with radical younger
generations than his own relatively staid one, and ultimately
became a vocal supporter of Che Guevara. A philanderer and
outspoken opponent of monogamy and other conventional values,
he was tormented with jealousy over his wives' extramarital affairs.
He experienced four marriages, three divorces, two jail terms for
civil disobedience (1918 and 1961) and, in 1950, won the Nobel
prize for literature -- shortly after which he published two
collections of short stories notable, if at all, only for their complete
lack of literary merit.

Such a life is a biographer's feast of ironies, reversals, and outright
contradictions. Russell himself often strikes us as a great
appreciator of the ironies. At the age of 50 he said of himself, "My
brain is not what it was. I'm past my best -- & therefore, of course,
I am now celebrated."

He was right: in 1921, the year in which Volume 2 of Ray Monk's
biography opens, Russell's best philosophical work was behind him.
And yet, although he could not have known this, his life was barely
half over and his most significant fame and most visible public roles
were yet to come.

How, precisely, a Cambridge logician and co-author of one of the
most imposingly technical works of the century (the famous
Principia Mathematica (1910), which was so massive that Russell
and Alfred North Whitehead had to deliver the manuscript to the
publisher in a wheelbarrow, and which Russell often maintained
had been read in its entirety by no more than half a dozen people)
became a modern celebrity and hero to the young is a mystery on
which Monk's biography sheds little light. Partly this is due to
Monk's tendency to neglect Russell's professional and public lives in
favor of the complicated and ultimately tragic story of his subject's
family life. Russell, Monk makes it clear, did not tend to treat his
wives, lovers, and children as well as his idealistic statements
about humanity and education might have led one to hope.

What is equally clear, though not equally stressed, is that Russell's
family and acquaintances tended not to treat him very well either.
His children, perhaps, can hardly be blamed -- Russell's so-called
scientific educational strategies (a main element being to ignore
and neglect children to prevent them becoming spoiled egoists)
scarred his children irrevocably, and several of them also suffered
from a hereditary tendency toward schizophrenia, fear of which
plagued and taunted Russell himself throughout his life. Even if the
behavior of the children is somewhat understandable, most of them
(with the possible exception of Kate, his second child) are far from
sympathetic characters. (And really, if it's sympathetic characters
you are looking for, you would be advised to choose another family
and another book.)

Monk's negative attitude and apparent dislike of Russell was noted
by many reviewers of the first volume, some of whom have accused
him of being unfair toward his subject. This charge is not entirely
unfounded: Monk is frequently hostile toward Russell, is
consistently uncharitable in his interpretations of many of his letters
and actions and never misses an opportunity to point out when his
subject might be taking himself, his writings or his public role
somewhat too seriously.

On the other hand, Monk is right that Russell's politics, while
consistently humane, often fluctuated between naive wishful
thinking and destructive pessimism. And he is quite correct, too, to
complain of the shoddy and sometimes shockingly poor quality, not
to mention the sheer triviality, of many of Russell's writings in later
life, both philosophical (his flippant and shallow History of Western
Philosophy comes to mind) and otherwise. Russell was often writing
for money, of course, and a certain lowering of standards is to be
expected. But it is difficult to take entirely seriously anyone who, 30
years after Principia Mathematica, writes an article for Vogue on the
subject, "What Makes a Woman a Fascinator?" (His answers
included a kind of beauty "that comes and goes, like a gleam of sun
on a stormy day," and "a certain fundamental indifference to men,
combined with a superficial interest in them.")

Nonetheless, Monk's relentlessly critical view of Russell seems
skewed or at least overdone. If nothing else, it leaves certain
questions unaddressed. Why did so many women find Russell
dashing and irresistible? Why, if Russell in later years was as
careless and cynical as Monk portrays, did so many intelligent
people stand in awe and envy of his ability? ("One does not like
him," Virginia Woolf wrote. "Nevertheless, I should like the run of
his headpiece.") And why, if Russell was an almost completely
self-absorbed and uncaring megalomaniac, was he moved to
devote so much of his life to the pursuit of global peace?

Despite his best efforts to sully his subject's reputation, it may be
that the image Monk will leave with most readers is of Russell the
serene and elegant anti-war activist, "a white-haired prophet
sitting with a resolute expression on his face among a vast throng
of young, idealistic followers," having his visage broadcast onto
television screens around the world. This was in 1961. Within a few
years Russell would be dead. But, for the moment, he seemed
entirely in his element: passionate, informed, relevant and vital.

In the midst of this event, Russell was asked by a reporter to
explain his reasons for taking part in the protest. "Because," he
answered with typical understatement, "if the present policies of
the Western governments are continued, the entire human race will
be exterminated, and some of us think that might be rather a pity."

Troy Jollimore is the author of the philosophical study, Friendship and
Agent-Relative Morality.

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