-Caveat Lector-

Engineers offer insight into scientifics of attack

Sacramento Bee

By EDIE LAU, Sacramento Bee

SACRAMENTO, Calif. (September 11, 2001 10:21 p.m. EDT) - There was
an eerily choreographed look to the way the twin World Trade Center towers
tumbled down Tuesday.

Almost, thought Garth Huber, as if they had been brought down by a hired
demolition crew rather than unknown terrorists."

The way it was going down floor-by-floor really looked suspicious," said
Huber, a physicist at the University of Regina in Canada who watched video
footage repeatedly.

It's not known now and may not be clear for some time, what all the
destructive forces were that brought down the world's fourth largest
skyscraper.

But several structural and civil engineers, a national security consultant and a
demolition expert say that the jet plane fuel tanks packed sufficient energy to
cause an explosive fire hellish enough to melt the building's steel skeleton
and cause its floors to collapse, one-by-one, from the top down.

"An aircraft fully fueled is essentially a giant flying bomb," said Steven M.
Block, a Stanford University professor of applied physics and U.S. Defense
Department consultant.

"It's not clear if these terrorists had inside information on how to bring down a
building or just picked a target of opportunity," Block said. "I suspect the
ignition of the fuel produced heat sufficient to melt the core of the building."

The 110-story towers, which collapsed shortly after two commercial aircraft
plowed into the upper stories, were the most prominent features of the 12-
million-square foot World Trade Center complex, which was completed in
1988. The building was designed by the late Minoru Yamasaki, an architect
known for putting a premium on aesthetics. The towers' thick steel supports
were almost entirely located on the outside of the building like an exoskeleton
and were designed to withstand hurricanes.

The building also withstood a previous attack by terrorists who in 1993
detonated a bomb-laden truck in an underground garage at the edge of the
complex. That explosion killed six people, injured more than 1,000 and blew
a crater in the garage five stories deep. But the cleaned-up complex was
reoccupied three weeks later.

Monday's attack was different.

The first tower, hit by an American Airlines Boeing 767 around 8:45 a.m.
EST, collapsed shortly after 10 a.m. The second tower, hit by a United
Airlines Boeing 767 shortly after 9 a.m., collapsed around 10:30 a.m.

"Keep in mind, the building was hit with a projectile, moving hundreds of
miles an hour, filled with explosive - the fuel," said Melvin Ramsey, a
professor of structural engineering at the University of California, Davis. "That
can damage a building where it can no longer sustain itself."

Russell Turner, an officer of Cal-Neva Construction Services Inc. in
Sacramento, said that if the collapse of the twin towers resembled an
implosion, it probably was because the building was pulled down by its own
weight - a force used in demolition.

But the power that brought down the skyscraper was far greater than any
explosives ever used by demolition crews.

By the calculation of Block, the Stanford physicist, the energy packed by one
fully-fueled Boeing 767 jet is 40 times as great as the biggest non-atomic
bomb ever dropped by the United States.

Bee staff writer Stephen Magagnini contributed to this report.

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