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Click Here: <A HREF="http://nov55.com/athr.html";>Anthrax as a Biological
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Anthrax
As Disinformation
A Biologist's Perspective
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Anthrax
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About the Author
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Propaganda on biological weapons including anthrax originates in the dark
cellars of government for the purpose of swaying the public for increased
police powers. A terrorist threat is hyped or contrived, while military
research on contagious diseases is concealed.
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Disinformation in Media.
An example of the disinformation is an article in a news weekly which listed
each of the supposed terrorist weapons and the cost of producing them. For
$10-20,000, terrorists could supposedly kill hundreds of thousands of persons
with botulism toxin, anthrax, nerve gas, etc. "60 Minutes" had an expert who
said biological weapons could be produced in someone's back yard in a five
gallon bucket. They said anthrax spores released from a boat on the Hudson
River could kill four hundred thousand persons in New York City.
Anthrax is Trivial.
Here's the truth of the matter. Anthrax will never be used successfully as a
terrorist weapon, and probably never as a military weapon. It has to be
converted to spores suspended in the air, which is technically very
difficult; and the lethality is nowheres near the terror that it is made out
to be. It is not 100% lethal as often claimed. Wool sorters inhale anthrax
spores in small quantities continually (150-700 per hour), and only if they
get a large dose does an infection get started.
Only US and Russia can Weaponize it.
To use anthrax as a weapon, it must be converted to a powder which can be
inhaled. Only the US and Russian militaries have succeeded in doing that.
Even Iraq uses anthrax in liquid form, which is totally ineffective.
Humans are Seldom Affected.
Anthrax is a livestock pathogen. There are anthrax spores in the ground in
rural areas, because they survive for about twenty years. They normally have
no effect upon humans, because a few anthrax spores cannot create an
infection, and they do not come up from the ground in large quantities.
Cellular Limitations.
Anthrax is what's called a "gram positive" bacterium. This means it has the
type of cell walls which are harmless, unlike the cell walls of "gram
negative" bacteria, which attack tissue. Therefore, anthrax can only attack
tissue by producing a special toxin which it excretes. One cell or spore does
not produce enough toxin to start an infection.
Studies have apparently determined that, typically, ten thousand anthrax
spores must be inhaled to start an infection. That number might be someone's
guess, but it is in line with the biology of the disease. It is the number
which the military uses, and only the military has significantly researched
such questions. It uses gas chambers for animal tests.
Anthrax normally attacks the lungs, because it must lodge in vulnerable
tissue. It can invade through other routes such as cuts or undercooked meat,
but it only does so under third world conditions, and those routes are not
relevant to biowarfare.
Livestock eat from the ground, so they have their faces in the ground where
the spores are, and they can inhale ten thousand spores. How does anyone get
ten thousand spores into the lungs of humans?
Technical Obstacles to Weaponizing.
The first requirement would be to aerosolize the spores. The spores would
have to be converted to a dry powder, because a liquid would create globs
which would fall to the ground rather than staying suspended in the air.
To create a powder, the spores would first have to be washed several times in
an array of very large and expensive centrifuges. Then a drying apparatus
would have to be used; and it would require spraying a mist into a vacuum,
which is how powders are created from liquids. Otherwise, everything globs up
into hard rocks.
How do workers clean the equipment without getting spores everywhere? A
likely procedure would be to enclose the equipment in a pressure chamber and
steam sterilize it for several days. Such an operation costs hundreds of
millions of dollars, considering related facilities and development. Only
countries do that, not radical groups, and not in five gallon buckets.
It won't stay in the Air.
Even in powder form, the spores would fall to the ground rapidly in the
absence of wind. Anthrax is not adapted for airborne dissemination. It needs
to stay on the ground until inhaled by livestock. So it would not stay in the
air like mold spores but would fall out easily, about like flour. In the
presence of wind, the spores would be carried away rapidly and would not stay
in one place long enough for anyone to get more than a few inhaled.
Once the spores were on the ground, they would not affect humans
significantly, because they would not come up from the ground in large enough
quantities.
Foggers are Propaganda.
There is some talk about using liquids with fogging devices for dispersion of
biological agents such as anthrax. It's not realistic. First, there is no
mention of the purity that would be required to prevent globbing and plugging
of nozzles. At least, a lot of expensive centrifuging would be required to
remove debris.
Then agricultural spraying demonstrates that a mist drops rapidly to the
ground. It does that because air can only hold a small amount of water, which
causes sprays to precipitate.
Another problem is that spores would rapidly settle to the bottom of a liquid
and form a gum due to sticky cell debris and their tendency to clump.
A chemical mist is different, because chemicals vaporize, while cells do not.
Cells in a mist would clump together as the liquid vaporizes. To create free
spores would require very clean material, high dilution, ultra fine mist and
a vacuum for rapid evaporation. Foggers can't do the same thing.
For these reasons, anthrax would be difficult to use; and it could hardly
kill more than a few hundred persons under the most ideal conditions, not the
hundreds of thousands which are claimed. On top of that, antibiotics are
effective for it during the early stage of the illness. It is not contagious
for humans.
Glib Journalism is Unrealistic.
Innumerable journalists have been insisting that anthrax can be produced in a
simple laboratory with little expertise. To the contrary, no countries but
the U.S. and Russia can convert anthrax to a usable weapon. Iraq cannot.
Consider what the journalists fail to recognize. Growing a large quantity of
anthrax would result in a fermenter full of slop which is extremely slimy and
viscous with large amounts of debris and metabolic products mixed with the
nutrient medium. That slop has to be washed and converted to a medium which
will induce spores to form. Much research and knowledge would be required to
get a reasonable yield of spores. Then the cells would have to be fragmented
with something like a blender to get the spores out of the cells. Then much
differential centrifugation would be required to separate the spores from the
debris. Then spray drying of spores in a vacuum would be required.
Accomplishing all of that would require several Ph.Ds. and much developmental
type research in addition to expensive equipment and a very large building.
It isn't a matter of growing something in a kettle and pouring it into a
rocket, as journalists and weapons inspectors seem to be assuming.
Grinding is Another Absurdity.
The latest contrivance is that terrorists might weaponize anthrax by drying a
slurry and grinding it to particles 1-5 microns in size. (The bacteria are 1
by 3 microns.)
The first problem is that the gunk would dry like glue; and after grinding,
it would still be glue. Even if it were washed first, the bacteria would be
sticky and would dry like glue.
The second problem is that bacteria do not tolerate grinding. They are as
fragile as egg shells. Grinding is how they are broken apart for biochemical
tests. Even if only 1% were broken, the result would be a sticky gum, not a
powder; and more like 99% would be broken before getting 5 micron particles.
Journalists keep mentioning how many anthrax spores can be gotten onto the
head of a pin. It's not a question of how many can be gotten onto the head of
a pin but how many can be gotten into someone's lungs.
Planes cannot Dust a City.
A scenario which is often mentioned is that someone might use a plane to dust
a large city with anthrax during the night. It's unrealistic. First, no one
in buildings would be harmed by anthrax. The few spores that entered
buildings would settle on surfaces, and few would enter the air, and even
fewer would be inhaled. At most, someone might inhale a few dozen spores per
hour. That's not the ten thousand that are needed.
Secondly, anthrax spores would not diffuse uniformly through the air like a
gas. They will either drop too fast or blow away. A few dozen persons might
be killed, but that's not the terror that is being hyped in the media. And
more than anything, nobody is producing the spores in powder form but the
U.S. and Russia.
Journalists seem to assume that an anthrax cell anywhere will kill someone
someplace. Putting words alongside each other on a page is not the same thing
as getting cells into humans on the ground. There are millions of square
miles of space on the ground which do not show up with the words.
Iraq did not Weaponize Anthrax.
Saddam Hussein is said to have produced anthrax. If so, the reason is because
it is stable and easy to handle, not because it is effective when used. Iraq
is unsophisticated to a point of ineptness in its approach to biological
weapons.
It is said that Iraq uses anthrax in liquid form and puts it in missiles in
liquid form. In liquid form, anthrax is almost as safe as cotton candy.
Therefore, Iraq poses no anthrax threat.
In fact, military and UN inspectors only found two Iraqi warheads with
anthrax in them (in liquid form). If Iraq had anthrax in an effective form,
it would have had it in hundreds of warheads, as they did with nerve gas. So
Iraq knew its anthrax was useless.
For about a billion dollars, Iraq could probably get enough experts together
to develop anthrax as a weapon. But the reason why it doesn't is that
researchers already know that anthrax would be next to worthless after it was
developed.
The Whole Concept is Flawed.
Biological warfare is a flawed concept. The only route usually considered is
airborne, because bombs and missiles create the delivery system. There is no
disease in existence which is propagated in that manner. Even the airborne
diseases require close contact with the source. The reason is because wind
disperses the agents too thinly, and gravity brings them down too rapidly.
Increasing the quantities massively will get a few persons, but only a few.
And then, very few of the diseases which are mentioned as biowarfare agents
are suitable for airborne dissemination. Brucellosis is not. It is
disseminated through body fluids. Plague is not. It is carried by insects
from the blood of one animal to another. The insects do not pick it up from
the ground.
Motives Taylor the Truth at every Level.
Biowarfare is promoted through a combination of ignorance and propaganda. The
researchers, who should know better and often do, are getting paid to produce
the agents, so they do not want to admit the futility of it. The
nonresearchers cannot realistically evaluate the claims, and they have
propaganda motives. They want to militarize society, and scare tactics go a
long ways in that direction.
The point here is not that large countries cannot make a lot of persons
miserable with biological weapons. It's that the small countries and
terrorists cannot do so on their own; and it cannot be done on a large scale
and in some magical way as described in the media.
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Recent Events.
Numerous persons have asked me how I interpret recent events. I think recent
events substantiate my statements to the nth degree. Only half a dozen
persons have been stricken by anthrax instead of the millions which
authorities were predicting upon a terrorist attack. It shows that anthrax is
almost impossible to use effectively.
The terrorists may have succeeded in creating a lot of fear, but for
casualties, guns would have been more effective
The field tests of white powders are not credible. Anthrax powder is gray or
brown, not white.
Some persons are claiming that maybe the terrorists have limited motives at
this time, such as scaring people or testing their wares. Not hardly. They
threw everything they could at the World Trade Center and went for body
count. Why didn't they just fly by and scare people first?
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CIA is Cause of Anthrax Incidents.
There is no source for powdered anthrax besides the US and Russian
militaries. The strain was said to be domestic, meaning not Russian. And the
incidents follow the CIA style.
Details
New Information
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How to Create Anthrax Vaccine.
Vaccines are created with nineteenth century procedures, and they are
hazardous to health for that reason.
How To
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Stepped up CIA Attack.
The CIA has been harassing me for three years because of my bioweapons
website. They recently stepped up the attack. It includes spam (They have
their own type of spam.) and trying to destroy my computer with viruses,
which they haven't succeeded in doing.
A year ago they tried to kill me by putting a chemical in my food which
creates heart attacks. They entered my house while I was gone, and they would
siphon off organic food which I ordered by mail. They would send it to their
home base to put chemicals in it. It would come back two weeks later, half
mutilated and containing the chemical.
I removed my email address from my website (besides changing email addresses
every few days) because of the CIA attack, and I'm wondering if they are
going to make another attempt to kill me.
Gary Novak
Independent Mushroom Physiologist
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Amen.
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