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t/supreme_court.cfm+Santa+Clara+Co.+v.+Southern+Pacific+Railroad&hl=en Gilder Lehrman Home Hypertext History Historical Glossaries Annotated Documents Great Debates Contemporary Controversies Ethnic America Hollywood's America Private Life Interactive Exercises Annotated Links Classroom Handouts Links to Historic Supreme Court Decisions Ordered by date Case Hylton v. United States Date 1796 Annotation For the first time the Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of a Congressional act. Key Words Judicial Review URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Marbury v. Madison Date 1803 Annotation For the first time, the Supreme Court declares an act of Congress unconstitutional, declaring, �A law repugnant to the Constitution is void.� The court does not strike down another federal law until the Dred Scott decision in 1857. Key Words Judicial Review URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Martin v. Hunter's Lessee Date 1816 Annotation The Supreme Court asserts its right to review decisions of state courts. Key Words Judicial Review URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Dartmouth v. Woodward Date 1819 Annotation The Supreme Court declares that a charter to a private corporation is a contract and that a state government cannot impair a contract by unilateral action. Key Words Sanctity of Contracts URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case McCullough v. Maryland Date 1819 Annotation The Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States and endorses a loose interpretation of the constitution. �Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist[ent] with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional.� Key Words Federal Supremacy, Banking, Congressional Powers URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Gibbons v. Ogden Date 1824 Annotation The Supreme Court invalidates a monopoly granted by New York State for the operation of steamboats on state waters on the grounds that it conflicts with congressional power under the Constitution�s commerce clause. The court establishes the principle that when federal and state laws conflict, federal law is supreme. Key Words Commerce URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Date 1831 Annotation The Supreme Court refuses to issue an injunction against the state of Georgia after it declares the laws of the Cherokee nation null and void. The court rules that it lacks jurisdiction because the Cherokee comprise a �domestic dependent� nation rather than a foreign state. Key Words Native Americans URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Worcester v. Georgia Date 1832 Annotation The Supreme Court declares a Georgia law requiring white residents in Cherokee territory to obtain a license from the governor unconstitutional since it conflicts with a federal treaty. President Andrew Jackson is reported to have said: �John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!� Key Words Native Americans URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Barron v. Baltimore Date 1833 Annotation The Supreme Court rules that the Bill of Rights was intended to protect individuals against infringement of their rights by federal government and that the guarantees were not binding upon state governments. Key Words Bill of Rights URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge Date 1837 Annotation The Charles River Bridge Company contended that under a charter granted by the Massachusetts legislature, it had a right to be free from competition. The Supreme Court rules that rights granted in a legislative charter should be construed narrowly and any ambiguity should be interpreted in the public interest. Key Words Commerce URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Amistad Date 1841 Annotation The Supreme Court frees Africans, who had been enslaved in violation of Spanish law, and who had revolted while being transported in a Spanish ship while in Cuba, a Spanish colony. Key Words Slavery, Slave Trade URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Prigg v. Pennsylvania Date 1842 Annotation The Supreme Court invalidated Pennsylvania�s �personal liberty� law which forbid the seize and removal of fugitive slaves from the state. But the court also declared that state authorities were under no obligation to assist in the return of runaway slaves to their owners. Key Words Slavery, Fugitive Slaves URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case License Cases Date 1847 Annotation The Supreme Court upholds Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island laws restricting and taxing the sale of alcoholic beverages even though the tax impinges on interstate commerce. Key Words Alcohol URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Luther v. Borden Date 1849 Annotation In a case involving armed rebellion in Rhode Island, the court rules that Congress has the power to determine which is the lawful government in the state and that this decision cannot be reviewed by the courts. Key Words Armed Rebellion, Representation URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Passenger Cases Date 1849 Annotation By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court invalidates a head tax imposed by Massachusetts and New York on immigrants entering the states on the ground that the federal government had exclusive authority to regulate foreign commerce. Key Words Immigration URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Dred Scott v. Sandford Date 1857 Annotation The Supreme Court rules that African Americans, slave or free, were not citizens of the United States and were not entitled to sue in federal court. It also rules that a slave�s residence in a free state or territory does not make him free upon his return to a slave state. It further rules that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional since a state could not deprive people of their property without due process of law. Key Words Slavery, Discrimination URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Abelman v. Booth Date 1859 Annotation After the Wisconsin Supreme Court freed an abolitionist who had been convicted of violating the Fugitive Slave Act, the Supreme Court denies the right of state courts to interfere in federal cases. Key Words Slavery, Federal Supremacy, Fugitive Slaves URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Ex Parte Merryman Date 1861 Annotation After a Baltimore secessionist was arrested by military authorities, Chief justice Roger Taney issued a writ of habeas corpus, which was rejected by the military commander. Taney cited the commander for contempt and denied that the president had the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. Key Words Civil War, Martial Law URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Prize Cases Date 1863 Annotation The Supreme Court upholds the legality of President Abraham Lincoln�s blockade of Confederate ports, ruling that it was legal for the Union to seize neutral shipping. Key Words Civil War, Blockade, Commerce URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Ex Parte Vallandigham Date 1864 Annotation After a civilian was arrested and tried by a military commission, the Supreme Court refused to review a petition for a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that it did not have the authority to review the proceedings of a military commission. Key Words Civil War, Martial Law URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Ex Parte Milligan Date 1866 Annotation The Supreme Court declares military courts unconstitutional in areas where the civil courts are in operation. The majority opinion says that the Constitution applies �equally in war and in peace, and covers with the shield of its protection all classes of men, at all times, and under all circumstances.� Key Words Martial Law URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Ex Parte Garland Date 1867 Annotation By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court declares federal and state loyalty oaths, barring ex-Confederates from pursuing their occupations, unconstitutional, since they violate the Constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws and bills of attainder. Key Words Reconstruction, Loyalty Oaths URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Cummings v. Missouri Date 1867 Annotation By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court declares federal and state loyalty oaths, barring ex-Confederates from pursuing their occupations, unconstitutional, since they violate the Constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws and bills of attainder. Key Words Reconstruction, Loyalty Oaths URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Veazie Bank v. Fenno Date 1869 Annotation A majority of the court upholds a federal tax on state bank notes that was intended to eliminate state-chartered banks and promote a national banking system on the grounds that Congress had the power to provide for a sound currency. Key Words Taxation URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Collector v. Day Date 1871 Annotation By an 8-1 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not tax the income of a state official. This decision was not overturned until 1939. Key Words Taxation, Intergovernmental Relations URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Slaughterhouse Cases Date 1873 Annotation In its first decision involving the 14th Amendment, the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment applied only to federal, and not state, violations of the privileges and immunities of U.S. citizens. It also held that the amendment�s equal protection clause applied only to state laws discriminating against African Americans. Key Words 14th Amendment URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Munn v. Illinois Date 1877 Annotation the court upholds an Illinois law setting maximum rates for grain storage, arguing that this represented a legitimate exercise of the state�s power to regulate businesses that involved the public interest. Key Words Regulation URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Strauder v. West Virginia Date 1879 Annotation The court rules that the 14th Amendment prohibits states from excluding people from juries on account of race. Key Words 14th Amendment, Juries, Discrimination URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Ex Parte Virginia Date 1879 Annotation The court rules that the 14th Amendment prohibits states from excluding people from juries on account of race. Key Words 14th Amendment, Juries, Discrimination URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Springer v. United States Date 1881 Annotation The court upholds the federal income tax adopted during the Civil War. Key Words Taxation URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Civil Rights Cases Date 1883 Annotation The Supreme Court strikes down the provisions of the 1875 Civil Rights Act that entitle all people to equal enjoyment of public accommodations and privileges on the ground that the 14th Amendment was intended to prevent wrongful acts by states and did not apply to the acts of individuals. Key Words Civil Rights, Discrimination URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Ex Parte Yarbrough Date 1884 Annotation The Supreme Court holds Congress� authority to make it illegal for individuals to interfere with the right of a citizen to vote in a federal election. Key Words Voting Rights URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Santa Clara Co. v. Southern Pacific R.R. Co. Date 1886 Annotation The Supreme Court extends the protections of due process to corporations. Key Words 14th Amendment, Due Process, Corporations URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific R.R. v. Illinois Date 1886 Annotation The court strikes down an Illinois law regulating transportation contracts, ruling that it infringed on Congress� exclusive control over interstate commerce. Key Words Commerce, Federal Supremacy URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Yick Wo v. Hopkins Date 1886 Annotation The Supreme Court invalidated a San Francisco ordinance that prohibited operating a laundry in a wooden building without the permission of the Board of Supervisors because the ordinance was administered in a manner that discriminated against Chinese immigrants. This was the first time that the court struck down a law that was not discriminatory on its face but which was applied in a discriminatory fashion. Key Words Civil Rights, Discrimination URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Louis R.R. v. Minnesota Date 1890 Annotation The court invalidates a Minnesota law that establishes a commission to set rates for railroads and warehouses because it does not allow parties to appeal decisions to the courts. Key Words Railroads, Regulation, Commerce URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. Date 1895 Annotation In an 8-1 decision, the court rules that the Sherman Anti-Trust Act does not apply to manufacturers located within a single state. Key Words Antitrust URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Pollock v. Farmers� Loan and Trust Co. Date 1895 Annotation By a 6-2 vote, the court rules that a federal tax on income from municipal bonds was invalid, since a municipality was created by a state. At a rehearing, the court, by a 5-4 vote, rules that a federal income tax, established by the Wilson-Gorham Tariff Act of 1894, violated the Constitutional prohibition against direct taxes. Key Words Taxation URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case In Re Debs Date 1895 Annotation The Supreme Court denied a writ of habeas corpus to Eugene Debs, president of the American Railroad Union, after he was cited for contempt for violating an injunction against the Pullman Strike. The court ruled that the strike interfered with the federal responsibility to transport the mails and its authority over interstate commerce Key Words Habeas Corpus, Unions URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Plessy v. Ferguson Date 1896 Annotation By a vote of 8-1, the court ruled that a Louisiana law requiring African Americans and whites to use separate railroad cars did not deprive African Americans of equal protection under the 14th Amendment. The ruling gives judicial sanction to the doctrine of �separate but equal.� Key Words Civil Rights, Discrimination URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case U.S. v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association Date 1897 Annotation By a 5-4 vote, the court rules that an association of 18 railroads that set railroad rates violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Key Words Commerce, Antitrust, Regulation URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Smyth v. Ames Date 1898 Annotation The court overturns a Nebraska act setting railroad rates, ruling that rates must be reasonable and provide companies with a fair return on their property. Key Words Railroads, Regulation, Commerce URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Williams v. Mississippi Date 1898 Annotation The Supreme Court rules that literacy tests and poll taxes do not violate the 15th Amendment. Key Words Civil Rights, Voting Rights, Discrimination URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Holden v. Hardy Date 1898 Annotation By a 7-2 vote, the court upheld a Utah Law that set maximum work hours in mining, ruling that this was a reasonable exercise of the state�s police functions. This decision provided a precedent for later efforts by states to regulate working conditions. Key Words Regulation, Labor URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Downes v. Bidwell Date 1901 Annotation In a ruling involving the status of Puerto Rico, the court held that the Constitution and all the privileges of citizenship did not apply to the people of an annexed territory. Key Words Puerto Rico URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case De Lima v. Bidwell Date 1901 Annotation By a 5-4 vote the court ruled that Puerto Rico was no longer a foreign nation after the Spanish-American War. Key Words Puerto Rico URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Champion v. Ames Date 1903 Annotation By a 5-4 vote, the court upheld a federal law prohibiting the states from sending lottery tickets through the mails. Key Words Lotteries URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Northern Securities Co. v. United States Date 1904 Annotation Upheld a government suit against a railroad holding company, ruling that an illegal combination in restraint of interstate commerce violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Key Words Railroads, Antitrust URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Lochner v. New York Date 1905 Annotation The Supreme Court struck down a state law setting a 10-hour day for bakery workers because it interfered with the protection of liberty guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. This decision barred states from interfering with an employee�s right to contract with an employer. In a dissent, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote: �The 14th Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer�s Social Statics.� Key Words Labor, Regulation URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Swift v. United States Date 1905 Annotation The court unanimously upheld the federal government�s prosecution of the �Beef Trust� under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Key Words Antitrust URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Adair v. United States Date 1908 Annotation By a 6-2 vote, the court struck down a provision of the 1898 Erdman Act that prohibited railroads from requiring workers to agree not to join a labor union. Key Words Labor, Unions, Railroads URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Muller v. Oregon Date 1908 Annotation The court upheld an Oregon law setting maximum hours for women workers. The state�s attorney, Louis Brandeis, submitted the �Brandeis Brief,� which included statistical, sociological, and economic data as well as legal arguments. Key Words Labor, Regulation, Women URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Loewe v. Lawler Date 1908 Annotation The court unanimously ruled that a secondary boycott by a labor union was an illegal conspiracy in restraint of trade and violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Key Words Labor, Unions URL Web site ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Case Standard Oil of N.J. v. United States Date 1911 ----- Aloha, He'Ping, Om, Shalom, Salaam. Em Hotep, Peace Be, All My Relations. Omnia Bona Bonis, Adieu, Adios, Aloha. Amen. Roads End <A HREF="http://www.ctrl.org/";>www.ctrl.org</A> DECLARATION & DISCLAIMER ========== CTRL is a discussion & informational exchange list. Proselytizing propagandic screeds are unwelcomed. Substance�not soap-boxing�please! 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