-Caveat Lector-
From
http://history1900s.about.com/library/holocaust/aa080299.htm?iam=dpile
&terms=weizmann
}}}>Begin
The Balfour Declaration
There is a legend surrounding the Balfour Declaration, a document
that unequivocally stated that Great Britain would support a home in
Palestine for the Jewish people. According to the legend, Chaim
Weizmann invented TNT during the First World War for the British and
in return, the British issued the Balfour Declaration. Though this
isn't completely true, it does have a basis in fact.
It was Weizmann's fermentation process which allowed the production
of large quantities of the volatile, liquid acetone(important for
arms production) that brought him to the attention of David Lloyd
George, minister of ammunitions, and Arthur James Balfour, previously
the British prime minister but at this time first lord of the
admiralty.
"near the end of his days, he said to me [that] . . he felt what he
had been able to do for the Jews had been the thing he looked back
upon as the most worth doing.�
Lady Dugdale, Balfour's niece
(Balfour had been both Britain's prime minister and foreign
secretary)
Only a year later, in 1916, Lloyd George became prime minister and
Balfour was transferred to the Foreign Office.
Weizmann and Zionist leaders such as Nahum Sokolow were an important
influence in negotiating the Balfour Declaration.
Though Balfour, himself, was in favor of a Jewish state, Great
Britain favored the declaration as an act of policy in order to gain
support from world Jewry and to gain a strategic geopolitical point
in the Mediterranean.
Though the Balfour Declaration went through several drafts, the final
version was issued on November 2, 1917, in a letter from Balfour to
Lord Rothschild, president of the British Zionist Federation.
Foreign Office,
November 2nd, 1917.
Dear Lord Rothschild,
I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His
Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with
Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved
by, the Cabinet.
"[sic] His Majesty's Government view with favour the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people,
and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of
this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done
which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-
Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status
enjoyed by Jews in any other country". [sic]
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the
knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
[signed]
Arthur James Balfour
This declaration was accepted by the League of Nations on July 24,
1922 and embodied in the mandate which gave Great Britain temporary
administrative control of Palestine.
In 1939, Great Britain reneged on the Balfour Declaration by issuing
the White Paper which stated that creating a Jewish state was no
longer a British policy. It was also Great Britain's change in policy
toward Palestine, especially in the White Paper, that disallowed
millions of European Jews unable to escape from Nazi-occupied Europe
to Palestine.
End<{{{
From
http://history1900s.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.j
ajz%2Ded.org.il/100/people/bios/weiz.html
}}}>Begin
Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952)
Scientist, president of the World Zionist Organization (WZO), and
first President of the State of Israel.
Born in the village of Motol, near Pinsk, in the Russian Pale of
Settlement, one of 15 children of a timber merchant where he attended
a traditional heder; at the age of 11, he entered high school in
Pinsk. Weizmann went on to study chemistry at the Polytechnic
Institute of Darmstaat, Germany, and at the University of Freiburg,
Switzerland, where, in 1899, he was awarded a doctorate with honors.
In 1901, he was appointed assistant lecturer at the University of
Geneva and, in 1904, senior lecturer at the University of Manchester.
Weizmann_s first Zionist steps began at an early age, and from the
second Zionist Congress onwards, he was a prominent figure in the
Zionist Movement. In 1901, he helped found the Democratic Fraction
within the Zionist movement (see Zionist Congresses*). At the 6th
Congress, in Basle in 1903, he voted against the Uganda Scheme (see
Zionist Congresses). At the 8th Congress in 1907, Weizmann's position
on "Synthetic Zionism" was adopted.
Weizmann's greater moments were during World War I. As a chemist, he
helped the British war effort, developing a new method for
manufacture of acetone. As a fervent Zionist, he was busy on the
diplomatic front, trying to bring the cause of a Jewish state closer
to British politicians and journalists. Weizmann_s efforts culminated
in the Balfour Declaration* on November 2, 1917.
In 1918, he went to Palestine as head of the Zionist Commission to
study conditions and make recommendations to the British authorities.
During this time, he laid the foundations of the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem. Seven years later (April 1925), he was to take part in the
official opening of the institution. In June 1918, he traveled to
Aqaba to enlist the support of Emir Feisal - leader of Arab
Nationalism - for Jewish development work in Palestine (see Struggle
and Defense, The Arab - Israeli Conflict). At the London Zionist
Conference of 1920, he was elected President of WZO. He held that
office, as well as the presidency of the Jewish Agency from 1929 on,
until 1931, and again from 1935 until 1946.
In 1922, Weizmann reluctantly accepted the Churchill White Paper of
1922*. After the Passfield White Paper of 1930*, he angrily resigned
his office, returning to presidency of WZO only after British Prime
Minister MacDonald sent him a letter in which he renewed Great
Britain commitments to the Jewish National Home.
In 1931, Weizmann was not reelected to office (see Zionist
Congresses, the 17th Congress). Over the next four years, he devoted
his energies to his scientific work while continuing his endeavors on
behalf of Zionism. He undertook fund-raising trips to the United
States and South Africa, and threw himself into the work of rescuing
Jewish refugees. In the early 1930's, he laid the foundations of the
Daniel Sieff Institute at Rehovot*, renamed the Weizmann Institue of
Science in 1949; in 1937, he made his home in Rehovot. In 1935,
Weizmann returned to presidency of the WZO. In 1936, he presented the
Zionist cause before the Peel Commission*. In 1939, he bitterly
attaacked the White Paper of 1939*. During World War II, Weizmann
pressed the British government to organize a Jewish fighting force
(see Struggle and Defense, The Jewish Brigade), and went to the US to
help in the preparation of synthetic rubber. After the war, when the
Labor Party assumed power and failed to keep its pre-election promise
to adopt a pro-Zionist policy, Weizmann's position as leader of the
Zionist Movement came to an end. The 22nd Zionist Congress, in 1946,
did not reelect him to the presidency.
Although Weizmann no longer held an official position in the Zionist
Movement, he continued as principal spokesman of the Jewish national
cause. In 1947, he appeared before the United Nations Special
Committee of Palestine. Later that year, he made an unforgettable
appeal at the UN General Assembly, in New York. In the next few
months he was destined to be the primary architect of two
achievements: the inclusion of the Negev in the United Nations' plan
for a Jewish state; and the recognition of Israel by the United
States.
In May 17, 1948, Chaim Weizmann was elected President of the
Provisional Council and on February 16 1949, was inaugurated as the
first President of the State of Israel. Weizmann died on November 9
1952, after a long and painful illness. His grave was situated, at
his own wish, in the garden of his home in Rehovot. Weizmann was
survived by his wife Vera, and by his elder son Benyamin. His younger
son, Michael, was killed in air action during World War II. His
writings include an autobiography, "Trial and Error" (1949), which
has been translated into several languages.
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