-Caveat Lector-
From
1-http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/wise.html
2-http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/History/nili.html
3-http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Brandeis.html
1-}}}>Begin
Stephen S. Wise
(1874 1949)
Stephen S. Wise was born in Budapest in 1874 but as a child emigrated
to New York where he received his Jewish and secular education. He
was ordained as a rabbi in the new Jewish Theological Seminary and
went on to become a Reform rabbi. However, unlike most Reform rabbis
and congregants at that time, Wise was a Zionist. He attended the
Second Zionist Congress in 1898 and was elected to the General
Actions Committee. However, his disappointment with the movement's
attitude to the North American Jewish scene led him to withdraw from
active involvement.
In 1914, when Louis Brandeis headed of the American Zionist movement,
Wise became his key lieutenant. Two years later, he became
Chairperson of the Provisional Executive Committee for General
Zionist Affairs and was instrumental in influencing President Woodrow
Wilson to support the Balfour Declaration.
In 1925, Wise became Chairperson of the United EretzIsrael Appeal
whilst he continued his efforts to win the Reform movement around to
a proZionist stance. With the rise to power of the Hitler regime,
Wise took the position that public opinion in the United States and
elsewhere should be rallied against the Nazis. He, along with Leo
Motzkin, encouraged the creation of the World Jewish Congress in
order to create a broader representative body to fight Nazism. He
used his influence with President Roosevelt both in this area as well
as on the EretzIsrael question.
During the war years, Wise was elected cochairperson of the American
Zionist Emergency Council but due to differences with Abba
HillelSilver and the growing militancy of the Zionist movement, Wise
found himself increasingly isolated. He was, appointed special
representative of the Jewish Agency to the United Nations Conference
in San Francisco in 1945 and testified before the AngloAmerican
Commission in 1946. At the 22nd Zionist congress Wise supported his
old ally Chaim Weizmann, but he too was in decline. Stephen Wise died
in New York in 1949.
Source: The Jewish Agency for Israel and The World Zionist
Organization.
End<{{{
2-}}}>Begin
Nili
Secret, pro-British spying organization, which operated under Turkish
rule in Palestine during World War I, under the leadership of the
agronomist Aaron Aaronsohn. An acronym for the Hebrew verse �Netzah
Yisrael Lo Yeshaker��the strength of Israel will not lie (I Sam.
15:29), which served as its password.
Nili was founded by a number of Jews in the moshavot who believed
that the future of the Jews depended on Palestine (Eretz Yisrael)
being taken over by Britain. In February 1917, contact was first
established between the espionage center in Atlit and British
intelligence in Cairo. The connections were maintained by sea for
several months and the British received useful information collected
by the group.
In September 1917, the Turks caught a carrier pigeon sent from Atlit
to Egypt with clear proof of espionage within the Jewish population.
The leadership of the Yishuv and the Ha-Shomer organization
dissociated itself from Nili's actions. One of the group, Na'aman
Belkind, was captured by the Turks. The network was later uncovered
by the Turkish police and in October 1917, Turkish soldiers
surrounded the moshava Zikhron Ya'akov and arrested numerous people,
including Aaronsohn's sister, Sarah Aaronsohn, who committed suicide
after four days of torture.
The prisoners were incarcerated in Damascus. Lishansky and Belkind
were sentenced to death. With Aaron Aaronsohn's death in an air
accident on May 1919, the group finally broke up.
Source: Joint Authority for Jewish Zionist Education.
End<{{{
3-}}}>Begin
Louis D. Brandeis
(1856-1941)
Louis Brandeis was born in Louisville, Kentucky in 1856 to a family
tolerant of Jewish and Christian rituals. In later life Brandeis
might be best described as a secularhumanist. Although he completed
his secondary education in Germany, he returned to the United States
where he studied law at Harvard. After settling in Boston, Brandeis
became a successful lawyer spending a good deal of his time pursuing
cases with a political bent. In particular, he enjoyed representing
small companies against giant corporations, and aiding the cause of
the minimum wage against companies opposed to this principle. In
1912, he supported Woodrow Wilson's nomination for Presidency and in
1916, was appointed a Supreme Court judge, the first Jew ever to be
appointed to this position.
Brandeis showed little interest in Jewish affairs until the turn of
the century when a combination of his professional work and a
changing political climate brought about an alteration. He was
introduced to Zionism by Jacob de Haas, an English Zionist, and later
still by Aaron Aaronsohn, the Palestinian botanist and founder of
Nili.
Brandeis became active in Zionist affairs during the First World War,
when he accepted the role of Chairperson of the Provisional Executive
Committee for General Zionist Affairs. Brandeis had a major impact on
the American branch of the Zionist movement, drawing to it a number
of sympathizers, improving its organization and its finance.
Whilst he resigned his official position on joining the Supreme
Court, he nonetheless worked behind the scenes to influence President
Woodrow Wilson to support the Zionist cause. After the war, Brandeis
headed a delegation of American Zionists to London where at a
conference differences emerged between Chaim Weizmann and himself.
These arguments over the role of the organization and its pursuit of
political activities caused a rift between the two leaders with
Weizmann gaining the upper hand. Brandeis withdrew from Zionist
activity although he continued to take part in EretzIsrael economic
affairs. Brandeis did intervene from time to time in political
matters for example he appealed to Roosevelt to oppose the British
partition scheme of 1937 calling instead for the whole area of
EretzIsrael to become a Jewish National Home.
Brandeis represented a rather different genre of Zionism, one born
out of the American context that affirmed Zionism as part of American
ethnic identity. It was Brandeis who coined the term that "to be a
good American meant that local Jews should be Zionists."
He died in Washington, D.C. in 1941.
Source: The Jewish Agency for Israel and The World Zionist
Organization.
End<{{{
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