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}}}>Begin
Lenni Brenner
Zionism in the Age of the Dictators
26. The Stern Gang
Until Begin�s election victory in l977, most pro-Zionist historians
dismissed Revisionism as the fanatic fringe of Zionism; certainly the
more extreme �Stern Gang�, as their enemies called Avraham Stern�s
Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, were looked upon as of more
interest to the psychiatrist than the political scientist. However,
opinion toward Begin had to change when he came to power, and when he
eventually appointed Yitzhak Shamir as his Foreign Minister it was
quietly received, although Shamir had been operations commander of
the Stern Gang.
�The historical Jewish state on a national and totalitarian basis�
On the night of 31 August/1 September l939 the entire command of the Irgun, including
Stern, was arrested by the British CID. When he was released, in June 1940, Stern
found an entirely new political constellation. Jaboti
nsky had called off all military operations against the British for the duration of
the war. Stern himself was willing to ally himself with the British so long as London
would recognise the sovereignty of a Jewish state o
n both sides of the River Jordan. Until then, the anti-British struggle would have to
continue. Jabotinsky knew that nothing would make Britain give the Jews a state in
1940, and he saw the creation of another Jewish Legi
on with the British Army to be the main task. The two orientations were incompatible
and by September 1940 the Irgun was hopelessly split: the majority of both the command
and the ranks followed Stern out of the Revisioni
st movement. At birth the new group was at its greatest strength for, as Stern�s
policies became clearer, the ranks started drifting back into the Irgun or joined the
British Army. Stern or �Yair�, as he now called himsel
f, (after Eleazer ben Yair, the commander at Masada during the revolt against Rome)
began to define his full objectives. His 18 principles included a Jewish state with
its borders as defined in Genesis 15:18 �from the bro
ok of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates,� a �population exchange�, a
euphemism for the expulsion of the Arabs and, finally, the building of a Third Temple
of Jerusalem. [1 ]The Stern Group was at this time a b
are majority of the military wing of Revisionism but by no means representative of the
middle class Jews of Palestine who had backed Jabotinsky. Still less was the fanatic
call for a new temple attractive to ordinary Zion
ists. The war and its implications were on everyone�s mind and the Stern Gang began to
explain their unique position in a series of underground radio broadcasts.
There is a difference between a persecutor and an enemy. Persecutors have risen
against Israel in all generations and in all periods of our diaspora, starting with
Haman and ending with Hitler ... The source of all our wo
es is our remaining in exile, and the absence of a homeland and statehood. Therefore,
our enemy is the foreigner, the ruler of our land who blocks the return of the people
to it. The enemy are the British who conquered th
e land with our help and who remain here by our leave, and who have betrayed us and
placed our brethren in Europe in the hands of the persecutor. [2]
Stern turned away from any kind of struggle against Hitler and even began to fantasise
about sending a guerrilla group to India to help the nationalists there against
Britain. [3] He attacked the Revisionists for encourag
ing Palestinian Jews to join the British Army, where they would be treated as colonial
troops, �even to the point of not being allowed to use the washrooms reserved for
European soldiers�. [4] Stern�s single-minded belief
, that the only solution to the Jewish catastrophe in Europe was the end of British
domination of Palestine, had a logical conclusion. They could not defeat Britain with
their own puny forces, so they looked to her enemie
s for salvation. They came into contact with an Italian agent in Jerusalem, a Jew who
worked for the British police, and in September 1940 they drew up an agreement whereby
Mussolini would recognise a Zionist state in ret
urn for Sternist co-ordination with the Italian Army when the country was to be
invaded. [5] How seriously either Stern or the Italian agent took these discussions
has been debated. Stern feared that the agreement might b
e part of a British provocation. [6] As a precaution, Stern sent Naftali Lubentschik
to Beirut, which was still controlled by Vichy, to negotiate directly with the Axis.
Nothing is known of his dealings with either Vichy
or the Italians, but in January 1941 Lubentschik met two Germans � Rudolf Rosen and
Otto von Hentig, the philo-Zionist, who was then head of the Oriental Department of
the German Foreign Office. After the war a copy of th
e Stern proposal for an alliance between his movement and the Third Reich was
discovered in the files of the German Embassy in Turkey. The Ankara document called
itself a �Proposal of the National Military Organisation (I
rgun Zvai Leumi) Concerning the Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe and the
Participation of the NMO in the War on the side of Germany.� (The Ankara document is
dated 11 January 1941. At that point the Sternists sti
ll thought of themselves as the �real� Irgun, and it was only later that they adopted
the Fighters for the Freedom of Israel � Lohamei Herut Yisrael � appellation.) In it
the Stern group told the Nazis:
The evacuation of the Jewish masses from Europe is a precondition for solving the
Jewish question; but this can only be made possible and complete through the
settlement of these masses in the home of the Jewish people, P
alestine, and through the establishment of a Jewish state in its historical boundaries
... The NMO, which is well-acquainted with the goodwill of the German Reich government
and its authorities towards Zionist activity in
side Germany and towards Zionist emigration plans, is of the opinion that:
Common interests could exist between the establishment of a New Order in Europe in
conformity with the German concept, and the true national aspirations of the Jewish
people as they are embodied by the NMO.
Cooperation between the new Germany and a renewed volkish-national Hebrium would be
possible and
The establishment of the historical Jewish state on a national and totalitarian basis,
and bound by a treaty with the German Reich, would be in the interest of a maintained
and strengthened future German position of power
in the Near East.
Proceeding from these considerations, the NMO in Palestine, under the condition the
above-mentioned national aspirations of the Israeli freedom movement are recognised on
the side of the German Reich, offers to actively t
ake part in the war on Germany�s side. This offer by the NMO ... would be connected to
the military training and organising of Jewish manpower in Europe, under the
leadership and command of the NMO. These military units w
ould take part in the fight to conquer Palestine, should such a front be decided upon.
The indirect participation of the Israeli freedom movement in the New Order in Europe,
already in the preparatory stage, would be link
ed with a positive-radical solution of the European Jewish problem in conformity with
the above-mentioned national aspirations of the Jewish people. This would
extraordinarily strengthen the moral basis of the New Order i
n the eyes of all humanity.
The Sternists again emphasised: �The NMO is closely related to the totalitarian
movements of Europe in its ideology and structure.� [7] Lubentschik told von Hentig
that if the Nazis were politically unwilling to set up an
immediate Zionist state in Palestine, the Sternists would be willing to work
temporarily along the lines of the Madagascar Plan. The idea of Jewish colonies on the
island had been one of the more exotic notions of the Eu
ropean anti-Semites before the war, and with France�s defeat in 1940 the Germans
revived the idea as part of their vision of a German empire in Africa. Stern and his
movement had debated the Nazi Madagascar scheme and con
cluded that it should be supported, just as Herzl had initially backed the British
offer, in 1903, of a temporary Jewish colony in the Kenya Highlands. [8] There was no
German follow-up on these incredible propositions, b
ut the Sternists did not lose hope. In December 1941, after the British had taken
Lebanon, Stern sent Nathan Yalin-Mor to try to contact the Nazis in neutral Turkey,
but he was arrested en route. There were no further att
empts to contact the Nazis. The Stern plan was always unreal. One of the fundamentals
of the German-Italian alliance was that the eastern Mediterranean littoral was to be
included in the Italian sphere of influence. Furth
ermore, on 21 November 1941, Hitler met the Mufti and told him that although Germany
could not then openly call for the independence of any of the Arab possessions of the
British or French � out of a desire not to antagon
ise Vichy, which still ran North Africa � when the Germans overran the Caucasus, they
would swiftly move down to Palestine and destroy the Zionist settlement. There is
rather more substance to Stern�s own self-perception
as a totalitarian. By the late 1930s Stern became one of the ring-leaders of the
Revisionist malcontents who saw Jabotinsky as a liberal with moral reservations about
Irgun terror against the Arabs. Stern felt that the on
ly salvation for the Jews was to produce their own Zionist form of totalitarianism and
make a clean break with Britain which, in any case, had abandoned Zionism with the
1939 White Paper. He had seen the WZO make its own
accommodation with Nazism by means of the Ha�avara; he had seen Jabotinsky entangle
himself with Italy; and he personally had been intimately involved in the
Revisionists, dealings with the Polish anti-Semites. However, S
tern believed that all of these were only half-measures. Stern was one of the
Revisionists who felt that the Zionists, and the Jews, had betrayed Mussolini and not
the reverse. Zionism had to show the Axis that they were
serious, by coming into direct military conflict with Britain, so that the
totalitarians could see a potential military advantage in allying themselves with
Zionism. To win, Stern argued, they had to ally themselves with
the Fascists and Nazis alike: one could not deal with a Petliura or a Mussolini and
then draw back from a Hitler. Did Yitzhak Yzertinsky � Rabbi Shamir � to use his
underground nom de guerre, now the Foreign Minister of I
srael, know of his movement�s proposed confederation with Adolf Hitler? In recent
years the wartime activities of the Stern Gang have been thoroughly researched by one
of the youths who joined it in the post-war period, w
hen it was no longer pro-Nazi. Baruch Nadel is absolutely certain that
Yzertinsky-Shamir was fully aware of Stern�s plan: �They all knew about it.� [9] When
Shamir was appointed Foreign Minister, international opinion foc
used on the fact that Begin had selected the organiser of two famous assassinations:
the killing of Lord Moyne, the British Minister Resident for the Middle East, on 6
November 1944; and the slaying of Count Folke Bernado
tte, the UN�s special Mediator on Palestine, on 17 September 1948. Concern for his
terrorist past was allowed to obscure the more grotesque notion that a would-be ally
of Adolf Hitler could rise to the leadership of the Z
ionist state. When Begin appointed Shamir, and honoured Stern by having postage stamps
issued which bore his portrait, he did it with the full knowledge of their past. There
can be no better proof than this that the herit
age of Zionist collusion with the Fascists and the Nazis, and the philosophies
underlying it, carries through to contemporary Israel.
Top of the page
Notes
1. Geula Cohen, Woman of Violence, p.232.
2. Martin Sicker, Echoes of a Poet, American Zionist (February 1972), pp.32-3.
3. Chaviv Kanaan (in discussion), Germany and the Middle East 1835-1939, p.165.
4. Eri Jabotinsky, A Letter to the Editor, Zionews (27 March 1942),
p.11.
5. Izzy Cohen, Zionism and Anti-Semitism, (unpublished manuscript),
p. 3.
6. Author�s interview with Baruch Nadel, 17 February 1981.
7. Grundz�ge des Vorschlages der Nationalen Milit�rischen
Organisation in Pal�stina (Irgun Zwei Leumi) betreffend der L�sung
der j�dischen Frage Europas und der aktiven Teilnahme der NMO am
Kriege an der Seite Deutschlands, David Yisraeli, The Palestine
Problem in German Politics 1889-1945, Bar Ilan University (Ramat Gan,
Israel) (1974), pp.315-17.
8. Kanaan, Germany and the Middle East, pp.165-6.
9. Interview with Nadel.
Top of the page
Last updated on 4.8.2001
End<{{{
From
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}}}>Begin
[Stern Gang]
Fundamental Features of the Proposal of the National Military
Organization in Palestine (Irgun Zvai Leumi) Concerning
the Solution of the Jewish Question
in Europe and
the Participation of the NMO in the War
on the Side of Germany
(1941)
from Lenni Brenner: The Iron Wall, London 1984, pp.195-197.
Reposted here by permission
For the German original click here.
Transcribed and marked up by Einde O�Callaghan for REDS � Die Roten.
It is often stated in the speeches and utterances of the leading
statesmen of National Socialist Germany that a prerequisite of the
New Order in Europe requires the radical solution of the Jewish
question through evacuation (�Jew-free Europe�). The evacuation of
the Jewish masses from Europe is a precondition for solving the
Jewish question; but this can only be made possible and complete
through the settlement of these masses in the home of the Jewish
people, Palestine, and through the establishment of a Jewish state in
its historic boundaries. The solving in this manner of the Jewish
problem, thus bringing with it once and for all the liberation of the
Jewish people, is the objective of the political activity and the
years- long struggle of the Israeli freedom movement, the National
Military Organization (Irgun Zvai Leumi) in Palestine. The NMO, which
is well-acquainted with the goodwill of the German Reich government
and its authorities towards Zionist activity inside Germany and
towards Zionist emigration plans, is of the opinion that:
Common interests could exist between the establishment of a new order
in Europe in conformity with the German concept, and the true
national aspirations of the Jewish people as they are embodied by the
NMO.
Cooperation between the new Germany and a renewed folkish-national
Hebraium would be possible and,
The establishment of the historic Jewish state on a national and
totalitarian basis, bound by a treaty with the German Reich, would be
in the interest of a maintained and strengthened future German
position of power in the Near East.
Proceeding from these considerations, the NMO in Palestine, under the
condition the above-mentioned national aspirations of the Israeli
freedom movement are recognized on the side of the German Reich,
offers to actively lake part in the war on Germany�s side. This offer
by the NMO, covering activity in the military, political and
information fields, in Palestine and, according to our determined
preparations, outside Palestine, would be connected to the military
training and organizing of Jewish manpower in Europe, under the
leadership and command of the NMO. These military units would take
part in the fight to conquer Palestine, should such a front be
decided upon. The indirect participation of the Israeli freedom
movement in the New Order in Europe, already in the preparatory
stage, would be linked with a positive-radical solution of the
European Jewish problem in conformity with the above-mentioned
national aspirations of the Jewish people. This would extraordinarily
strengthen the moral basis of the New Order in the eyes of all
humanity. The cooperation of the Israeli freedom movement would also
be along the lines of one of the last speeches of the German Reich
Chancellor, in which Herr Hitler emphasized that he would utilize
every combination and coalition in order to isolate and defeat
England. A brief general view of the formation, essence, and activity
of the NMO in Palestine: The NMO developed partly out of the Jewish
self-defense in Palestine and the Revisionist movement (New Zionist
Organization), with which the NMO was loosely connected through the
person of Mr. V. Jabotinsky until his death. The pro-English attitude
of the Revisionist Organization in Palestine, which prevented the
renewal of the personal union, led in the autumn of this year to a
complete break between it and the NMO as well as to a thereupon
following split in the Revisionist
movement. The goal of the NMO is the establishment of the Jewish
state within its historic borders. The NMO, in contrast to all
Zionist trends, rejects colonizatory infiltration as the only means
of making accessible and gradually taking possession of the
fatherland and practices its slogan, the struggle and the sacrifice,
as the only true means for the conquest and liberation of Palestine.
On account of its militant
character and its anti-English disposition the NMO is forced, under
constant persecutions by the English administration, to exercise its
political activity and the military training of its members in
Palestine in secret. The NMO, whose terrorist activities began as
early as the autumn of the year 1936, became, after the publication
of the British White Papers, especially prominent in the summer of
1939 through successful intensification of its terroristic activity
and sabotage of English properly. At that lime these activities, as
well as daily secret radio broadcasts, were noticed and discussed by
virtually the entire world press. The NMO maintained independent
political offices in Warsaw, Paris. London and New York until the
beginning of the war. The office in Warsaw was mainly concerned with
the military organization and training of the national Zionist youth
and was closely connected with the Jewish masseswho, especially in
Poland, sustained and enthusiastically supported, in every manner,
the fight of the NMO in Palestine. Two newspapers were published in
Warsaw (The Deed and Liberated Jerusalem): these were organs of the
NMO. The office in Warsaw maintained close relations with the former
Polish government and those military circles, who brought greatest
sympathy and understanding towards the aims of the NMO. Thus, in the
year 1939 selected groups of NMO members were sent from Palestine to
Poland, where their military training was completed in barracks by
Polish officers. The negotiations, for the purpose of activating and
concertizing their aid, took place between the NMO and the Polish
government in Warsaw � the evidence of which can easily be found in
the archives of the former Polish government � were terminated
because of the beginning of the war. The NMO is closely related to
the totalitarian movements of Europe in its ideology and structure.
The fighting capacity of the NMO could never be paralyzed or
seriously weakened, neither through strong defensive measures by the
English administration and the Arabs, nor by those of the Jewish
socialists.
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Last updated on 4.8.2001
End<{{{
From
http://www.marxists.de/middleast/brenner/index.htm
>>>Entries below are cliquable linques at site<<<
}}}>Begin
Lenni Brenner
Zionism in the Age of the Dictators
A Reappraisal
(1983)
Lenni Brenner: Zionism in the Age of the Dictators.
Copyright � 1983 Lenni Brenner. All Rights Reserved. Reposted here by
permission
Zionism in the Age of the Dictators by Lenni Brenner is presented
online for personal use only.
No portions of this book may be reprinted, reposted or published
without written permission from the author.
Transcribed by Lenni Brenner.
Marked up by Einde O�Callaghan for REDS � Die Roten.
In lieu of a new introduction
Edward Mortimer: Contradiction, collusion and controversy
(A review from the London Times)
Preface
1. Zionism and Anti-Semitism Prior to the Holocaust
2. Blut und Boden (Blood and Soil): The Roots of Racist Zionism
3. German Zionism and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic
4. Zionism and Italian Fascism, 1922-1933
5. German Zionism Offers to Collaborate with Nazism
6. The Jewish Anti-Nazi Boycott and the Zionist-Nazi Trade Agreement
7. Hitler Looks at Zionism
8. Palestine � The Arabs, Zionists, British and Nazis
9. The World Jewish Congress
10. Zionist-Revisionism and Italian Fascism
11. Revisionism and Nazism
12. Georg Kareski, Hitler's Zionist Quisling Before Quisling
13. Choosing the Chosen People � The Doctrine of �Zionist Cruelty�
14. The World Zionist Organisation and Italian Fascism, 1933-1937
15. Austria and the �Gentile Friends of Zionism�
16. The Jewish Parties of Eastern Europe
17. Spain � The Nazis Fight, the Zionists Do Not
18. Zionism's Failure to Fight Nazism in the Liberal Democracies
19. Zionism and the Japanese East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
20. Poland, 1918-1939
21. Zionism in Holocaust Poland
22. Zionist Collusion with the Polish Government-in-Exile
23. Illegal Immigration
24. The Wartime Failure to Rescue
25. Hungary, the Crime Within a Crime
26. The Stern Gang
Appendix
Stern Gang: Proposal of Irgun Zvai Leumi
Concerning the Solution of the Jewish Question
and Participation in the War on the Side of Germany
(1941)
(The German original)
Glossary of Jewish and Zionist Organisations
Abbreviations
Top of the page
Last updated on 4.8.2001
End<{{{
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