-Caveat Lector- >>>The fact that many were "en-lightened" by the removal of their heads may have something or nothing to do with their places in history. A<>E<>R <<<
From http://www.factmonster.com/people.html }}}>Begin Print Now! this page was printed from Factmonster.com http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/ A0814630.html Encyclopedia Danton, Georges Jacques [zhOrzh zh�k d�Nt�N'] Pronunciation Key Danton, Georges Jacques , 1759�94, French statesman, one of the leading figures of the French Revolution. A Parisian lawyer, he became a leader of the Cordeliers early in the Revolution and gained popular favor through his powerful oratory. A member of the Commune of Paris, he helped set the stage for the Aug., 1792, attack on the Tuileries and the overthrow of the monarchy. In the new republic, he became minister of justice and virtual head of the Provisional Executive Council. A member of the Convention, the national assembly, he dominated the first Committee of Public Safety (Apr.�July, 1793), created by the Convention as the chief governing body of France. When France suffered military reverses, Danton began to advocate a conciliatory foreign policy. He was not included (July, 1793) in the new Committee of Public Safety, and he retired from the capital. He returned in November when financial scandals involving his friends were revealed. Perhaps to help them, he advocated relaxation of emergency measures, particularly the Reign of Terror, and attacked the dictatorship of the committee. Soon after the committee had eliminated the extremists under Jacques Ren� H�bert, it turned upon Danton and the �Indulgents� or moderates. On Mar. 30, 1794, Danton and his followers were charged with conspiracy to overthrow the government. The trial was a mockery, and Danton was guillotined. There has been much controversy as to his character, particularly between Alphonse Aulard, who defended him as a great patriot and statesman, and Albert Mathiez, who viewed him as a demagogue and a corrupt politician. See his Speeches (tr. 1928); biographies by L. Madelin (1914, in French), H. Wendel (tr. 1935), and N. Hampson (1978). Dante Alighieri Danube The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright � 1994, 2000, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. � 2001. The Learning Network Inc. All rights reserved End<{{{ }}}>Begin this page was printed from Factmonster.com http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/ A0815278.html Encyclopedia Desmoulins, Camille [k�mE'yu dAmOOlaN'] Pronunciation Key Desmoulins, Camille , 1760�94, French revolutionary and journalist. His oratory of July 12, 1789, contributed to the storming of the Bastille two days later. His pamphlets and journals, such as R�volutions de France et de Brabant (1789), were received with immense enthusiasm. Elected to the Convention (1792), he attacked the Girondists in the Histoire des Brissotins; but late in 1793, after the execution of Girondist leaders, Desmoulins, along with Georges Danton, counseled moderation, publishing the journal Le Vieux Cordelier. He was arrested with Danton and others and was executed. His beautiful wife, Lucile Duplessis, was guillotined shortly after. Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th earl of Desna The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright � 1994, 2000, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. � 2001. The Learning Network Inc. All rights reserved End<{{{ }}}>Begin this page was printed from Factmonster.com http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/ A0831701.html Encyclopedia Marat, Jean Paul [zh�N pOl m�r�'] Pronunciation Key Marat, Jean Paul , 1743�93, French revolutionary, b. Switzerland. He studied medicine in England, acquired some repute as a doctor in London and Paris, and wrote scientific and medical works (some in English), but was frustrated in his attempts to win official recognition for his work. His Philosophical Essay on Man (1773) was attacked by Voltaire for its extreme materialism. When the Revolution began (1789), he founded the journal L'Ami du peuple, in which he vented his bitter hatred and suspicion of all who were in power. Outlawed for his incendiary diatribes and calls for violence, he twice fled to England (in 1790 and the summer of 1791). He continued to publish his paper in secret and successfully attacked Jacques Necker, the marquis de Lafayette, the commune, the comte de Mirabeau, the �migr�s, and, finally, the king. Marat's inflammatory articles helped foment the Aug. 10, 1792, uprising and the September massacres (see French Revolution). In Aug., 1792, he was elected (1792) to the Convention. There he led the attack against the Girondists. He was stabbed to death (July 13) in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a royalist sympathizer. As a revolutionary martyr he was the subject of many tributes, most strikingly the famous death portrait of Jacques- Louis David. Selections from his writings have been published as Textes choisis (1945). See studies by L. R. Gottschalk (1967) and J. Censer, Prelude to Power (1976). Mara��n Marathas The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright � 1994, 2000, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. � 2001. The Learning Network Inc. All rights reserved End<{{{ }}}>Begin this page was printed from Factmonster.com http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/ A0842097.html Encyclopedia Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore [m�ksEmElyaN' m�rE' EzEd�r' r�bespyer'] Pronunciation Key Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore , 1758�94, one of the leading figures of the French Revolution. Sections in this article: Introduction Early Life Reign of Terror The Terror Ends Bibliography Early Life A poor youth, he was enabled to study law in Paris through a scholarship. He won admiration for his abilities, but his austerity and dedication isolated him from easy companionship. Returning to his native Arras, he practiced law and gained some reputation. He soon came under the influence of Jean Jacques Rousseau's theories of democracy and deism, and Robespierre's emphasis on virtue�which in his mind meant civic morality�later earned him the epithet �the Incorruptible.� Robespierre was elected to the States-General of 1789, and his influence in the Jacobin Club grew steadily until he became its leader (see Jacobins). In the National Constituent Assembly (June, 1789� Sept., 1791), he unsuccessfully championed democratic elections and successfully backed the law that made members of the Constituent Assembly ineligible to sit in the Legislative Assembly, which succeeded it. In the spring of 1792 Robespierre opposed the war proposals of the Girondists, and his opposition made him lose popularity. This was only temporary, however, and he was elected to the insurrectionary Commune of Paris set up on Aug. 10, 1792. As a deputy from Paris in the National Convention, he played an important part in the struggle for power between the Girondists and the Mountain, as the Jacobins in the assembly were known. He demanded the execution of the king and was instrumental in finally purging (May�June, 1793) the Girondists. Reign of Terror On July 27, 1793, Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, where his power and prestige grew. The dangers of foreign invasion and the urgent need to maintain order and unity led the committee to inaugurate the Reign of Terror. Although it was a collective effort, the name of Robespierre is always associated with it because of his prominence on the committee. Robespierre opposed both the extreme left, under Jacques H�bert, and the moderates, led by Georges Danton and Camille Desmoulins. Each group was in turn arrested and guillotined (Mar.�Apr., 1794). By this time, however, Robespierre's position was becoming precarious; he was faced by divisions within the Committee of Public Safety and by opposition from the Plain in the Convention. The establishment of a new civic religion, partly to combat the atheism of the H�bertists, also provoked criticism. The Terror Ends The law of 22 Prairial (June 10) gave the Revolutionary Tribunal greater powers just when military successes convinced the moderates in the Convention that emergency measures were no longer necessary. In answer to a speech by Robespierre that seemed to threaten further purges, former terrorists and ultrarevolutionaries joined the Plain in a dramatic rising within the Convention on 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794). Robespierre was placed under arrest and was summarily tried and guillotined the next morning (July 28). Robespierre's character and influence have been the subject of great controversy. However, his integrity and devoted republicanism are beyond debate. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright � 1994, 2000, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. � 2001. The Learning Network Inc. 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