-Caveat Lector-
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Date: Wed, 20 Mar 2002 17:24:44 -0800 (PST)
From: Party of Citizens <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
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Subject: [LIFE-GAZETTE] Einstein's Theory Of Relativity Must Be Rewritten
(fwd)
Truth is Stranger than Fact
Einstein's Theory Of Relativity Must Be Rewritten
By Jonathan Leake
Science Editor
The Sunday Times - London ~ 9-9-1
A group of astronomers and cosmologists has warned that
the laws thought to govern the universe, including Albert
Einstein's theory of relativity, must be rewritten.
The group, which includes Professor Stephen Hawking and
Sir Martin Rees, the astronomer royal, say such laws may
only work for our universe but not in others that are now
also thought to exist.
"It is becoming increasingly likely that the rules we had
thought were fundamental through time and space are actually
just bylaws for our bit of it," said Rees, whose new book, Our
Cosmic Habitat, is published next month. "Creation is
emerging as even stranger than we thought."
Among the ideas facing revision is Einstein's belief that the
speed of light must always be the same - 186,000 miles a
second in a vacuum. There is growing evidence that light
moved much faster during the early stages of our universe.
Rees, Hawking and others are so concerned at the impact of
such ideas that they recently organised a private conference
in Cambridge for more than 30 leading cosmologists.
Cosmology - the study of the origins and future of our
universe - became popular in the early 20th century for
physicists who wanted to think the unthinkable about
creation.
Einstein's theory of relativity, which describes how
gravity controls the behaviour of our universe, was one of
cosmology's greatest triumphs. But Einstein said there was
an even deeper issue, which he described as whether God had
any choice. In other words, could the laws that governed the
way our universe formed after the big bang have worked any
differently? He concluded that they could not.
In the past 40 years, however, the increasing power of
astronomical instruments has turned cosmology from a
theoretical science into a practical one and forced scientists to
re-examine Einstein's conclusions. Among the most striking
claims is that our universe only exists because of a fine
balance between several crucial factors.
One is the rate at which nuclear fusion releases energy in
stars such as the sun by squashing hydrogen atoms into
helium and then other elements. Astronomers have found
that exactly 0.7% of the mass of the hydrogen is converted
into starlight and that if this figure had been just a fraction
different then carbon and other elements essential to life
could never have formed.
Another puzzle is the so-called "smoothness" of our universe,
by which astronomers mean the distribution of matter and
radiation. In theory, the big bang could have produced a
universe where all the matter clumped together into a few
black holes, or another in which it was spread out evenly,
forming nothing but a thin vapour. "It could be that the
laws that govern our universe are unchangeable but it is a
remarkable coincidence that these laws are also exactly what
is needed to produce life," said Rees. "It seems too good to
be true."
What he, Hawking and others such as Neil Turok, professor
of maths and physics at Cambridge, are now looking at is
the idea that our universe is just one of an infinite number
of universes, with different laws of nature operating in each.
Some universes would have all their matter clumped together
into a few huge black holes while others would be nothing
more than a thin uniform freezing gas.
However, Hawking and his colleagues increasingly disagree
over how this "multiverse" could work. At the conference
Hawking dismissed the idea of a series of big bangs on the
grounds that it extended into the infinite past and so could
never have a beginning.
http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/
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