-Caveat Lector- ------- Forwarded message follows ------- Subject: "Ruling the World of Money" (Follow the Money!)
"FOLLOW THE MONEY!" The war on terrorist financing is progressing, with delays http://www.economist.com/finance/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1157691 > Ruling the World of Money (Background info) > > By Edward Jay Epstein Harper's Magazine, 1983 > > Ten times a year -- once a month except in August and October -- a > small group of well dressed men arrives in Basel, Switzerland. > Carrying overnight bags and attache cases, they discreetly check > into the Euler Hotel, across from the railroad station. They have > come to this sleepy city from places as disparate as Tokyo, > London, and Washington, D.C., for the regular meeting of the most > exclusive, secretive, and powerful supranational club in the > world. > > Each of the dozen or so visiting members has his own office at the > club, with secure telephone lines to his home country. The members > are fully serviced by a permanent staff of about 300, including > chauffeurs, chefs, guards, messengers, translators, stenographers, > secretaries, and researchers. Also at their disposal are a > brilliant research unit and an ultramodern computer, as well as a > secluded country club with tennis courts and a swimming pool, a > few kilometres outside of Basel. > > The membership of this club is restricted to a handful of powerful > men who determine daily the interest rate, the availability of > credit, and the money supply of the banks in their own countries. > They include the governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve, the Bank > of England, the Bank of Japan, the Swiss National Bank, and the > German Bundesbank. The club controls a bank with a $40 billion > kitty in cash, government securities, and gold that constitutes > about one tenth of the world's available foreign exchange. The > profits earned just from renting out its hoard of gold (second > only to that of Fort Knox in value) are more than sufficient to > pay for the expenses of the entire organization. And the unabashed > purpose of its elite monthly meetings is to coordinate and, if > possible, to control all monetary activities in the industrialized > world. The place where this club meets in Basel is a unique > financial institution called the Bank for International > Settlements -- or more simply, and appropriately, the BIS > (pronounced "biz" in German). > > The BIS was originally established in May 1930 by bankers and > diplomats of Europe and the United States to collect and disburse > Germany's World War I reparation payments (hence its name). It was > truly an extraordinary arrangement. Although the BIS was organized > as a commercial bank with publicly held shares, its immunity from > government interference - and taxes in both peace and war was > guaranteed by an international treaty signed in The Hague in 1930. > Although all its depositors are central banks, the BIS has made a > profit on every transaction. And because it has been highly > profitable, it has required no subsidy or aid from any government. > > > Since it also provided, in Basel, a safe and convenient repository > for the gold holdings of the European central banks, it quickly > evolved into the bank for central banks. As the world depression > deepened in the Thirties and financial panics flared up in > Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Germany, the governors in charge > of the key central banks feared that the entire global financial > system would collapse unless they could closely coordinate their > rescue efforts. The obvious meeting spot for this desperately > needed coordination was the BIS, where they regularly went anyway > to arrange gold swaps and war-damage settlements. > > Even though an isolationist Congress officially refused to allow > the U.S. Federal Reserve to participate in the BIS, or to accept > shares in it (which were instead held in trust by the First > National City Bank), the chairman of the Fed quietly slipped over > to Basel for important meetings. World monetary policy was > evidently too important to leave to national politicians. During > World War II, when the nations, if not their central banks, were > belligerents, the BIS continued operating in Basel, though the > monthly meetings were temporarily suspended. In 1944, following > Czech accusations that the BIS was laundering gold that the Nazis > had stolen from occupied Europe, the American government backed a > resolution at the Bretton Woods Conference calling for the > liquidation of the BIS. > > The naive idea was that the settlement and monetary-clearing > functions it provided could be taken over by the new International > Monetary Fund. What could not be replaced, however, was what > existed behind the mask of an international clearing house: a > supranational organization for setting and implementing global > monetary strategy, which could not be accomplished by a > democratic, United Nations-like international agency. The central > bankers, not about to let their club be taken from them, quietly > snuffed out the American resolution. > > After World War II, the BIS reemerged as the main clearing house > for European currencies and, behind the scenes, the favored > meeting place of central bankers. When the dollar came under > attack in the 1960s, massive swaps of money and gold were arranged > at the BIS for the defence of the American currency. It was > undeniably ironic that, as the president of the BIS observed, "the > United States, which had wanted to kill the BIS, suddenly finds it > indispensable." In any case, the Fed has become a leading member > of the club, with either Chairman Paul Volcker or Governor Henry > Wallich attending every "Basel weekend." > > "It was in the wood-paneled rooms above the shop and the hotel > that decisions were reached to devalue or defend currencies, to > fix the price of gold, to regulate offshore banking, and to raise > or lower short-term interest rates." > > Originally, the central bankers sought complete anonymity for > their activities. Their headquarters were in an abandoned six- > storey hotel, the Grand et Savoy Hotel Universe, with an annex > above the adjacent Frey's Chocolate Shop. There purposely was no > sign over the door identifying the BIS so visiting central bankers > and gold dealers used Frey's, which is across the street from the > railroad station, as a convenient landmark. It was in the > wood-paneled rooms above the shop and the hotel that decisions > were reached to devalue or defend currencies, to fix the price of > gold, to regulate offshore banking, and to raise or lower > short-term interest rates. And though they shaped "a new world > economic order" through these deliberations (as Guido Carli, then > the governor of the Italian central bank, put it), the public, > even in Basel, remained almost totally unaware of the club and its > activities. > > In May 1977, however, the BIS gave up its anonymity, against the > better judgement of some of its members, in exchange for more > efficient headquarters. The new building, an eighteen-story-high > circular skyscraper that rises over the medieval city like some > misplaced nuclear reactor, quickly became known as the "Tower of > Basel" and began attracting attention from tourists. "That was the > last thing we wanted, " Dr. Fritz Leutwiler, current president of > both the BIS and the Swiss National Bank, explained to me while > watching currency changes flash across the Reuters screen in his > office. "If it had been up to me, it never would have been built." > > > Despite its irksome visibility, the new headquarters does have the > advantages of luxurious space and Swiss efficiency. The building > is completely air-conditioned and self-contained, with its own > nuclear-bomb shelter in the sub-basement, a triply redundant > fire-extinguishing system (so outside firemen never have to be > called in), a private hospital, and some twenty miles of > subterranean archives. "We try to provide a complete clubhouse for > central bankers ... a home away from home," said Gunther > Schleiminger, the super-competent general manager, as he arranged > a rare tour of the headquarters for me. > > The top floor, with a panoramic view of three countries -- > Germany, France, and Switzerland -- is a deluxe restaurant, used > only to serve the members a buffet dinner when they arrive on > Sunday evenings to begin the "Basel weekends." Aside from those > ten occasions, this floor remains ghostly empty. > > On the floor below, Schleiminger and his small staff sit in > spacious offices, administering the day-to-day details of the BIS > and monitoring activities on lower floors as if they were running > an out-of-season hotel. > > The next three floors down are suites of offices reserved for the > central bankers. All are decorated in three colors -- beige, > brown, and tan -- and each has a similar modernistic lithograph > over the desk. Each office also has coded speed-dial telephones > that at a push of a button directly connect the club members to > their offices in their central banks back home. The completely > deserted corridors and empty offices -- with nameplates on the > doors and freshly sharpened pencils in cups and neat stacks of > incoming papers on the desks -- are again reminiscent of a ghost > town. When the members arrive for their forthcoming meeting in > November, there will be a remarkable transformation, according to > Schleiminger, with multilingual receptionists and secretaries at > every desk, and constant meetings and briefings. > > On the lower floors are the BIS computer, which is directly linked > to the computers of the member central banks, and provides > instantaneous access to data about the global monetary situation, > and the actual bank, where eighteen traders, mainly from England > and Switzerland, continually roll over short- term loans on the > Eurodollar markets and guard against foreign-exchange losses (by > simultaneously selling the currency in which the loan is due). On > yet another floor, gold traders are constantly on the telephone > arranging loans of the bank's gold to international arbitragers, > thus allowing central banks to make interest on gold deposits. > > Occasionally there is an extraordinary situation, such as the > decision to sell gold for the Soviet Union, which requires a > decision from the "governors," as the BIS staff calls the central > bankers. But most of the banking is routine, computerized, and > riskless. Indeed, the BIS is prohibited by its statutes from > making anything but short- term loans -- most are for 30 days or > less -- that are government-guaranteed or backed with gold > deposited at the BIS. The profits the BIS receives for essentially > turning over the billions of dollars deposited by the central > banks amounted to $162 million last year. > > As skilled as the BIS may be at all this, the central banks > themselves have highly competent staff capable of investing their > deposits. The German Bundesbank, for example, has a superb > international trading department and 15,000 employees -- at least > 20 times as many as the BIS staff. Why then do the Bundesbank and > the other central banks transfer some $40 billion of deposits to > the BIS and thereby permit it to make such a profit? > > One answer is, of course, secrecy. By commingling part of their > reserves in what amounts to a gigantic mutual fund of short- term > investments, the central banks create a convenient screen behind > which they can hide their own deposits and withdrawals in > financial centers around the world. For example, if the BIS places > funds in Hungary, the individual central banks do not have to > answer to their governments for investing in a communist country. > And the central banks are apparently willing to pay a high fee to > use the cloak of the BIS. > > There is, however, a far more important reason why the central > banks regularly transfer deposits to the BIS: they want to provide > it with a large profit to support the other services it provides. > Despite its name, the BIS is far more.than a bank. From the > outside, it seems to be a small, technical organization. Just 86 > of its 298 employees are ranked as professional staff. But the BIS > is not a monolithic institution: artfully concealed within the > shell of an international bank, like a series of Chinese boxes one > inside another, are the real groups and services the central > bankers need -- and pay to support. > > The first box inside the bank is the board of directors, drawn > from the eight European central banks (England, Switzerland, > Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, Sweden, and the Netherlands), > which meets on the Tuesday morning of each "Basel weekend." The > board also meets twice a year in Basel with the central banks of > Yugoslavia, Poland, Hungary, and other Eastern-bloc nations. It > provides a formal apparatus for dealing with European governments > and international bureaucracies like the IMF or the European > Economic Community (the Common Market). > > The board defines the rules and territories of the central banks > with the goal of preventing governments from meddling in their > purview. For example, a few years ago, when the Organization for > Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris appointed a > low-level committee to study the adequacy of bank reserves, the > central bankers regarded it as poaching on their monetary turf and > turned to the BIS board for assistance. The board then arranged > for a high-level committee, under the head of Banking Supervision > at the Bank of England, to preempt the issue. The OECD got the > message and abandoned its effort. > > To deal with the world at large, there is another Chinese box > called the Group of Ten, or simply the "G-10." It actually has > eleven full-time members, representing the eight European central > banks, the U.S. Fed, the Bank of Canada, and the Bank of Japan. it > also has one unofficial member: the governor of the Saudi Arabian > Monetary Authority. This powerful group, which controls most of > the transferable money in the world, meets for long sessions on > the Monday afternoon of the "Basel weekend." It is here that > broader policy issues, such as interest rates, money- supply > growth, economic stimulation (or suppression) , and currency rates > are discussed -- if not always resolved. > > Directly under the G-10, and catering to all its special needs, is > a small unit called the "Monetary and Economic Development > Department," which is, in effect, its private think tank. The head > of this unit, the Belgian economist Alexandre Lamfalussy, sits in > on all the G-10 meetings, then assigns the appropriate research > and analysis to the half dozen economists on his staff. This unit > also produces the occasional blue-bound "economic papers" that > provide central bankers from Singapore to Rio de Janeiro, even > though they are not BIS members, with a convenient party line. > > For example, a recent paper called "Rules versus Discretion: An > Essay on Monetary Policy in an Inflationary Environment," politely > defused the Milton Friedmanesque dogma and suggested a more > pragmatic form of monetarism. And last May, just before the > Williamsburg summit conference, the unit released a blue book on > currency intervention by central banks that laid down the > boundaries and circumstances for such actions. When there are > internal disagreements, these blue books can express positions > sharply contrary to those held by some BIS members, but generally > they reflect a consensus of the G-10. > > Over a bratwurst-and-beer lunch on the top floor of the > Bundesbank, which is located in a huge concrete building (called > "the bunker") outside of Frankfurt, Karl Otto Pohl, its president > and a ranking governor of the BIS, complained to me about the > repetitiousness of the meetings during the "Basel weekend." "First > there is the meeting on the Gold Pool, then, after lunch, the same > faces show up at the G-10, and the next day there is the board > [which excludes the U.S., Japan, and Canada], and the European > Community meeting [which excludes Sweden and Switzerland from the > previous group]." He concluded: "They are long and strenuous - and > they are not where the real business gets done." This occurs, as > Pohl explained over our leisurely lunch, at still another level of > the BIS: "a sort of inner club," as he put it. > > The inner club is made up of the half dozen or so powerful central > bankers who find themselves more or less in the same monetary > boat: along with Pohl are Volcker and Wallich from the Fed, > Leutwiler from the Swiss National Bank, Lamberto Dini of the Bank > of Italy, Haruo Mayekawa of the Bank of Japan, and the retired > governor of the Bank of England, Lord Gordon Richardson (who had > presided over the G -10 meetings for the past ten years). They are > all comfortable speaking English; indeed, Pohl recounted how he > has found himself using English with Leutwiler, though both are of > course native German- speakers. And they all speak the same > language when it comes to governments, having shared similar > experiences. > > Pohl and Volcker were both undersecretaries of their respective > treasuries; they worked closely with each other, and with Lord > Richardson, in the futile attempts to defend the dollar and the > pound in the 1960s. Dini was at the IMF in Washington, dealing > with many of the same problems. P�hl had worked closely with > Leutwiler in neighboring Switzerland for two decades. "Some of us > are very old friends," Pohl said. Far more important, these men > all share the same set of well-articulated values about money. > > The prime value, which also seems to demarcate the inner club from > the rest of the BIS members, is the firm belief that central banks > should act independently of their home governments. This is an > easy position for Leutwiler to hold, since the Swiss National Bank > is privately owned (the only central bank that is not government > owned) and completely autonomous. ("I don't think many people know > the name of the president of Switzerland - even in Switzerland," > Pohl joked, "but everyone in Europe has heard of Leutwiler.") > > Almost as independent is the Bundesbank; as its president, Pohl is > not required to consult with government officials or to answer the > questions of Parliament -- even about such critical issues as > raising interest rates. He even refuses to fly to Basel in a > government plane, preferring instead to drive in his Mercedes > limousine. > > The Fed is only a shade less independent than the Bundesbank: > Volcker is expected to make periodic visits to Congress and at > least to take calls from the White House -- but he need not follow > their counsel. While in theory the Bank of Italy is under > government control, in practice it is an elite institution that > acts autonomously and often resists the government. (In 1979, its > then governor, Paolo Baffi, was threatened with arrest, but the > inner club, using unofficial channels, rallied to his support.) > > Although the exact relationship between the Bank of Japan and the > Japanese government purposely remains inscrutable, even to the BIS > governors, its chairman, Mayekawa, at least espouses the principle > of autonomy. Finally, though the Bank of England is under the > thumb of the British government, Lord Richardson was accepted by > the inner club because of his personal adherence to this defining > principle. But his successor, Robin Leigh-Pemberton, lacking the > years of business and personal contact, probably won't be admitted > to the inner circle. > > In any case, the line is drawn at the Bank of England. The Bank of > France is seen as a puppet of the French government; to a lesser > degree, the remaining European banks are also perceived by the > inner club as extensions of their respective governments, and thus > remain on the outside. > > A second and closely related belief of the inner club is that > politicians should not be trusted to decide the fate of the > international monetary system. When Leutwiler became president of > the BIS in 1982, he insisted that no government official be > allowed to visit during a "Basel weekend." He recalled that in > 1968, U.S. Treasury undersecretary Fred Deming had been in Basel > and stopped in at the bank. "When word got around that an American > Treasury official was at the BIS," Leutwiler said, "bullion > traders, speculating that the U.S. was about to sell its gold, > began a panic in the market." Except for the annual meeting in > June (called "the Jamboree" by the staff), when the ground floor > of the BIS headquarters is open to official visitors, Leutwiler > has tried to enforce his rule strictly. "To be frank," he told me, > "I have no use for politicians. They lack the judgement of central > bankers." This effectively sums up the common antipathy of the > inner club toward "government muddling," as Pohl puts it. > > The inner-club members also share a strong preference for > pragmatism and flexibility over any ideology, whether that of Lord > Keynes or Milton Friedman. For this reason, there was considerable > apprehension last spring that Paul Volcker would be replaced by a > supply-side ideologue like Beryl Sprinkel, and considerable relief > when he was reappointed for another term. Rather than resorting to > rhetoric and invoking principles, the inner club seeks any remedy > that will relieve a crisis. For example, earlier this year, when > Brazil failed to pay back on time a BIS loan that was guaranteed > by the central banks, the inner club quietly decided to extend the > deadline instead of collecting the money from guarantors. "We are > constantly engaged in a balancing act -- without a safety net," > Leutwiler explained. > > The final and by far the most important belief of the inner club > is the conviction that when the bell tolls for any single central > bank it tolls for them all. When Mexico faced bankruptcy last > year, for instance, the issue for the inner club was not the > welfare of that country but, as Dini put it, "the stability of the > entire banking system." For months Mexico had been borrowing > overnight funds from the interbank market in New York -- as every > bank recognized by the Fed is permitted to do -- to pay the > interest on its $80 billion external debt. Each night it had to > borrow more money to repay the interest on the previous nights > transactions, and, according to Dini, by August Mexico had > borrowed nearly one quarter of all the "Fed Funds," as these > overnight loans between banks are called. > > The Fed was caught in a dilemma: if it suddenly stepped in and > forbade Mexico from further using the interbank market, Mexico > would be unable to repay its enormous debt the next day, and 25 > percent of the entire banking system's ready funds might be > frozen. But if the Fed permitted Mexico to continue borrowing in > New York, in a matter of months it would suck in most of the > interbank funds, forcing the Fed to expand drastically the supply > of money. > > It was clearly an emergency for the inner club. After speaking to > Miguel Mancera, director of the Banco de Mexico, Volcker > immediately called Leutwiler, who was vacationing in the Swiss > mountain village of Grison. Leutwiler realized that the entire > system was confronted by a financial time bomb: even though the > IMF was prepared to extend $4.5 billion to Mexico to relieve the > pressure on its long-term debt, it would require months of > paperwork to get approval for the loan. And Mexico needed an > immediate fix of $1.85 billion to get out of the interbank market, > which Mancera had agreed to do. But in less than 48 hours, > Leutwiler had called the members of the inner club and arranged > the temporary bridging loan. > > While this $1.85 billion appeared -- at least in the financial > press -- to have come from the BIS, virtually all the funds came > from the central banks in the inner club. Half came directly from > the United States -- $600 million from the Treasury's exchange- > equalization fund and $325 million from the Fed's coffers; the > remaining $925 million mainly from the deposits of the Bundesbank, > Swiss National Bank, Bank of England, Bank of Italy, and Bank of > Japan, deposits that were specifically guaranteed by these central > banks, though advanced pro forma by the BIS (with a token amount > advanced by the BIS itself against the collateral of Mexican > gold). > > The BIS undertook virtually no risk in this rescue operation; it > merely provided a convenient cloak for the inner club. Otherwise, > its members, especially Volcker, would have had to take the > political heat individually for what appeared to be the rescue of > an underdeveloped country. In fact, they were -- true to their > paramount values -- rescuing the banking system itself. > > On August 31 of this year, Mexico repaid the BIS loan. But the > bailout was only a temporary, if not pyrrhic, victory. With the > multibillion-dollar debts of a score of other countries -- > including Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Brazil, Zaire, the > Philippines, Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and even Israel -- > hanging like so many swords of Damocles over its sacred monetary > system, the inner club has "no choice," as Leutwiler has > concluded, but to remain a crisis manager. This new role has > created considerable concern among the outer circle, and even in > the Bank of England, since the members who don't entirely share > the mentality of the inner club want the BIS to remain primarily a > European institution. > > "Let the Fed worry about Brazil and the rest of Latin America -- > that is not the job of the BIS," a blunt representative of the > Bank of England, definitely not part of the inner club, told me. > Others at the BIS have argued that it does not have the experience > or facilities to become "a mini-IMF -- putting out fires around > the world," as one staffer described it. > > To mollify such dissent on the periphery, inner-club members > publicly pay lip service to the ideal of preserving the character > of the BIS and not turning it into a lender of last resort for the > world at large. Privately, however, they will undoubtedly continue > their maneuvers to protect the banking system at whatever point in > the world it seems most vulnerable. After all, it is ultimately > the central banks' money at risk, not the BIS's. And the inner > club will also keep using the BIS as its public mask -- and pay > the requisite price for the disguise. > > The next meeting of the inner club is Monday, November 7. > > ------------------------------------------------ > > Edward Jay Epstein is the author of "The Rise and Fall of > Diamonds," "Legend: The Secret World of Lee Harvey Oswald," and > "News From Nowhere." He also has written a book on international > deception. > > -END- FORWRD FROM: Phil <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> ALSO SEE AND STUDY: "WE NEED TO CIRCLE THE WAGONS" http://www.apfn.org/apfn/money.htm WEB SEARCH: FOLLOW THE MONEY - YOU MAY BE SUPRISED! http://www.alltheweb.com/search?cat=web&cs=iso-8859-1&l=any&q=FOLLOW+ T HE+MONEY -------------------------------------------------------------- Former Naval Intelligence Officer Delmart Edward "Mike" Vreeland warned of impending terrorist attacks a month before 9-11. FINANCIAL REPORTS & INFORMATION http://www.apfn.org/apfn/WTC_whistleblower.htm TITLE: Vreeland Faxes - Leo E. Wanta - Money Laundering Doc's (Proof) http://www.apfn.org/apfn/wanta.htm THE CONSERVATIVE ACTIVIST'S GIANT E-MAIL LINKS PAGE! [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://www.conservativeusa.org/megalink.htm TAKE ACTION TO RESTORE CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT A project of The Conservative Caucus 450 Maple Avenue East, Vienna, Va. 22180 703-938-9626 Updated May 29, 2002 http://www.conservativeusa.org/action.htm `In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act.' APFN "A NETWORK OF NETWORKERS" - FOUNDED FEB. 21, 1993 - [EMAIL PROTECTED] http://disc.server.com/Indices/149495.html ------- End of forwarded message ------- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Forwarded as information only; no automatic endorsement + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. section 107, this material is distributed without charge or profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving this type of information for non-profit research and educational purposes only. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + "Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it. 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