-Caveat Lector-
http://www.freedommag.org/English/vol34i1/page02.htm
Behind the Terror
by Thomas G. Whittle & Linda Amato
En route to work at the American embassy in Beirut on March 16, 1984, Bill
Buckley encountered what could be anyone's most terrifying nightmare.
Smashed on the back of his head with a rock-filled briefcase, he was knocked
senseless. Powerful hands stuffed him into a car. After a short ride, his
abductors forced him into a darkened basement, chained him to a wall, and
pulled a hood over his head.
The worst was yet to come.
Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri (left) and terrorists identified following the attack
of September 11, 2001.
Over the next 444 days, Buckley, the CIA's Beirut station chief, was
tortured by psychiatrist Aziz al-Abub, a member of the Iranian-based
terrorist group, Hezbollah. They were 444 days in a living hell, whose devil
had substance enough in the form of al-Abub, trained to inflict pain and
suffering by drugs and other means. Each day, the psychiatrist would visit
to inject or otherwise administer substances to the bound and helpless
Buckley.
As the torment proceeded, a series of three videotapes of al-Abub's victim
were released, finding their way to the CIA. The systematic destruction of a
once-proud and capable man was all too visible on the tapes. By the time the
third video arrived at CIA headquarters, 224 days after the kidnaping,
al-Abub had reduced Buckley to a gibbering, drooling mess, screaming in
terror as his eyes rolled and his naked body shook.1
The videos communicated far more than any words ever could, moving then CIA
Director William Casey to say, "I just want that motherf - - - doctor. Dead
or alive. I want him."2
Today, Aziz al-Abub, also known as Ibrahim al-Nadhir, is reportedly alive
and well, working in Iran in that country's prison system.3 Hezbollah, of
course, has been one of the Middle East's most active terrorist
organizations, drawing even more intense international scrutiny in the wake
of the September 11 attacks.
The agony and ultimate death of Bill Buckley demonstrated that by 1984,
terror masters were in command of psychiatric drugging and conditioning
techniques capable of thoroughly altering a person's behavior or destroying
his sanity.
By 1984, terror masters were in command of psychiatric drugging and
conditioning techniques capable of thoroughly altering a person's behavior
or destroying his sanity.
The degree to which such methods have permeated and shaped today's terrorist
networks, however, is only now beginning to come to light-along with the
extent to which political and ethnic agendas have motivated "religious"
conflicts.
"What the Brain Is to the Body"
while the international spotlight since September 11 has focused on Osama
bin Laden, key information that helps to explain how terrorists are
created-including facts to clarify their conversion into violent, seemingly
inhuman killers-has remained obscure.
In this regard, an examination of the background of a particular al-Qaeda
principal proves enlightening. News accounts have depicted surgeon Ayman
al-Zawahiri as bin Laden's right-hand man and personal doctor. The facts,
however, reveal him to be more.
Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri (above, right), perhaps the world's deadliest
terrorist since the 1970s, is to Osama bin Laden "what the brain is to the
body," according to one terrorism expert. A master of psycho-political
terror and bin Laden's closest associate, al-Zawahiri claimed credit for the
September 11 attacks.
Al-Zawahiri's terrorist history is, as even a cursory review will determine,
far more formidable and extensive than bin Laden's. According to Dia'a
Rashwan, an Egyptian expert on militants, al-Zawahiri's name "has come up in
nearly every case involving Muslim extremists since the 1970s."4
Attorney Montasser El-Zayat, a former friend of al-Zawahiri's who
represented him in Egyptian courts, said that al-Zawahiri is to bin Laden
"what the brain is to the body."5 According to El-Zayat, al-Zawahiri "was
able to reshape bin Laden's thinking and mentality and turn him from merely
a supporter of the Afghan Jihad [against the Soviet Union] to a believer in
and export[er] of the Jihad's ideology."6
It was al-Zawahiri, trained in Cairo, who convinced bin Laden to establish
al-Qaeda7 in 1988, thereby providing "The Base" for training, supply and
operations of militants from Egypt and elsewhere.
Some consider him to be the mastermind of the September 11 assaults on the
World Trade Center and the Pentagon-a belief bolstered in mid-April when
Qatar's Al-Jazeera ("The Peninsula") television aired portions of a
videotape in which al-Zawahiri claimed credit for the attacks, referring to
them as "this great victory" and to the hijackers as "19 brothers." On the
tape, bin Laden sits beside the doctor, muttering to himself while caressing
his beard.
The exact methods utilized by al-Zawahiri to influence bin Laden are as yet
unknown, but more than one source has reported that the doctor is also a
psychiatrist. That information, according to one of the sources interviewed
by Freedom, came from "officials in the Egyptian government." Thus, it is
not surprising that bin Laden has been known to be taking psychiatric drugs
("anti-anxiety pills").8
And it has always been al-Zawahiri, allegedly himself tortured in the early
1980s while in Egyptian custody after the assassination of Anwar Sadat, who
has advocated that violence is purifying and ought to be utilized against
Islam's enemies.9 Foremost among these enemies, he said, were "Jews and
Americans," and he called for "stepping up the jihad action to harm the U.S.
and Jewish interests." This, he said, "creates a sense of resistance among
the people, who consider the Jews and Americans a horrible symbol of
arrogance and tyranny."10
Over time, it is obvious that bin Laden came to share his doctor's view.
Top Psychologist, Trainer Behind al-Qaeda Operations
In its investigation of the terrorist phenomenon, Freedom found the
influence of psychiatrists, psychologists and their methods in terrorist
groups to be strong and pervasive.
Issam al-Attar, for instance, is a psychologist and engineer who, like
al-Zawahiri, was instrumental in driving Islamic groups to the radical edge.
In Syria, his Muslim Brotherhood synonymized terror and assassination. Even
after exile to Germany, al-Attar continued as "general guide" of the violent
group.
Another example is that of Ali A. Mohamed, an Egyptian psychologist and army
officer awaiting sentencing in New York after pleading guilty for his role
in the American embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania on August 7, 1998,
that killed 224 people and injured thousands more.
A top al-Qaeda motivational leader and trainer, Mohamed instructed recruits
in how to build bombs, blow up buildings, communicate in code, masquerade as
"normal" Americans, and (in his words) "create cell structures that could be
used for operations."
Those he indoctrinated were responsible for some of al-Qaeda's most
notorious operations, including the 1990 assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane
and the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
In between an estimated 58 trips from America to overseas destinations on
various missions, he found time in the early 1990s and in 1995 to set up and
to host fund-raising jaunts to the U.S. for Ayman al-Zawahiri, even though,
then as now, the latter was one of the world's most wanted terrorists.
During the 1995 tour, al-Zawahiri and Mohamed inspected possible U.S.
targets. Money received from supporters during that trip funded the suicide
bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, in November 1995,11
in which 17 died.
Inducing "Sheer Terror and Fright"
Ali A. Mohamed, psychologist and top al-Qaeda motivational leader, trained
those responsible for the 1990 assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane and the
1993 World Trade Center bombing, among other notorious al-Qaeda operations.
Mohamed awaits sentencing in New York after pleading guilty in the American
embassy bombings in Kenya (above right) and Tanzania in August 1998.
Mohamed helped bin Laden move from Pakistan to Sudan in 1991, brought
photographs of the U.S. embassy in Kenya to bin Laden in 1993 (which bin
Laden used to pinpoint where the explosives-filled truck should be
detonated-and where it ultimately was) and personally trained bin Laden's
bodyguards.
He oversaw security when bin Laden met in the Sudan with Imad Mughniyeh,
head of security for Hezbollah and cohort of psychiatrist Aziz al-Abub, and
when bin Laden and al-Qaeda moved to Afghanistan from the Sudan in 1996.
Even after his imprisonment in 1998, psychologist Mohamed's legacy in
al-Qaeda continued in the form of dozens of training manuals on subjects
that included assassinations and bombings, compiled during an astounding
double-agent career that included graduation from the elite U.S. Army
Special Forces school for foreign officers in Fort Bragg, North Carolina,
while a captain in the Egyptian army.12
One confiscated manual of roughly 180 pages, entitled "Military Studies in
the Jihad Against the Tyrants," endorsed explosives as the "safest" weapon
for terrorist use and noted, "explosives strike the enemy with sheer terror
and fright." The manual, possibly prepared by Mohamed, was found in the home
of a fugitive linked to him.13
The influence of such dominant figures in the terrorist network is not
limited to the terrorists themselves but often includes their hosts. The
Taliban has particularly been so affected. Author Gordon Thomas informed
Freedom that Mullah Mohammad Omar, the head of the Taliban still being
sought by U.S. and allied forces, has been a psychiatric patient in a
Pakistan private clinic and has been seen by a Chinese psychiatrist. "Mossad
sources say that Mullah Omar has received electro-shock treatment," Thomas
said.
According to journalist Christina Lamb, who interviewed one of Omar's
doctors, the mullah "suffers fits during which he babbles incomprehensibly"
and also experiences "bouts of childlike behaviour where he sits in the
driving seat of one of his cars, turning the wheel while making the noise of
an engine."14
Although aspects of Omar's mental instability-along with physical
impairments caused by shrapnel in his brain from the Soviet rocket explosion
that cost him an eye in 1989-have been covered in the Western press, little
has been discussed about the possibility of psychiatric manipulation of the
secluded mullah.
Colin A. Ross, M.D., author of Bluebird: Deliberate Creation of Multiple
Personality by Psychiatrists, indicated to Freedom that the circumstances of
Omar's treatment made him suspect the involvement of psychiatric
conditioning and control techniques. "If he was just depressed, if he just
needed clinical treatment, why would he be going to Pakistan, and why would
he be having Chinese doctors?" Ross asked. "The facts alone make it pretty
far-fetched that it was just regular, routine clinical care."
Native Afghan and banker Noor Delawary, who knows people close to Omar, told
Freedom that "Mullah Omar was created by the al-Qaeda people."
Under the regime of Mullah Omar, human rights violations took many forms,
from beating women (top of page, left) to mass abduction, rape, torture and
murder. According to a knowledgeable Afghan source, Omar was "created by the
al-Qaeda people" and manipulated for their ends.
Delawary, currently in Kabul establishing what will be the first private
Afghanistan bank while also serving as an adviser to the Ministry of
Reconstruction, said that during the Taliban years, the nation's actual
decision-makers were those in bin Laden's inner circle. Distinguishing
al-Qaeda from the Taliban was difficult because, as Delawary puts it,
"al-Qaeda and the Taliban were the same." Influential al-Qaeda leaders,
al-Zawahiri foremost among them, gave directions behind the scenes, while
public pronouncements-such as the order to destroy the world's tallest
statue of Buddha and other cultural treasures of the Afghan people-usually
would be authored to the mysterious, reclusive Omar.
Some Taliban leaders, however, were apparently not so malleable and did not
survive the merger with al-Qaeda. Mullah Mohammad Rabbani, second in the
Taliban hierarchy, vanished from the public eye shortly after Taliban forces
captured Kabul in 1996.
In August 2000, when Rabbani was reported to be undergoing "medical
treatment" in Islamabad, a statement released then by Afgha, Afghanistan's
press agency, reported that Rabbani "has [had] some psychiatric problem for
a long time."15 Rabbani died in April 2001 in Pakistan.
Exploiting Drugs to Subjugate
While Islamic law is interpreted to forbid use of "all
intoxicants"-substances that would diminish one's alertness or capacity to
function (the Koran states, "Spirits, gambling and idols are evils which you
should avoid so that you may prosper")-they are found in al-Qaeda and other
terrorist networks, and in the Taliban, further confirming the presence of
drug-oriented, psychiatric masters at the core of operations.
Psychotropic drugs play a fundamental role in bringing individuals into a
state of mind to kill or to self-destruct, as even a cursory review of
recent tragedies shows. (See "The Hidden Hand of Violence," Freedom, Volume
31, Issue 2.) Drugs are also the most important element to achieve a state
of mental subjugation; they break down the will, open the mind to
suggestion, and are a necessary catalyst to radically alter personality.
Drugs provide a ruthless psychiatric technician the means to make a person
suggestible and "programmable." They give the technician "the blank slate
upon which to write," Walter Bowart, journalist and author of Operation Mind
Control, told Freedom. "If you can program the unconscious, you can get the
job done effortlessly, and the person won't even know why they're doing it
necessarily," he said.
Techniques of drug-induced mind control were already being tested by North
American psychiatrists 50 years ago as part of the infamous "MK ULTRA" and
related projects-experiments conducted under the aegis of U.S. intelligence
agencies. One aspect of such experiments was to find the exact combination
of drugs, hypnosis and other forms of psychiatric and psychological methods
to produce individuals who could be programmed to commit acts of violence,
including assassinations.
Such techniques, said Colin Ross, have continued to be employed, honed and
perfected. Just because the MK ULTRA program officially stopped in the 1970s
did not end use of mind-control practices, particularly in other parts of
the world. The methods, in fact, appear to have originated in psychiatric
laboratories in such locations as Russia and China, not in the United
States.
>From "Uppers" to "Chemical Lobotomy"
Aziz al-Abub, psychiatrist and member of Hezbollah, gave drugs to suicide
bombers who destroyed U.S. Marine barracks (above) and French headquarters
in Beirut in 1983. Al-Abub, who trained in his deadly craft in Moscow,
methodically tortured CIA station chief William Buckley over a period of 444
days in 1984 and 1985, ending in Buckley's death.
As Freedom has extensively reported over the years, the mind-altering drugs
of psychiatry are also documented, in and of themselves, to impair judgment
and to induce violent behavior. Recent confirmation of their presence and
use in the terrorist network and the political bodies they control is alone
cause for alarm.
Psychiatrist Aziz al-Abub of Hezbollah has administered drugs in the form of
"uppers" to that group's suicide bombers, according to Gordon Thomas.
Terrorism expert Yossef Bodansky has described how al-Abub gave cookies
"laced with drugs"16 to suicide drivers shortly before they crashed their
trucks into the U.S. Marine barracks and French headquarters in Beirut on
October 23, 1983, killing 245 Americans and 58 French, with many more
wounded. (The use of such drugs harks back to World War II, when Japanese
kamikaze pilots received methamphetamine injections before fatal flights
against American ships.)
One of al-Qaeda leader Ali Mohamed's friends and trainees, El Sayyad Nosair,
imprisoned for life for the killing of Rabbi Kahane, was taking a
psychiatric antidepressant drug before his crime.17 Osama bin Laden, as
reported, has been on "anti- anxiety" pills.
Psychotropic drugs are also a tool of the Taliban; a hospital supplied and
maintained by the Taliban in Jalalabad, for example, administered to all of
its inmates Thorazine18-a psychiatric drug so powerful it has been called a
"chemical lobotomy."
A psychiatrist in northern Afghanistan estimated that he treated 1,000 or
more Taliban commanders and soldiers, including Aktar Osmani, the senior
Taliban military leader in the area, for whom he prescribed haloperidol, a
substance in the same class as Thorazine.19
Fattening Off the Drug Trade
Once drugs and their pushers insinuate themselves into leadership roles in
terrorist circles, or in any profession or society for that matter, a drug
culture is produced and supported within those spheres.
Quite in addition to their penchant for psychiatric drug use, and despite PR
statements and photo ops to the contrary, al-Qaeda and the Taliban were
known to be entrenched in heroin trafficking. Journalist John K. Cooley
noted that the Taliban dangled "the mainly illusory prospect of a real
crackdown on drugs before the West in order to win recognition and
favors."20
In reality, al-Qaeda and Taliban leaders fattened off profits from the drug
trade-estimated to have brought up to $8 billion per year into their
pockets21-with Egypt, Syria, Oman, the United Arab Emirates and other
Islamic nations bearing the brunt of a surge in heroin use after the Taliban
took control in Afghanistan.
DRUG CULTURE: Although Islamic law forbids use of intoxicants, the Taliban,
as one journalist put it, was "the single largest horde of drug dealers
afflicting the Islamic world." The role of drugs under the Taliban and
al-Qaeda was exemplified by a Jalalabad hospital which administered
Thorazine, the "chemical lobotomy," to all inmates.
Afghan hashish seized by Pakistani officials.
An Afghan poppy field.
Branding the Taliban "the single largest horde of drug dealers afflicting
the Islamic world," one writer noted that "in addition to opiates, they also
deal in marijuana and hashish, which they push on their Muslim neighbors."22
Taliban soldiers and even Taliban clerics enjoyed hashish, according to
sources that include Enayat Delawary, who is a Kabul native like his brother
Noor, and who studied political science at the University of Marburg,
Germany. His word is bolstered by the accounts of others, including a
published description of Taliban members in Herat who "helped themselves" to
a stack of confiscated hashish at the former Ministry for the Promotion of
Virtue and Elimination of Vice.23
ethods used by those shaping a terrorist network also involve psychological
conditioning and indoctrination. Subjects are coaxed and/or drugged into a
frame of mind conducive to violence, death and suicide. In addition, means
of inciting and controlling masses by exploiting broad-based fears, hatreds
and ambitions have been carefully honed by psychiatrists and their despots
for more than a century-their efficacy a matter of record from Nazi-incited,
anti-Jewish Germany in the 1930s to the anti-Islamic hysteria whipped up in
the former Yugoslavia in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
The techniques often begin with a standard propaganda tool: the redefinition
of terms.
While Islamic law is interpreted to forbid use of "all intoxicants," they
are found in al-Qaeda and other terrorist networks, and in the Taliban.
Al-Qaeda abuses "jihad," Noor Delawary said, noting it has "a very, very
specific meaning" that allows people to defend themselves when
threatened-but never to terrorize.
Jihad derives from an Arabic term meaning "to strive," and, in one major
sense, it denotes an individual's spiritual striving against sin. Its
meaning for group defense, however, was redefined by Ayman al-Zawahiri to
mean an all-out campaign of terror against "Jews and Crusaders," with
Crusaders so loosely identified as to include Americans and, based on ample
evidence of wholesale slaughter, ethnic Afghans (primarily from Northern
Afghanistan) who did not support al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
"Jihad" thereby cloaked planned genocide-even against fellow Muslims-in a
term of righteousness. It paved the way for mass deaths, uncounted rapes and
sweeping violations of human rights.
Delawary described the subsequent actions of al-Qaeda and their willing
Taliban pawns against native Afghans-which included skinning helpless
captives alive-condemning them as the work of "animals" and not Muslims
faithful to the teachings of the Koran.
But in looking beyond the religious rhetoric, the agenda was patently
political. The September 11 murder of thousands of Americans by al-Qaeda
operatives emanated from a political/terrorist "jihad" opposing the United
States' support of Israel and continuing presence in the Middle East-much as
the death by torture of an American official, Bill Buckley, was driven by
the political agenda to force the United States and Israel to withdraw from
Lebanon.
Psycho-Politics
Those experts controlling behavior usually seek to remain behind the scenes,
but they are carefully trained, often by governments. Al-Abub, for example,
learned his craft from KGB psychiatrists at Patrice Lumumba University
(since renamed People's Friendship University), a Moscow facility that
allegedly taught others in such techniques under the communist regime.
Refugees driven from their homes by Taliban and Al Qaeda forces found
temporary shelter in the Panjsher valley, northeast of Kabul. At the
approximate time this photo was taken, the U.S. State Department estimated
that 2.8 million people remained displaced outside Afghanistan, while up to
750,000 more were "internally displaced" inside the country.
The use of psychiatry and its manipulating treatments for political ends,
often termed "psycho-politics," is an important factor impelling terrorist
agendas.
Sophisticated terrorist "training facilities" reportedly have existed in
Iran, including camps dedicated to "how to brainwash, control and activate
suicide terrorists while in the West."24 One Iranian source told Freedom
that these camps include drugs in their arsenal to alter and control
behavior.
According to Yossef Bodansky, an installation that operated in the 1980s
near Persepolis in Iran "was manned by expert trainers" from such
non-Islamic countries as East Germany, Bulgaria, North Korea and Vietnam.
Bodansky, former director of the U.S. House of Representatives' Task Force
on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare, noted, "The East Germans and the
Bulgarians were responsible for the development of bombs, explosive charges
and diversified detonators, as well as for preparing the technicians who
would assemble the bombs on-site.... The North Koreans and the Vietnamese
turned their trainees 'into death volunteers thanks to brainwashing.'"25
Such camps appear to be fertile ground for creating what Dr. Colin Ross
calls "Manchurian Candidates," using drugs, hypnosis and other coercive
means. "Terrorist organizations and governments around the world are using
these techniques, right up to the present," he said.
"Shooting Anything that Moved"
Under the Taliban and al-Qaeda, cultural centers were looted and treasures
sold or, as in the case of historical landmarks (above, top) or the world's
largest statue of Buddha (above, bottom), damaged or destroyed.
While the psychiatric weapons wielded by those dominating al-Qaeda,
Hezbollah and other terrorist networks are only now coming to light, the
ramifications of these dehumanizing and terror-inducing methods are obvious
in their effects-including on the Afghan ethnic populations.
Enayat Delawary described to Freedom the genocidal tactics that al-Qaeda and
the Taliban employed against native Afghans, including destruction of crops
and food supplies, rounding up, jailing, torturing and killing men and boys,
and gang-raping (and often murdering) women and girls.
Tens of thousands of Muslims from Northern Afghanistan were thus
exterminated at the hands of al-Qaeda and the Taliban, according to
Delawary. At the rate the slaughter proceeded, he said, all of the native
peoples of Northern Afghanistan would have been wiped out within another
year, if American and other forces had not intervened.
Such charges are mirrored in the U.S. State Department's Afghanistan Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices in recent years. The 1998 report, for
example, released in early 1999, noted "large-scale massacres carried out by
the Taliban" and stated that "Taliban forces committed a large number of
political and other extrajudicial killings."
At Mazar-i-Sharif, that report noted, "as many as 5,000 persons, mostly
ethnic Hazara civilians, were massacred by the Taliban. ... Multiple
witnesses reported a killing spree on the initial day of the Taliban's
invasion of Mazar-i-Sharif, with Taliban soldiers shooting anything that
moved on the streets, including men, women, children and animals."
The department's 2000 report, released in February 2001, revealed continuing
oppression: "The Taliban carried out summary justice in the areas they
controlled, and reportedly were responsible for political and other
extrajudicial killings, including targeted killings, summary executions, and
deaths in custody. ... Violence against women remained a problem throughout
the country. Women and girls were subjected to rape, kidnaping and forced
marriage."
In addition to describing widespread killings and terror under the Taliban
regime, the 2000 document noted allegations of mass abductions and
disappearances of ethnic Afghans, including girls and women, in
Taliban-controlled areas. That report calculated that 2.8 million Afghans
remained displaced outside the country as refugees, while up to 750,000 more
remained "internally displaced" inside Afghanistan.
The latest annual report, released on March 4, 2002, catalogued "a greater
number of abuses" in 2001: "The Taliban carried out summary justice in the
areas that it controlled, and reportedly was responsible for political and
other extrajudicial killings, including targeted killings, summary
executions, and deaths in custody. ... The Taliban also indiscriminately
bombarded civilian areas and harassed, detained and even killed members of
relief organizations." Torture, kidnaping, rape and other crimes continued.
Recent accounts from Afghanistan indicated that al-Qaeda and Taliban
forces-contrary to their assertions that they protected females-had for
years systematically rounded up the most attractive girls and women, abused
them, forced many into short-lived "marriages," and either abandoned them or
sold them to bordellos or bondage in Pakistan. The State Department
corroborated these accounts, noting that Taliban soldiers seized girls and
women in 1999 and "reportedly trafficked [them] to Pakistan and to the Arab
Gulf states," and that other mass abductions took place between June and
October 2000.
"He Has Caused a Catastrophe"
The scenario that emerges is one of individual masters of psycho-political
terror, like Ayman al-Zawahiri and Ali Mohamed, providing bin Laden and
other supporters of militant operations with their motivation and
conditioning-helping to convert veterans of the war with the Soviet Union
and new recruits into international terrorists and genocidal executioners.
In a book published in early 2002, attorney Montasser El-Zayat blames Ayman
al-Zawahiri for events in Afghanistan and for placing Islamic groups
elsewhere on the defensive: "[H]e has caused a catastrophe, the biggest
catastrophe that befell the Islamic movement. He made us a chewable morsel
of bread under America's jaws...."26
And just as similar strategies of the past have failed, so goes that of the
modern terror masters-at woeful cost to their followers and others.
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