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"American politics has often been an arena for angry minds," historian
Richard Hofstadter wrote nearly four decades ago. As the first great
analyst/connoisseur of American political paranoia, or what he called
"the paranoid style," Hofstadter, who died in 1970, would have been
amazed by the web.
As we all know, myriad versions of the perennial conspiracy theories
Hofstadter knew well, the ones involving plots by Freemasons, Jesuits,
Jews, and/or Communists to take over the world, are alive and thriving
in the new medium. In addition, the web, as a radically accelerated
technology for moving facts, rumors, myths and memes, has vastly
widened the theater of the political imagination. It has become, for
better and worse, the spiritual home of "conspiranoia." A quick search
of the word "conspiracy" on Google turns up (as of mid-2001) just
under 2 million hits. All of the modern classics are well represented.
These include; JFK Assassination plots (75,000 hits) (whether by CIA,
Mafia, Gusanos or the newly popular Federal Reserve theory),
extraterrestrial visitations (over 75,000 sites), and shadow world
governments (well over a million) (as administered by, the Trilateral
Commission, Council on Foreign Relations, The UN, The Bank of England
and any one of several dozen other organizations). Then there are the
more recent conspiracy theories involving; the deliberate or
accidental unleashing of the AIDS virus (roughly 65,000 hits), U.S.
government involvement in the Oklahoma City bombing, (nearly 100,000),
and collusions between DuPont Chemical and the oil Industry to squelch
hemp production (10,000).
Many, indeed most of these conspiracy "exposes" are illogical, if not
totally incoherent, rants. Others are obsessively detailed, but
ultimately implausible concoctions of fact and fantasy. And a few are
well researched and documented. Not a few are a bit of all of the
above. All are populist attempts to locate cracks in the official
versions of history.
Nowhere is this seen as clearly as in the sites devoted to the current
rising stars of web conspiranoia, the Bush family.
Conspiratorialists, whether their bete noire is Anglophile
internationalist bankers, socialist one-world government advocates,
neo-fascist state planners, or eugenic proponents of white supremacy,
can and do find in the Bushes everything and more than they've ever
wanted to imagine about American history and its rulers. Lurking in
the shadows of nearly every major episode of recent U.S. history, from
World War Two to the rise of the CIA to third world drug running to
the Bay of Pigs, the Kennedy and King assassinations, Watergate and
beyond, the Bushes have emerged as the Zeligs of the global power
elite.
At the crux of this saga are the Bushes' real and imagined
relationships with Nazi Germany. Rumors about Bush-Nazi connections
began circulating in earnest in the pre-web days of the late 80s. The
Philadelphia Enquirer discovered a number of German Nazi military
officers working as low-level operatives for the Republican National
Committee in the Bush presidential campaign of 1988. Rumors of a Bush-
Nazi association were kept alive on alt.news conspiracy bulletin
boards through the 90s. They gained critical mass during the 2000
election campaign, generating a bewildering variety of exposes, mythic
narratives and shadow histories.
Below is just a sampling of some of the hottest current web forums
dedicated to exploring Bush-Nazi ties:
Eugenies in a Bottle
Robert Lederman, a New York City artist, believes the Bush family,
along with the Harrimans, Rockefellers, Nazis, neo-Nazis and leaders
of the oil and pharmaceutical industries, has been instrumental in a
plot to commit genetic genocide against "inferior races".
This racial supremacist plot allegedly began in the 1920s with the
founding of the Averill Harriman- Prescott Bush funded Eugenics
Research Office. Accused accomplices include Planned Parenthood, the
Nazi German government, and in post-war America, neo-Nazi led research
under the auspices of the CIA, National Science Foundation, and Center
for Disease Control. It has also involved such environmentalist fronts
as Zero Population Growth and conservative think-tanks such as the
Manhattan Institute. It is currently backed by large corporations,
prominently including Alcoa (the theory flouride, tested by the Nazis,
is being used in the water supply to create a submissive population),
and big pharmaceutical companies (especially those, like I.G. Farben,
with Nazi pasts). These companies are believed to be involved in
introducing toxic, potentially genocidal vaccines and sprays. One
example is malathion, used recently in New York City and vicinity to
(presumably) control the West Nile virus.
For Lederman, the project of genocide through eugenics reaches its
apogee in the Human Genome Project, designed to enable realization of
the Nazi goal of eliminating inferior genetic castes through genetic
profiling. Acoording to Lederman, "Following the Holocaust it was
necessary to disguise Eugenics as something more politically
acceptable. This was something, of course, accomplished through birth
control, vaccinations, insect control sprays, and other thinly
disguised modes of genocide. There is mounting evidence AIDS was one
of these programs."
While for Lederman, the Bushes meet Nazism at the intersection of
genetics and big pharmaceutical companies, the website Conspiracy
Planet sees the Bushes, through three generations, as active, if
subterranean, Nazi ideologues. In this reality, the Bush family has
been financing the Nazi cause through clandestine sources, including
drug dealing.. The website, which calls itself "the Alternative News
and history Network", hosts a regular "Bush Crime Family" channel,
exploring supposed relationships between the Bushes, Nazi groups and
organized crime. One of its conspiracy researchers, writing under the
moniker King Felix, declares, "George W's grandfather Prescott Bush
was among the chief American fundraisers for the Nazi Party in the
1930s and '40s. In return he was handsomely rewarded with plenty of
financial opportunities from the Nazis helping to create the fortune
and legacy that his son George inherited."
On the other hand, for Richard Draheim, columnist for the Dallas
Libertarian, the Bushes' represent a traditional Republican collusion
of big business and big government. Specifically, Draheim sees in the
Bush Dynasty a marriage between Wall Street and the oil industry and
(despite the low-tax rhetoric), a conspiracy to impose high taxes to
subsidize Bush family-connected businesses. "The Bush family fortune
is old, and it comes from a century old alliance with the most
powerful interests on Wall Street and in industry. Worse, a big part
of Dubya's money comes from Grandfather Prescott Bush's alliance with
the Nazis."
Less diplomatically, Marie Vance and John Cappetini claim in
syninfo.com: "The silver spoon in George W. Bush's mouth was bought
and paid for by Nazi butchers, who yanked the fillings from dead Jew's
mouths. The Bush mob/Bush international crime family was and is a
bunch of Satan worshipping Nazis."
Though space doesn�t permit, it wouldn't be tough at all to find
several hundred more examples. Internet rants? Technologically
amplified paranoia? Indeed.
It's easy enough to tear apart the notion of a still active, century-
long, racist-Nazi (with a capital N) conspiracy based on the science
of genetics. Many racist ideologues do use rhetoric couched in the
scientific (or more often pseudo-scientific) jargon of genetic
determinism. Some racist ideologues do continue to advance schemes for
sterilizing "undesirable" populations, all too similar to those of
Nazi Germany. Most scientists, (including most molecular biologists),
most birth-control and reproductive rights advocates, as well as most
environmentalists and population control proponents, have nothing to
do with them, following totally divergent and conflicting social and
political agendas.
Wild stretches? Yes. But wrong about any Bush-Nazi connection? Not
really. Or, at least, not entirely.
Beating Around the Bushes
The following is a thumbnail sketch of the Bush family biography from
the early 1900s to the 1950s, as culled from several recent mainstream
Bush (George the Father and Junior) biographies, a canon including
Lone Star Yankee by Herbert S. Parmet, First Son by Bill Minutaglio
and W: The Revenge of the Bush Dynasty by Elizabeth Mitchell, as well
as official family memoirs.
Samuel Bush (George H.W.'s paternal grandfather) was a successful
Midwestern entrepreneur who ran both a small Ohio railroad and the
Buckeye Steel Castings Company. A man of vaguely populist leanings,
despite his affluence, Bush helped frame Ohio's first worker's
compensation laws and has been said to have been a Democrat, and
"friendly with organized labor."
His son Prescott Bush, after attending Yale in the 1910s, worked
briefly in a small, family owned rubber company in Ohio. In the early
'20s, he accepted an invitation from his new father-in-law George
Herbert to join the Harriman brothers' investment, a high-flying
international banking house. George Herbert Walker, father of
Prescott�s wife Dorothy, was the founder of GH Walker and Co.
investment bank in St. Louis. While Samuel Bush might be characterized
as "petit-bourgeois," GH Walker was a man of great wealth. In addition
to being a major power broker in the Midwest, Walker had close
connections to the Eastern banking elite as well. By the early '20s,
he maintained an estate in Kennebunkport, Maine, a mansion on Long
Island, and a ten thousand-acre hunting preserve called Duncannon in
South Carolina.
At the urging of his friend, railroad magnate E.H. Harriman, father of
Averill and Roland (Bunny) Harriman (classmates of Prescott Bush at
Yale), Walker had come to New York to help the younger Harrimans run
the Harriman investment bank. By the late 1920s, Walker had groomed
his son-in-law to handle large parts of the bank�s investments,
including its interests in the fledgling Columbia Broadcasting
Network, and several European projects. By the early 1930s, Walker
left daily operations of the Harriman bank. Bush stayed on throughout
the 30s and 40s as a partner in the firm. By 1931, Harriman Investment
had merged with the British-American bank Brown Brothers, becoming
Brown Brothers Harriman. During the 1940s Bush, who had shed his
father�s Democratic politics for his father-in-law�s Republicanism,
became active in Connecticut electoral politics. He ran unsuccessfully
for the U.S. Senate in 1950, before winning a seat in 1952. Bush
served 12 years in the Senate, earning a record as a moderately
liberal "Rockefeller Republican" and a supporter of civil rights
legislation, and a reputation for being President Eisenhower�s golfing
buddy.
Trading With Enemies
One could read through the bulk of mainstream Bush family biographies
and find no mention of a significant 1942 event: That year the U.S.
federal government, under the auspices of the office of the U.S Alien
Property Custodian. seized the assets of the Union Banking
Corporation, a subsidiary of Brown Brothers Harriman, under authority
of the "Trading with the Enemy Act." Prescott Bush served on the
board.
An eclectic body of revisionist work, most originally available in
book form (and most now "out of print"), has been dedicated to
investigating the background of this historically excised event.
Though largely ignored by established book reviewing media, mainstream
print, and broadcast punditry, three books in particular have
attempted to explore and document the historical background of the
"Bush-Nazi" connection. These attempts to fill in the gaps left by
mainstream historians have found new life on the web.
The most frequently cited and circulated source of Bush-Nazi
investigations/conspiranoia, George Bush-The Unauthorized Biography (a
biography of George Herbert Walker Bush) by Webster Griffin Tarpley
and Anton Chaitkin, published in 1992, while well-documented, is also
the most suspect. The problem is that Tarpley and Chaitkin are
colleagues of the political cult leader Lyndon LaRouche. Not
surprisingly, they insist on overlaying otherwise solidly researched
data with wildly speculative interpretations. The book, originally
published by LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review, though "out of
print," is ubiquitous on the web, and freely used and quoted by Bush
conspiranoia buffs of all persuasions.
Tarpley and Chaitkin fill in important details of the period of
Prescott Bush's involvement in international investment banking. They
document W.A. Harriman Bank's European operations, and the roles of
Herbert Walker, who joined as president and chief executive in
November, 1919, and Prescott Bush.
According to Tarpley and Chaitkin, the first major German connections
made by the newly minted Harriman bank took place in 1920, when
Averill Harriman announced plans to re-launch the dormant Hamburg-
Amerikan shipping line. The German shipping line, said to be the
world�s largest private line, had been confiscated by the U.S.
government at the end of World War I. Harriman purchased it from the
government at a fraction of its market value. According to the terms
of the deal, the original German management would buy back the line
from Harriman at its market value, with the Harriman Bank gaining
rights to 50% of all business originating in Hamburg and complete
control of all activities of the line in the U.S.
Soon after, In 1922, Harriman and Walker set up a European
headquarters in Berlin, forming a relationship with the Hamburg- based
Warburg Bank. Through Warburg, Harriman began a series of investments
during the mid-to-late 1920s in German industry and raw materials.
During this period, Harriman also set up a New York bank called the
Union Banking Corporation. This was designed, primarily, to handle
funds supplied by the Bank von Handel en Scheepvaart, a Dutch bank
owned by German industrialist Fritz Thyssen. By personal agreement
between Averill Harriman and Thyssen, Union Ba nk would transfer funds
back and forth between New York and the Thyssen interests. During the
1920s and �30s, Thyssen accounted for much of Germany�s pig iron,
universal plate, heavy plate, pipes and tubes, wire and explosives. In
1926, along with another Wall Street bank, Dillon-Read, Harriman
helped establish the new German Steel Trust, also largely owned by
Thyssen. By the mid-1930s, GST had become Germany�s largest industrial
corporation.
>From 1923 on, along with his industrial and financial activities,
Thyssen was an instrumental early financial backer of a fledgling
political group called the Nazi Party, extending a large credit line
to the party through the Harriman banking subsidiary. (He admits this
in a post-WW2 memoir entitled I Paid Hitler.)
In January, 1931, the Harriman Bank merged with the British- American
Brown Brothers' investment house to become Brown Brothers Harriman. By
then, Herbert Walker had left full-time work at Harriman to devote
himself to GH Walker &Co., but Prescott Bush stayed on with the
Harrimans to become senior partner in the new firm.
The consolidated Silesian Holding company (which included Prescott
Bush as director) was another major German industrial trust that Brown
Brothers Harriman partnered with in the 1930s. This was a complex of
steel-making, coal-making and zinc-making operations in Germany and
Poland. According to a U.S. government brief presented in 1946 at the
Nuremburg war crimes tribunal, industrialist Friedrich Flick, owner of
two-thirds of Silesian, was "a leading financial contributor to the
Nazi Party from 1932 on and a member of the Circle of Friends of
Himmler who contributed large sums to the Nazi SS." Silesian and
United Steel Trust were the two primary suppliers of war material to
the Nazi government throughout its arms build-up in the 1930s, and
into the 1940s.
US government documents also show that two other Harriman Bank
affiliates, Wilhelm Cuno and Baron Rudolph von Schroder, directors of
the Hamburg-Amerika line, were major contributors to the Nazi Party in
its 1932 election campaign. Additionally, according to the Nye
commission (a 1934 US Congressional investigation), The Hamburg-
Amerika line was a primary conduit for the shipment of American guns
to the Nazis. They also provided free passage to individuals going
abroad for Nazi propaganda purposes, as well as subsidies for pro-Nazi
newspapers and other Nazi propaganda materials throughout the 1930s,
according to the Nye Report..
These activities continued until September, 1942, when the U.S.
government ordered all property of the Hamburg-Amerika line seized
under the Trading with the Enemy Act. Two months later, also under the
authority of the Trading with the Enemy Act, the government issued
Vesting Order No.248 seizing assets of the Union Banking Co.
(approximately $4 million.)
While the evidence amassed by Tarpley and Chaitkin in no way directly
implicates Prescott Bush or Brown Brothers Harriman as Nazi
supporters, a strong case is made for their complicity in aiding and
abetting the Nazi cause for profit long after the nature of the Nazi
regime became clear to any informed observer, and even after the US
declaration of war against Germany.
Unfortunately, not content with solid muckracking, Tarpley and
Chaitkin insist on super-imposing their pet (entertaining but
unsubstantiated, not to mention off-the-wall) conspiracy theory of US
history, inspired by Lyndon LaRouche, leader of a radical left/right,
right/left cult with so many political incarnations and
reincarnations, it's spawned its own mini-industry of
critic/conspiranoiaists. As a highbrow conspiracy theorist�s theorist,
LaRouche puts poor John Birch and Bo Gritz not to mention Tom Clancy
-- to shame. Indeed there are those who think posterity may yet judge
him the grandest historical fictioneer of this era, surpassing
Pynchon, Vidal, and DeLillo. His theory, as advanced by Tarpley and
Chaitkin, involves linking the Bushes, Harrimans, and much, if not
all, of the American elite to a several century old plot for world
subjugation by a secret British-American cabal steeped in arcane lore,
drug smuggling and pagan ritual. They attempt to trace the roots of
this conspiracy to the collusion of British financiers and pro-Brit
American Tories during the Revolutionary War and follow its
machinations through two centuries of intrigue.
As Tarpley and Chaitkin explain it: "Diehard pro-British families,
known as Boston Brahmins, who had prospered in the ship transportation
of rum and black slaves, regained power in Boston shortly after their
British allies lost the Revolutionary war. In 1805 these cynical neo-
pagan Tories succeeded in placing their representatives in the Hollis
chair, parading publicly as liberal religionists called Unitarians."
Thus commenced a secret war (which continues, two centuries later)
between Tories and �true American nationalists� like the Reverend
Jedidiah Morse, the head of the Andover Academy, an institution set up
to counter the British spies, atheists and criminals who had taken
over Harvard. By 1840, when Jedidiah Morse's generation died out, the
Andover nationalist movement was, say Chaikin and Tarpley, "crushed by
New England's elite families, who were by then Britain's partners in
the booming opium traffic."
According to the authors, by the second half of the 19th century,
Andover, though still ostensibly a Christian schoo,l had become (as
had Yale University, the college of choice for Andover graduates) a
front for occult-inspired Anglophile secret societies. These elite
societies were dedicated to undermining American nationalism and
replacing it with a secret government, run furtively by Anglo-
American financiers.
Though these cults did not fully prevail in the 19th century, as
"national power was still precariously balanced between the imperial
Anglo-American financiers and the heroic old-line nationalists who
built America's railroads, steel and electric utilities," the "New Age
Aristocrats" prevailed in the 20th century. Pivotal to that rise was
Skull and Bones, the most formidable of these secret cults, which by
the early 20th century had become the primary breeding ground of a new
kind of American establishment, with imperial economic and political
ambitions.
"The 20th century," write Tarpley and Chaitkin, "owes much of its
record of horrors to certain Anglophile American families which have
employed Skull and Bones as a political recruiting agency,
particularly the Harrimans, Whitneys, Vanderbilts, Rockefellers," and
their lawyers, the Lords, Tafts, Bundys and Dulleses.
Above all, they write, "Skull and Bones was dominated from 1913 onward
by the circles of Averill Harriman, who succeeded in vanquishing
traditional nationalists like Douglas McArthur."
In addition to financial control, Tarpley anc Chaitkin claim Skull and
Bones has exerted power in many other ways through politics
(especially the CIA and Bush family), "environmentalist" organizations
like the conservation, birth control and Zero Population Growth
Movements (fronts for genocidal eugenics research). They even claim
that would-be revolutionaries. such as the new left "Up Against the
Wall Motherfuckers" (inspiration for the Yippies, but angrier), were
furtively supported back in 1968 by McGeorge Bundy's Ford Foundation
front ESSO (The East Side Service Organization) through the
intermediary of none other than "former OSS operative, neo-Marxist
philosopher Herbert Marcuse."
Business As Usual
Less flaky, The Secret War Against the Jews, by Mark Aarons and John
Loftus, puts the Harriman Bank - Nazi connections in a wider, less
conspiratorial (though far from innocent) context. The book,
originally published in 1994 by St.Martin�s Press, is primarily
focused on the relationship between Western intelligence agencies and
the state of Israel, but it contains a very detailed chapter on U.S.
corporate investment in Nazi Germany. Aaron and Loftus draw
extensively on records of the Nye and Truman Senate committees,
declassified intelligence and State Department documents, interviews
with unnamed former intelligence operatives, and a rare interview
conducted with former Supreme Court justice Arthur Goldberg shortly
before his death. As a government attorney in the 1940s, Goldberg had
extensively investigated and documented corporate ties to the German
military-industrial complex, only to have his findings ignored and
"buried" in State Department archives, a cover-up he blamed to his
dying day on the Dulles Brothers, Allen and John Foster.
Though the book has largely languished in semi-obscurity since its
publication, public statements by Loftus (now president of the Florida
Holocaust Museum) about the Bush family financial ties to Nazi Germany
were widely circulated on the web during the 2000 election campaigns.
Hopefully this will spur more conspiranoia-ists to actually study the
book.
According to The Secret War, Allen and John Foster Dulles, as young
international finance specialists for the Sullivan and Cromwell legal
firm in the 1920s, were pivotal advisors and agents for a "who's who"
of major US. Corporations eager to get in on the bull market for
German re-industrialization. The motivations behind these investors,
which included Dupont, Alcoa, Standard Oil, General Motors, Chase
Manhattan, GE, Ford and IBM, had less to do with ideology than money.
In The Splendid Blonde Beast: Money, Law, and Genocide by Christopher
Simpson, published in 1993, the most thoroughly investigated account
yet of the period, these financial relationships are laid out in
fairly exhaustive detail.
According to Simpson, U.S.- German investment mania gripped the
Roaring 20s financial elite. This mania was rooted in the 1919
Versailles agreements on reparations, which imposed payments of
approximately $30 billion (about $600 billion in 2000 dollars) by the
German government to other European countries over 30 years. By 1922,
attempts to raise the money to pay reparations had driven the German
economy into a deep crisis. For U.S. companies, this was a golden
opportunity.
John Foster Dulles masterminded a scheme wherein a consortium of banks
and brokerage houses (among them the Harriman Bank, Chase Manhattan
and Dillon Read) offered to loan U.S. dollars, through leading German
banks and industrial firms, for the construction of factories,
electrification and industrial plant. In turn, the German companies
would issue millions of dollars worth of bonds and sell them to
Dulles' clients for a discounted price. The U.S. banks would then turn
around and sell the bonds "retail" to individual or small
institutional investors at a hefty mark-up.
The bonds helped jump-start German industry and, in fairly short
order, provided the underpinning for German re-armament. For much of
the 1930s, the German economy, sparked by the Nazi military build-up,
stood out as one of the few bright investment opportunities in an
internationally depressed economy. Some corporate executives
(particularly Henry Ford, and top echelon DuPont executives) were
sympathetic to Nazi and Fascist movements, publicly and financially
supporting Hitler. Most, however, who engaged with Germany in the
Nazi-era were probably motivated by profit, not ideology. They
regarded the Nazis, Simpson believes, as a temporarily useful, if not
entirely agreeable, "disciplinary" force, capable of maintaining
economic stability and a safe investment climate. As a bonus, they
were seen as a counter-weight to militant "Soviet inspired" labor and
socialist movements.
The probable zeitgeist of these financial high-flyers is perhaps best
evoked by (current CNN News Executive Editor) Walter Isaacson and Evan
Thomas in their 1988 study The Wise Men, a largely hagiographic
profile of the post-World War Two foreign policy establishment that
includes portraits of Averill Harriman and Robert Lovett, another
Harriman bank director. As described by Isaacson and Thomas, the
directors of Harriman Bank (Prescott Bush included) were less crypto-
Nazi ideologues than characters out of The Great Gatsby, '20s wild
kids thumbing their noses at such fuddy- duddy traditions as national
borders and political moralism. As they write: "With the end of the
war to end all wars, America quenched its yearning for a return to
normalcy by retreating into isolation Wall Street, on the other hand,
did nothing of the sort. Europe was industrially devastated and mired
in debt. America was throbbing with revitalized factories. The
situation was ripe for financiers interested in foreign investment and
trade, internationalists who understood America�s ties to Europe.
"While the rest of the country slept, a close-knit clique of Wall
Street bankers and lawyers, most of whom had traveled through Europe
as children met in the clubs of London, Paris and Berlin as friendly
competitors putting together suitable investments for their firms. In
a private and profit seeking capacity they were rebuilding a war-
ravaged Europe in a manner as grandiose as any of these men would
employ a world war later with the Marshall Plan."
In Harriman, Isaacson and Thomas, see the prototype of the man without
borders, the true pioneer elite globalist, the Elvis of the New World
Order. "Harriman," they write, "would always harbor a belief that foes
could be bargained with as easily as friends. Thus he had no qualms
about entering into a shipping agreement with Germany before an
armistice had been signed or a mining concession in the Soviet Union,
even though the U.S. had spurned diplomatic relations with that
country."
What Isaacson and Thomas suggest here, and Aaron-Loftus and Simpson
substantiate with more detail and in a far wider historical context,
is that the relationships between Harriman Bank and other corporations
and Nazi-era Germany need to be understood as part of a larger
pattern. There is little evidence that the free-form meta- diplomatic
modes of international financial deal making developed by Harriman,
Bush and company in the 1920s and '30s signaled pro- Nazi or pro-
fascist political ideology. However, it did help form a template for
U.S. international finance and politics in which support for
dictatorships, (financially in the '30s, financially and politically-
militarily during the cold war) would become business as usual in U.S.
foreign policy. One of the most interesting aspects of both the
Simpson and the Aaron and Loftus books is their examination of how the
private sector style of international affairs pioneered by Dulles,
Harriman, Lovett and Bush in the '30s gradually metaphorphosed, during
and after World War 2, into the official realpolitick of the U.S.
government, often under the guidance of these same men. The ruling
precepts of anti-communism and free trade that guided the
international banking elite in the '30s in their dealings with Hitler
would become the official policy through which the U.S. would support
a wide variety of corporate-friendly dictators throughout the world,
from the '50s to the present.
A persuasive case can be made that investments by Brown Brothers
Harriman and numerous other major U.S. corporations in Germany made
the rise of Nazism possible. It's clear Harriman, Bush, Dulles and
legions of the financial elite share a degree of (largely
unacknowledged) responsibility for providing Hitler and the Nazis the
wherewithal to launch World War Two and the Holocaust. However, it's
an untenable leap to conclude that this banking elite exerted some
sort of secret nefarious control over events of the 1930s, or that the
rise of Nazism was not an unintended consequence of their own far
shorter-sighted intentions. Those intentions involved using both
German companies and unwary individual investors in their lucrative
German bond investment scheme. Micro-conspiracies clearly planned to
make money by pumping up German industry, including German armaments.
For those micro-conspiracies, support for a compliant, pliable, big
business friendly government capable of strong-arming labor and other
anti-capitalist troublemakers was a matter of short-term expedience.
"Blowback" (the title of another Simpson book) is the term Simpson
uses to describe the unintended consequences.
The Validity of Cranks Filling Cracks in the Historical Narrative
There are sharp distinctions between the "Bush is a Nazi"
vulgarizations of the conspiranoia-ists, and the documented corporate-
Nazi connections delineated by Simpson or Aaron. Where one sees
ideology, the other sees opportunism. Where one sees intention, the
other sees unintended consequences. The theorists who see this
historical episode not as evidence of Nazism but of business-as-usual
are clearly the more sophisticated of the bunch, but this is small
comfort. The results were (and are) the same.
The vast majority of the Bush-Nazi conspiracy discourse is eccentric
and clearly over-the-top. However, it is these web-based amateurs, and
not our allegedly working professional journalists, who have kept
alive a significant, largely ignored, body of evidence. This evidence
is only partly about the Bushes. More significantly, it traces the
origins of the cavalier, amoral relationship between American and
global financial elites and genocidal dictatorships that has
characterized U.S. policy for decades.
At this stage, the radical media democracy thriving on the web, at
least as evidenced by the Bush conspiranoia sites, is short on logic,
investigative discipline and common sense, but long on guts and moxie.
Unfortunately, Art Bell seems to be closer to the role model of DIY
web muckrackers than I.F. Stone or Howard Zinn. Even so, at least
partly because of the tireless circulation of facts, rumors, and
speculations about "Bush Family Ties," dirty little secrets about the
complicity of major American institutions in the rise of Nazism,
buried for decades, have finally started emerging into mass
consciousness. Despite generally supine treatment of the Bush family
by mainstream media, there are signs that Prescott Bush's investment
banking adventures of the '30s are coming under new scrutiny. A major
two-part series on "The Rise of the Bush Family Dynasty" published in
April 2001 by Michael Kranish in the Boston Globe, explores the
Harriman Bank- German connection in some detail. The movement for
reparations for Holocaust survivors has widened its focus. Previously
focused on European banks laundering money stolen by the Nazis from
German Jews, investigators have started looking also at US
institutions. This process has exposed dealings by several major
banks, including Chase Manhattan and JP Morgan. Chase Manhattan, in
fact, publicly acknowledged culpability of its Paris branch in active
collaboration with the Nazis in liquidating accounts of German Jews.
In early 2001 Edwin Black published a widely publicized study of "IBM
and the Holocaust" detailing how IBM's German division was
instrumental in developing the Hollerith tabulators Nazis used to
process concentration camp prisoners.
This new wave of muckracking undoubtedly has sources besides the wild
and wooly web. Still, it's quite likely that, without a touch of
conspiranoia, mainstream media-maintained amnesia on these matters
would have remained undisturbed.
AN AFTER 9/11 ADDENDUM
This piece was written before the events of 9/11/2001. Needless to
say, the atrocities of that day, in addition to dramatically changing
the political and cultural landscape, and provoking an open-ended "War
Against Terrorism," have ushered in a new era in conspiranoia.
At this very early stage, at least five major theories wholly or
partially rejecting the official version of the attacks as the
responsibility of Ossama BinLaden and Al Queda, have emerged, and
gained currency on the web. The most plausable theory doesn�t claim
direct Western/US involvement in the act. It simply claims that
elements of the Bush Administration/CIA knew about the plan, but
decided it would be politically advantageous not to stop it. Other
versions involve Iraqi secret agents (a favorite of neo-
conservatives), the Israeli Defense force, or domestic dissidents in
the U.S. (mostly far right militias, but some claiming it was radical
left anti-globalists).
Finally, there are theories involving undefined rogue elements of U.S.
intelligence or the military exploiting Middle Eastern fundamentalist
assets. This is called "The Ossama Harvey Oswald theory."
Mad as this last may seem, there is documented evidence that something
nearly as grotesque has been planned at least once before in recent
U.S. history. In his book, Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-
Secret National Security Agency, former ABC World News investigative
reporter James Bamford details a plan by the US Joint Chiefs of Staff
to launch terrorist activities against US people and property. The
plot was put together in the early '60s, under the auspices of General
Lyman Lemnitzer. The right wing extremist Lemnitzer was the powerful
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, inherited from the Eisenhower
Administration by a displeased JFK. His brilliant notion was that
these incidents (which might include bombings, hijackings of planes,
even shooting down John Glenn�s Friendship 7 space capsule) could be
blamed on Castro's Cuba. This would be used to galvanize U.S. public
support for invading that island. Luckily, their plans were shot down
by the administration. But the history of Operation Northwoods, as the
plan was called, stands as a cautionary tale against considering
anything "unthinkable."
Whatever the merits (or lack thereof) of these conspiracy counter-
narratives, it seems certain that the secrecy and sketchiness of
government and mass media explanations about how the evil-doers were
able to get into a position to terrorize the American population, will
(and should) breed far more conspiranoia.
Even for those of us who don't buy into any of the conspiracy
arguments above, and believe that AlQueda was fully responsible and
should be forcefully retaliated against, questions proliferate. For
starters how involved has the U.S. been in training and supporting the
growth of Islamic fundamentalist terrorism, not just (as is already
well known) during the Soviet-Afghani conflict of the 80s, but long
after in places like Bosnia via U.S. �allies� like the Albanian Kosovo
Liberation Army? To what extent has that semi-secret support
undermined US domestic security?
Any adequate history of the entanglements between U. S. foreign policy
makers and the new breed of Islamo-Fascism the U.S. has helped spawn
will likely find the same sort of reckless opportunism -- partly
inspired by business and partly by geo-political considerations that
have already been examined in the article. Only now, the "blowback"
has reaches our shores and threatened the safety of U.S. civilians.
As earlier, I see this as less a question of conscious design or plan
than as the consequence of a chaotic set of short-term tactics
motivated primarily by profit. But if it develops that the US is
undergoing something akin to a real live fascist takeover under George
W., I don't think that invalidates this analyses, except possibly for
its failure to emphasize the fact that fascism can be the last refuge
for capitalist opportunism, when it�s in crisis. It's still more about
profit than ideology.
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