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A Nation Betrayed
The Chilling True Story
of
Secret Cold War Experiments Performed on our Children
and
Other Innocent People
by Carol Rutz
Could You Be One of the People Who Was Used as a Guinea Pig by Your Own
Government?
Using electroshock, drugs, hypnosis, sensory deprivation and other types of
trauma the CIA conducted Mind Control experiments on children in their
attempt to create a Manchurian Candidate.
Thousands of innocent children who have now grown into adults are silently
suffering from the effects of these experiments.
Your tax dollars paid doctors to participate in these and other experiments
in ESP, Remote Viewing, Radiation and research with Chemical and Biological
Warfare while working under government contracts in the U. S. and Canada.
Read the proof obtained from 18,000 pages of declassified documents from
Bluebird/Artichoke and MKULTRA Projects
and
Documentation and Testimony from Survivors of these Cold War Tests.
LSD, Mustard Gas and Lewisite Testing on Military Personnel
�Between 1955 and 1975 the US Army enrolled 6720 soldiers in an experimental
exposure program of chemical warfare and other agents at Edgewood Arsenal,
MD. 254 chemicals were administered in an experimental setting.�
Use of Volunteers in Chemical Agent Research, U.S.
Army
�Based on interviews, some tentative conclusions may be drawn regarding the
ethical milieu of medical research in the 1940's and '50's. In the absence
of an established code of conduct, other influences guided investigator
behavior. Some perhaps caught up in the excitement of research or the desire
to advance their career, used patients as subjects of investigation without
their knowledge or consent. Others relied on the power and prestige of their
position to convince subjects to participate even when benefit was
questionable or nonexistent, and even in the absence of complete information."
Members of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation
Experiments
Publication Date: July 2001
Retail Price: $19.95 U.S.
$15.95 from Fidelity Publishing
P.O. Box 365
Grass Lake, MI 49240-0365
Add $3.95 Shipping in Continental U.S.
Query for shipping to other locations
Size: 5 1/2 x 8 1/2
262 pages
Trade Paperback
Author: Rutz, Carol
ISBN: 0-9710102-0-X
Book contains a Complete Index
Email Carol Rutz at [EMAIL PROTECTED] with questions.
Table of Contents
Preface
Part I Mind Control Experiments on Children
Prologue
1 The Spoils of War
2 A Star is Born
3 Home Sweet Home
4 Men Behind the Shadow Government
5 Training for the Agency
6 Dr. Black
7 Conclusion
MKULTRA Documents
Part II Radiation, Biological and Chemical Experiments
Radiation Experiments
Human Research at the Bomb Tests
Flashblindness Experiments
Research On Protective Clothes
Human Radiation Experiments
Infants, Children and Pregnant Women
The Iodine 131 Experiment in Alaska
The Oregon and Washington Experiments
The Green Run
Other
Biological and Chemical Experiments
Sea Dumping of Chemical Weapons
Human Testing
The Incapacitant Program
LSD Testing
Biological Weapons and Testing
Open Air Testing
Army Contracts with Outside Agency's
FOIA Requests
Appeal to Lawmakers by MKULTRA Targeted Individuals
End Notes
Index
Read the Preface of book Copyright � 2001
This is the story of someone you know-your neighbor, your classmate, your
brother or sister, your mother or father. It is the secret they have been
holding within their hearts, because they were afraid the American public
could not believe their government would carry out human experimentation on
children in direct defiance of the Nuremberg Code, which has been "official"
United States policy since 1946.
Some of the very same Nazi doctors who worked in mental institutions before
WW II, deciding whether mentally deficient children should be sterilized or
killed because of their defective genes, also carried out horrendous
experiments in the death camps. Their medical expertise, along with hundreds
of Nazi scientists was considered so vital to the "Cold War" effort; that
they would be brought into the United States and Canada to work side by side
with some of the greatest but most perverse minds the 20th century would ever
see.
In September 1999 the Department of Justice succeeded in denaturalizing 63
participants in Nazi acts of persecution; and in removing 52 such individuals
from this country. This appears to be but a small portion of those who
actually were brought here by our own government. A 1999 report to the
Senate and the House said, "that between 1945 and 1955, 765 scientists,
engineers, and technicians were brought to the United States under Overcast,
Paperclip, and similar programs. It has been estimated that at least half,
and perhaps as many as 80 percent of the imported specialists were former
Nazi Party members."
Not all of those imported participated in experiments, but some did. A
number of these scientists were recruited to work for the Air Force's School
of Aviation Medicine (SAM) at Brooks Air Force Base in Texas, where dozens of
human radiation experiments were conducted during the Cold War. Among them
were flashblindness studies in connection with atomic weapons tests and data
gathering for total-body irradiation studies conducted in Houston. The exp
eriments for which Nazi investigators were tried included many related to
aviation research. Hubertus Strughold, called "the father of space
medicine," had a long career at the SAM, including the recruitment of other
Paperclip scientists in Germany. On September 24, 1995 the Jewish
Telegraphic Agency reported that as head of Nazi Germany's Air Force
Institute for Aviation Medicine, Strughold participated in a 1942 conference
that discussed "experiments" on human beings. The experiments included
subjecting Dachau concentration camp inmates to torture and death.
The Edgewood Arsenal of the Army's Chemical Corps as well as other military
research sites recruited these scientists with backgrounds in aeromedicine,
radiobiology, and ophthalmology. Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland ended up
conducting experiments on more than seven thousand American soldiers. Using
Auschwitz documents as a guide, they conducted the same type of poison gas
experiments that had been done in the secret I. G. Farben laboratories.
Wright Patterson Airforce Base in Ohio employed several German Peenemunde
scientists, brought there by Army Air Force Colonel Donald Putt. Peenemunde
Aerodynamics Institute built the V-2 rockets and German fighter jets using
forced slave labor from the Karlshagen concentration camp. The Peenemunde
team leader, Wernher von Braun, became the first director of the Marshall
Space Flight Center. Just two weeks after the moon landing, von Braun
confessed in a letter to an Army General, that he had been a member of the
SS. "It's true that I was a member of Hitler's elite SS. The columnist was
correct. I would appreciate it if you would keep the information to
yourself, as any publicity would harm my work with NASA."
Former Peenemunde General Walter Dornberger became vice president of Bell
Aircraft Co. after he ended his employment at Wright-Patterson Airforce Base
where he worked on a classified rocketry program. Dornberger controlled the
production schedule for building the Nordhausen rocket works at the Dora
concentration camp where over 20,000 prisoners were killed through
starvation, disease, or execution.
A Congressional subcommittee hearing in 1994 revealed that up to 500,000
Americans were endangered by secret defense-related tests between 1940 and
1974. These included covert experiments with radioactive materials, mustard
gas, LSD, and biological agents. The General Accounting Office testified
that between 1949 and 1969, the Army released radioactive compounds in 239
cities to study the effects.
Experiments began in the 1930's and continued on for the next four decades.
� The government admitted wrongdoing in the 1932 Tuskegee Experiments, where
poor black African American sharecroppers from Macon County, Alabama were
allowed to go untreated for their syphilis so the effects could be studied.
When physicians and researchers involved with the United States Public Health
Service offered them free medical care, they believed they had found
treatment for what they had been told was "bad blood." Instead, they were
enrolled in an observational research study, without their knowledge or
consent. Even though some rudimentary remedies for syphilis were available
in the early years of the study, they were not offered to these men, so that
the study of the natural history of the untreated disease would not be
jeopardized. This study did not end until 1972, forty years after it had
begun, and twenty years after penicillin had been identified as an effective
treatment for syphilis. On May 16, 1997, President Clinton apologized to the
survivors and families of hundreds of men used in this research project.
� Twelve human "guinea pigs" were secretly injected with radioactive
Plutonium 239 and uranium in government experiments in the 1940�s. Energy
Secretary Hazel O�Leary, in announcing the settlement of $4.8 million to be
paid to their families, said the government was "grateful" to the victims for
"the tough lessons they have taught us about trust, responsibility, and
accountability between the government and the people."
� Less known were such experiments as the feeding of radioactive cereal in
the 1940s and 1950s to young male children who were institutionalized at the
Fernald School in Massachusetts. The researchers had little experience with
radionuclides in humans; consequently this approach to medical investigation
gave them that opportunity. The parents as well as the children were simply
told they were being fed a diet rich in iron. According to oral testimony
given before the President's Advisory Committee on Human Radiation, they were
told they belonged to the Science Club to make them feel special and then
taken to the MIT Faculty Club where it was easier to control them. One
researcher said, "It would be nice to do something for them because these
kids have been involved, we've had to jab them [with needles], and they had
to eat a meal�every little drop of it, because you wanted to be sure they got
100 percent of the radioactivity�wouldn't it be nice to do something for
them?"
� Atomic tests on 2584 military personnel in the Nevada desert in 1953.
� During the 1950s and 1960s Dr. Saul Krugman of New York University
conducted studies of hepatitis at the Willowbrook State School, an
institution for the severely mentally retarded. Krugman and his staff
systematically infected newly arrived children between the ages of three and
eleven with strains of the virus obtained from the feces of Willowbrook
hepatitis patients. This was done to study the natural history, effects, and
progression of the disease. In 1972 Geraldo Rivera wrote an expose entitled
Willowbrook, in which he reported that one hundred percent of the patients
contacted hepatitis within six months of being in this institution.
Obviously, he was unaware of the intentional infection of these children.
When he saw them he compared them to photographs he had seen of the Nazi
death camps. When Bobby Kennedy toured this institution in September of 1965
he said, "At Willowbrook we have a situation that borders on a snake pit: . .
. the children live in filth . . ." The Journal of the American Medical
Association actually went so far as to credit Krugman�s "judicious use of
human beings." Franz Inglefinger, who later became the editor of the New
England Journal of Medicine went even further by saying, "By being allowed to
participate in a carefully supervised study and by receiving the most expert
attention available for a disease of basically unknown nature, the patients
themselves benefited . . . How much better to have a patient with hepatitis
accidentally or deliberately acquired under the guidance of a Krugman, than
under the care of a rights-minded zealot."
� Retarded children at D.C. Children�s Center in Laurel in a section called
the District Training School were used as human guinea pigs for both private
industry and the government. Among the experiments, was the testing of
NeoBazine a diet pill commonly referred to as "rainbow pills." They
contained thyroxin, which caused tremors, nervousness, insomnia, and
tachycardia. It was being tested for its safety and efficiency. In October
1964 the FDA found that the drug was not safe for use. In 1962 the children
were again used to test a drug for skin diseases, which doctors strongly
suspected caused serious side effects to the human liver. More than half the
children tested suffered some liver dysfunction. Eight were admitted to D.C.
General Hospital for intensive care. That same year, 17 Laurel Center
children were used to study thyroid hormone metabolism in children. The
children were injected with thyroxin mixed with radioactive iodine to aid
doctors in tracing a body process. As you can see, there was a clear pattern
of using innocent children who had no way of protecting themselves.
� Alexander Cockburn describes a 1960 Army Chemical Corps experiment where
mosquitoes with yellow fever and dengue fever were dispersed in Savannah,
Georgia and Avon Park, Florida. According to Cockburn, "Carver Village,
which was exclusively black, was the target for these experiments. Residents
at the time reported fevers, bronchitis, typhoid, encephalitis, stillbirths,
also mysterious deaths." Dr. Alan W. Scheflin, Professor of law at Santa
Clara University Law School, and a judicially recognized expert in mind and
behavior control states in a letter dated March 9, 1995, that secret
government mind control experimentation is ongoing and vastly more expansive
than the government authorities are willing to admit. He also is co-author
of a nonfiction book entitled The Mind Manipulators, which was published in a
dozen countries. He says that he has been studying these secret programs
since 1975 and it is his conclusion that there are at minimum hundreds, and
most likely thousands of American citizens who were used as guinea pigs
against their will in government research projects. What he does not say is
that most of the children used in these experiments were sold by one of their
caretakers in the name of "National Security" and subjected to untold horrors
at the hands of their government. In light of so many abuses of power coming
before the public in recent years, many adult survivors of these childhood
experiments are stepping forward to be heard.
In October 1995 the President�s Advisory Committee on Human Radiation
Experiments reported that secret radiation experiments on indigent patients
and mentally retarded children were not only done, but that these people were
deceived about the nature of their treatments. Dr. William Silverman
asserted that performing nontherapeutic experiments on children without
authorization from parents was part of a broader "ethos of the time" in
which "everyone was a draftee" in a national war on disease.
In most cases the experiments involving radiation, chemical and biological
warfare materials were carried out on an unsuspecting public. These are
listed in Part II of this book. Government mind control experiments using
drugs, sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and electric shock were used on adults
and children to gain control of their minds. Impossible, you say. I wish it
were. We live in such a sheltered little world. It�s much easier to believe
that violence and mind control belong to a few scattered cults.
In a decision dated April 16, 1985 Chief Justice Burger of the United States
Court of Appeals delivered the opinion of the Court in the case of CIA v.
SIMS, 471 U.S. 159. This case focused around the publics right under the
Freedom of Information Act, to have declassified the grant proposals and
contracts, and the names of the institutions and individuals who had
performed research under the CIA financed research project, code-named
MKULTRA.
MKULTRA was established to counter soviet and Chinese advances in
brainwashing and interrogation techniques and consisted of 149 subprojects
contracted out to at least 80 institutions. In 1977 Director of Intelligence
Stansfield Turner described in an affidavit, that the program was initiated
because the Agency was confronted with "learning the state of the art of
behavioral modification at a time when the U.S. Government was concerned
about inexplicable behavior of persons behind the 'iron curtain' and American
prisoners of war who had been subjected to so called brainwashing."
It began with a proposal from Richard Helms, who outlined a special funding
mechanism for highly sensitive Agency research and development projects that
would study the use of biological and chemical materials in altering human
behavior. Allen Dulles approved MKULTRA on April 13, 1953. Twenty years
after the conception of the MKULTRA project, all known files pertaining to it
were ordered destroyed by Richard Helms before he retired.
In 1977 through a Freedom of Information Act request by John Marks, 16,000
pages of documents were found, held as part of the Agency�s financial
history. Further attempts at declassification resulted in the decision
rendered by Chief Justice Burger that the "intelligence sources" who were
guaranteed confidentiality at the time of these CIA funded research projects
would continue to remain protected and classified.
To those of us who have survived these experiments, this decision means that
our stories will continue to lie in the government vaults of classified
materials. Most of the important details were conveniently destroyed under
orders of Richard Helms to conceal their wrongdoing. Think what would have
happened if the records of the Holocaust had met the same fate. The
disappearance of six million people could have remained a question mark in
history.
As a survivor of CIA programs Bluebird/Artichoke and MKULTRA, I began my
intense search to document some of the mind control experiments that I was
made part of, starting at the tender age of four. Through a series of FOIA
requests to various departments of the government, I have amassed an
incredible amount of material that validates my personal experiences. The
CIA bought my services from my grandfather in 1952. Over the next twelve
years, I was tested, trained, and used in various ways. Electroshock, drugs,
hypnosis, sensory deprivation, and other types of trauma were used to make me
compliant and split my personality. The "Manchurian Candidate", where a
programmed alter or personality is created to respond to a post-hypnotic
trigger then perform an act and not remember it later, was just one of the
operational uses of the mind control scenario by the CIA. A reliable truth
serum would be another. In Bluebird, Dr. Colin Ross documents the deliberate
creation of Multiple Personality by psychiatrists working under government
contracts. Your hard earned tax dollars supported this, as well as
experiments on extrasensory perception and remote viewing, all of which I was
tested and trained for.
CIA personnel were not opposed to working with nazi doctors who had proven to
be proficient in breaking the mind and rebuilding it. To perform these
experiments they also used the expertise and knowledge of doctors at private
hospitals with whom they made contractual agreements. In some cases military
bases were used to hide these covert activities.
On December 17, 1999 I turned 52 years old. On that day I received three CD
ROM�s from the CIA in response to my FOIA request. Forty-eight years after I
was first experimented on, I found solid proof of my memories?proof that was
in the government vaults of the nearly 18,000 pages of declassified documents
from the Bluebird/Artichoke and MKULTRA programs. One of the documents
specifically stated that experimental studies of the postulated abilities of
a few specially gifted subjects would be conducted. The document states,
"that in working with individual subjects, special attention will be given to
disassociative states which tend to accompany spontaneous ESP experiences.
Such states can be induced and controlled to some extent with hypnosis and
drugs . . . The data used in the study will be obtained from special groups
such as psychotics, children and mediums . . ."
The document continues, "Learning studies will be instituted in which the
subject will be rewarded or punished for his overall performance and
reinforced in various ways?by being told whether he was right, by being told
what the target was, with electric shock etc." The proposal then goes on to
say, "In other cases drugs and psychological tricks will be used to modify
his attitudes. The experimenters will be particularly interested in
disassociative states, from the abaissement de niveau mental, to multiple
personality in so-called mediums; and an attempt will be made to induce a
number of states of this kind, using hypnosis." The government had finally
handed me the validation I had been searching for. To say my heart stopped
that day is almost true.
My goal in writing this book is to expose the misuse of power that took place
in this country during the Cold War. Thousands of innocent children who have
now grown into adults are silently suffering from the effects of the
experiments that were done to them by their own government. Many have been
diagnosed incorrectly and institutionalized. Some died because they knew too
much. Others, like myself, were able to obtain competent medical help, and
are struggling to heal from the physical and mental ravages upon our beings.
In recounting some of the incidents that happened to me as part of these
experiments, I ask that you remember that I have attempted to be as accurate
as possible. Some of these events were remembered during flashbacks and
abreactions. During an abreaction, a person feels just like they are
reliving the event; accompanied by all the sensory stimulation and original
emotional responses. Abreaction is common in soldiers who are having
posttraumatic stress syndrome, where they actually feel they are back on the
battlefield.
The brain is somewhat like a phonograph record, it records the original
happening. With Dissociative Identity Disorder, amnesia is created for the
traumatic incident to save the young child's sanity. When the amnesiac
barriers are removed, it is like putting the needle back on the track of the
record where the original memory is stored.
In my case, post-hypnotic suggestions were used after programming sessions,
which also created an amnesiac barrier. When the wall to these memories was
broken down and the events relived, I would document them in bits and pieces
by journaling, drawing and painting. Some of the things I remembered seemed
bizarre, and I oftentimes questioned my own sanity. Only after all the
pieces of one memory would come together, would I finally get a true picture
of exactly what had been done. This is also when I truly began to heal.
For skeptics, no proof will be enough. For others, like myself, unraveling
the bizarre nature of my memories has allowed me to regain control of my
life. My greatest gift of healing has been to no longer operate out of fear,
but from a rational, logical based reality. Choices to live, love and create
that were taken from me through the fragmentation of my mind can now be
explored.
Some people have asked, "Why now do you choose to speak out?" I prefer to
let an Auschwitz-Birkenau survivor of the Mengele Twins experiments speak for
me. When asked how she felt while she was being used as a guinea pig she
said,
"My answer is that emotional scars are so deep that only now, more than 40
years later, are we attempting to face our past and come to terms with it."
I ask those same people. How can we envision the future without visiting the
past? Will we let this story lay in the shadows forever, or do we have the
courage to address these wrongs and give survivors back their voices? You be
the judge.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ETHICS, Request to the NIH Bioethics Group, April 5, 1999
In so much as the Inter-Institute Bioethics Interest Group is currently
considering research in bioethics, the Advocacy Committee for Human
Experimentation Survivors wishes to apprise the group of the passing of the
fourth anniversary of the testimony of two survivors, Claudia Mullen and
Chris DeNicola Ebner with their therapist, Valerie Wolf, before the
Presidents Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments in March, 1995.
The President�s Committee recommended further exploration of this testimony
which concerned the sadistic experimentation upon children, for the purposes
of mind control and other unwitting uses. To date, no such investigation
into these claims or others by additional survivors of radiation, chemical
and biological experimentation perpetrated upon them as unwitting children,
had been initiated.
ACHES requests the aid of this group in the following goals:
The declassification of all government held files, documents, tapes or
records relating to any experimentation involving children, prisoners or the
mentally incapacitated, particularly those that relate to covertly or
privately funded mind control, radiation, chemical or biological programs,
both past and present.
The creation of a Presidential Committee to identify all US government
sponsored programs, within or outside US borders, including mind control,
radiation, chemical, biological or any other type of experimentation upon
children, prisoners or the mentally incapacitated.
The determination of the legal, ethical and moral responsibilities of the US
government or any other institutions to the survivors of any such
experiments, which were perpetrated upon them as unwitting or uncomprehending
individuals, and to determine remedies for those found to be physically and
psychologically harmed by such experimentation.
The implementation of standards and practices to stop any current abuses and
to place a moratorium on human mind control experimentation and any
experimentation on unwitting or uncomprehending human subjects.
Patty Rehn and Lynne Moss-Sharman as presented by
Karen Coleman Wiltshire
ACHES-MC, Washington, D.C. Contact
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADVOCACY COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION SURVIVORS-MIND CONTROL ACHES-MC
was formed in 1996 to assist and advocate on behalf of survivors of
nonconsensual federally funded mind control experimentation as children or
adults.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inquiries to Carol Rutz at [EMAIL PROTECTED]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PICTURES OF EXPERIMENTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Some Declassified CIA Documents on Bluebird, Artichoke and MKULTRA that seem
pertinent to Today!!
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MORI DocID: 140401 Approximate date January 1, 1952
TO: Deleted
VIA: Deleted
VIA: Deleted
SUBJECT: Special Research, Bluebird
I. General Problem
For the past several months Bluebird - has been endeavoring to ascertain by
research, study, instruction and.. some. practice what value (if any) can be
derived from SI and H techniques when applied to war and specific Agency
problems. These broad problems; using known SI and H Techniques, may be
classified as follows:
A. Can accurate information be obtained from willing or unwilling
individuals.
B. Can Agency-personnel (or persons or interest to this agency) be
conditioned to prevent any outside power from obtaining information from
them by any known means?
C. Can we obtain control of the future activities (physical and mental) of
any given individual, willing or unwilling by application of SI and H
techniques?
D. Can we prevent any outside Power from gaining, control of future
activities (physical- and mental) of agency personnel by any known means?
Bluebird believes that A (above ) can be answered in the affirmative using
SI and H techniques. Bluebird Is not fully -satisfied with -results to date,
but believes with continued work and study remarkable and profitable results
con be obtained regularly.
However, B, C, and D (above) are at; yet unanswerable although Bluebird is
of the opinion that there is a worthwhile chance that all three may at some
future date be answered affirmatively. This opinion is supported generally
876 13
by numerous individuals having knowledge of these techniques and by much
literature and intelligence in this field.
Since an affirmative proof of B, C and D would be of incredible value to this
agency Bluebird's general problem is to get up, conduct and carry out
research (practical - not theoretical) in this direction.
Set out below is one specific proposal aimed at achieving our ends as rapidly
as possible and with a maximum of security.
II.
Through internal agency channels, Bluebird was given the name of deleted
individual of deleted extraction and not a citizen of the United States who
had been given certain operational security clearance. Deleted was reported
to have done considerable work in SI and H and to have an unusual and
interesting general background. Deleted was also reported as being reliable,
trustworthy, a known anti-Communist. In view of the above, and on the
instructions of the Director of I&SS, deleted was brought to a safe area near
headquarters and interviewed, interrogated and observed by Bluebird on 19,
20, 21 February 1951. Deleted personality, ability, and intelligence,
sincerity and apparent security mindedness were impressive, Bluebird officers
were unable to find any indications of deviousness or pro-Soviet interests
during these observations. Deleted only apparent obvious weaknesses were his
foreign background and non-United States citizenship.
According to deleted he was born in deleted in Next two pages totally blacked
out.
Deleted discussed at various times his work and interest in the SI and H
techniques. He claimed that most of his present work was along the lines of
hypotherapy which involves post-H suggestion, but admitted that his
experience with drugs, gases, et., in conjunction with SI and H was somewhat
limited, although he was familiar with much of the literature (U.S. and
foreign) in these fields. Deleted admitted that since he had been in the
U.S. he had induced H conditions in at least several hundred individuals,
male and female (in all age groups). Deleted demonstrated successfully some
of his operating methods before the B officers on the 19th, 20th, and 21st.
For matter of record deleted was briefed on the security aspects of B work
and cautioned against all and any discussion outside concerning these
mattes. Deleted signed the standard secrecy agreement.
III. General Proposals
On the basis of deleted apparent ability, relatively simple and easy cover,
background, personality and interest, it is proposed that deleted be either
directly employed or contractually employed by I&SS for specific purpose of
engaging in guided research, testing, and experimentation along SI and H
lines under the general direction of the Director of I&SS and under the
immediate direction of B.
IV. Specific Proposals
A. It is proposed that deleted be brought to headquarters immediately and
formally interviewed by deleted (interview to include basis of arrangements,
cover, locations, salary, operational funds, and securing of PHS).
B. It is proposed that deleted be given a full and detailed Polygraph
examination by deleted on material prepared by deleted.
C. It is proposed that immediately a full field investigation be started on
deleted to include checking of all names, places, squadrons, etc., mentioned
by him (High Priority).
D. It is proposed that immediately after deleted has been given full
security clearance he will be thoroughly briefed, given all necessary funds
and instructed to begin research and testing along lines set out in 5
(below).
E. It is proposed that after a minimum of time to permit deleted full
opportunity to satisfactorily become operation, B offices and trainees will
(under suitable cover) participate in and assist with the research and
testing for purposes of training and experience.
V. Bluebird - Specific Problems
Set out below are specific problem which can only be resolved by experiment,
testing and research as proposed in the paragraphs above. These are not in
any sense all of the problems B is considering, but are merely typical and
point up the need for practical research.
1. Can we "condition" by post-H (hypnotic) suggestion agency employees
(or persons of interest to this agency) to prevent them from giving
information to any unauthorized source or for committing any act on behalf of
a foreign or domestic enemy?
2. Can we in a matter of an hour, two hours, one day, etc., induce an
H condition in an unwilling subject to such an extent that he will perform an
act for our benefit? (Long range).
3. Can we create by post-H control an action contrary to an
individual's basic moral principles?
4. Could we seize a subject and in the space of an hour or two by
post-H control have him crash an airplane, wreck a train, etc.? (Short,
immediate activity)
5. Can we by SI and H techniques force a subject (unwilling or
otherwise) to travel long distances, commit specified acts and return to us
or bring documents or materials? Can a person acting under post-H control
successfully travel long distances?
6. Can we use SI and H to combat fatigue, produce extreme mental
effort?
7. Can we guarantee total amnesia under any and all conditions?
8. Can we "alter" a person's Personality? How long will it hold?
9. Can we design tests to determine whether or not an enemy agent has
been conditioned by SI and H or any other method?
10. Can we detect SI and H by use of SI and H (regression)?
11. Can we make a "conditioned" subject reveal by SI and H specifically
how they were conditioned (drugs, torture, fatigue, hostage pressure,
techniques)?
12. Can we devise a system for making unwilling subjects into willing
agents and then transfer that control to untrained agency agents in the field
by use of codes or identifying signs or credentials?
13. How long can we sustain a post-H suggestion-unaided-with
reinforcement?
14. What would be fastest way to induce SI and H conditions - with drugs
- or without any mechanical aids?
15. Can we devise a standard simple relatively fast technique for
inducing SI and H conditions that can be used by untrained agents (with or
without drugs)?
16. Is it possible to find a gas that can be used to gain SI control from
a gas pencil, odorless, colorless: one shot, etc.?
17. What are full details on "sleep-inducing machine"?
18. How can sodium A or P or any other sleep inducing agent be best
concealed in a normal or commonplace item, such as candy, cigarettes,
liqueur, wines, coffee, tea, beer, gum water, aspirin tablets, common
medicines, coke, tooth paste?
19. How effective can the "carotid artery technique" be made? Can it
be used while subject is unconscious? Is it faster than other techniques?
20. Can we, while a subject is under SI and H control, show them a map
and have them point out specific items, locations, etc., on the map? Can we
also have them make detailed drawings, sketches, plans? Could any of the
above be done under field conditions and in a very short space of time?
21. Can we, while a subject is under SI and H control, show them a map and
have them point out specific items, locations, etc., on the map? Can we also
have them make detailed drawings, sketches, plans?
Could any of the above be done under field conditions and in a very
short space of time?
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MORI Doc 144703 January 1, 1952
PROBLEMS FOR DISCUSSION IN PROPOSED DELETED TRIP
1. AREA
The cases should be handled in a completely safe area.This area should be
near places of confinement of subjects or where suitable facilities are
available for holding subjects until ready for Artichoke techniques.
2. HOUSE
The safe house in which the actual operations will be carried out should, if
possible, be fairly large - - possibly large enough to accommodate the entire
Bluebird team for sleeping purposes and should be stocked with provisions so
that the B team could live in during the Artichoke experimentation. In
addition, the house should be of sufficient size to contain living quarters
for guards.
3. WORKING AREA
The working area for the actual application of the Artichoke techniques
should be two rooms with bath adjoining or nearby. If possible, these rooms
should be lit by indirect lighting and the floors should be covered with
rugs. The main operation room should be quite large and more or less in the
nature of a large bedroom.These rooms should be on the second floor of any
house.
4. GUARDS
Guard duty must be on a 24-hour basis at least at all times when subjects are
on the premises.
5. CHEMICALS
Chemicals will be supplied by the B team unless the field is specifically
requested to furnish some items. The chemicals will be the responsibility of
the medical staff member of the B team.
6. MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
Medical instruments will be supplied by the B team.They will be the
responsibility of the medical staff member of the B team.
NOTE: Medical instruments and chemicals will either be destroyed or given to
the field offices prior to the B team's departure for Headquarters. The only
possible exception to this will be standard medical instruments normally
carried by a doctor.
7. ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (Including Recorders)
All types of electronic equipment will be supplied by the B team unless the
field offices are specifically requested to supply certain items.This
equipment will be crated and shipped to the area prior to departure of the B
team.In this connection, it is necessary that the B team know in advance the
type of current used in the area and other technical details which will be
requested prior to departure of the B team.
8. PHOTOGRAPHICEQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
Photographic equipment and supplies will be furnished by the B team.
9. TEAM PERSONNEL
At the present time, the B team will probably consist of deleted, deleted,
deleted, and an M.D, to be designated by Dr. deleted.
10. REQUIRED TIME FOR THE OPERATION
It is estimated that any case will require a minimum of four days.This will
include basic preparation, any necessary polygraph work, general testing, and
the actual operation. Duration of cases depends upon many factors and cannot
be easily estimated.
11. POLYGRAPH
It is proposed that area polygraph men should be assigned to the Artichoke
problem.The experience will be valuable and quite possibly some results may
require polygraph testing.Area polygraph operators will be thoroughly
instructed in Artichoke methods during their association with the Artichoke.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MORI DocID: 140400 January 1, 1952
Possible Fallibility of Polygraph Testing of Subjects in Posthypnotic States
A/B, III, 6, 17
Source is XXXX of a prominent psychiatric clinic and research foundation.Many
new methods of psychognosis and psychotherapy have been developed under
source's xxx.Source has previously submitted a report entitled xxxxx.
1.Q. On the basis of your knowledge of hypnology, do you think that it
would be possible to induce a posthypnotic state on a subject in such a way
that his reactions to polygraph testing would be significantly altered?
A. My offhand opinion is that this would be quite possible. Of course
it would be very simple to conduct experiments which could definitely decide
this question one way or another, but on the assumption that such experiments
have been carried out, I should like to comment briefly on the possibilities
to be considered.
As I understand it, the polygraph measures unconscious physical reactions to
the stimuli of the mental disturbances caused by the telling of deliberate
lies. Therefore, it would appear possible that a subject could possibly avoid
these reactions if he were interrogated while in a posthypnotic state and
thus establish his innocence for some incriminating acts or associations.
This might be done by the induction of posthypnotic amnesia for the
incriminating episodes and the substitution of an alibi situation by the
establishment of false recollections. In other words, the subject would be
convinced that he was actually telling the truth and would not have
psychosomatic disturbance necessary for a polygraph reaction. In addition to
this, complete amnesia of the hypnotism itself can be effected and affective
defense can be set up against rehypnotization by another hypnotist.
Furthermore, the subject's reactions to other questions used in testing the
polygraphability of a subject would probably be normal.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MORI ID 148373 1/1/52
ORGANIZATION OF A SPECIAL DEFENSE INTERROGATION PROGRAM
A/B Y, 23/5
1. The Problem
The use of methods, other than conventional psychological interrogation by
enemy nations gives them an advantage which is a serious problem to our
national security. Solution of this problem excludes the use of duress as:
a. It is an action out of keeping with the traditions of the
country.
b. Its results are unreliable or at least not as effective as those
obtained from properly supplemented psychoanalytical techniques.
2. Action to be Initiated for its Solution.
Establishment of a special research program coordinated on a high level
with other research programs and backed up by operational personnel for
testing hypotheses under field conditions.
3. Essential Elements of this Program.
a. Establishment of known facts:
(1) Physiological research leading to a better
understanding of the constituent factors in human behavior.
(2) Physiological and pharmacological research leading to
better understanding of the action or effectiveness of various agents used in
connection with efforts to control human behavior.
(3) Confirmatory evidence of use by the enemy of special
techniques for extracting information or otherwise existing control over an
individual.
(4) The evaluation of methods which have been used or may
be used by the enemy to obtain true or false confessions, or obtain
intelligence by breaking the will of the interrogatec. This will include:
(a) Interrogation under narcosis
(b) Subconscious isolation
(c) Shock techniques
(d) Use of ultrasonics and sonics
(e) Other
b. The development of methods for detection of techniques applied by
the enemy.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MORI DocID: 140395
A/B, IV, 10, 9
15 February 1952
MEMORANDUM FOR: Assistant Director for Deleted
Assistant Director for Deleted
Security Officer/CIA
Chief, deleted TSS
SUBJECT: Research Projects
1. Attached is an outline of some research projects we are considering in
connection with Project Artichoke.
2. I would appreciate any comments or suggestions you may have with
respect to these or other projects which you may feel we would want to
consider.
Signatures deleted
Cc:Deputy Director (Intelligence)
Deputy Director (Plans)
Attach:Outline of projects
Next Page
PROPOSED:RESEARCH PROJECTS FOR PROJECT ARTICHOKE
Research Organization Principle Re
searcher Cost (approx.)
A. Entire line whited out
Purpose: To develop electric shock and hypnotic techniques for
Artichoke use.
B. Entire line whited out
Purpose: To develop drug techniques for Artichoke use.
C. Entire line whited out
Purpose: To develop drug techniques for Artichoke use.
D. Not yet selected
---------------------------- whited out
Purpose: To develop neuro-surgical techniques for Artichoke use.
E. To be selected
---------------------------- whited out
Purpose: To develop new psychological techniques based upon work going on
atdeleted use in Project Artichoke.
F. To be selected
----------------------------- whited out
Purpose: To develop new rapid screening and selection techniques for use in
connection with Project Artichoke.
Total research contemplated � whited out
Initiation date: As soon as contract arrangements are completed.
Funds: deleted
Duration of Projects: One year with option to continue or expand if
justified by results.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
MORI ID: 140394 A/B, III, 6, 7
25 February 1952
Three Lines Deleted
Interview with.
1. On Thursday 21 February 1952, the writer had an extended interview
with line deleted. The conversation lasted from 3:00 PM to approximately
6:30 PM. The interview was laid on through the Contact Branch and
introductions were made through deleted of the New York City Contact
Office. NO difficulties were encountered in this matter.
2. Deleted is a professional hypnotist of exceptionally good reputation.
He apparently has other means and has been a professional engineer and
accountant. His apartment is in a deluxe apartment neighborhood in deleted
and is in exceptionally good taste. Deleted resides with his sister.
3. Deleted is about six feet tall, wears horn-rim glasses, has a strong,
aggressive look, and, physically, is quite impressive. He appears highly
intelligent, was courteous, amiable, and co-operative throughout. Before
getting to cases, the writer fenced with deleted for approximately
three-quarters of an hour, talking generally about hypnosis and not
disclosing positive security interests. After establishing in the writer's
mind that deleted was competent and thoroughly understood the meaning of
secrecy, the writer opened up and discussed positive matters. Set out below
are a series of questions and answers which cover, in substance, the details
of the interview with deleted.
Q: What are your experiences in general with hypnotism?
A: I have been a professional hypnotist for at least 15 years. At
present, I am employed on a very confidential basis two days a week working
in the line deleted. I also work constantly two lines deleted. I work as a
deleted and I work continuously with all types of patients at deleted. I am
not teaching hypnotism now, but I have taught many individuals hypnotism in
the past.
Q: What part, do you think, did hypnotism play in the deleted; and other
show trials by the USSR and their satellites?
A. In my personal opinion, hypnosis possibly combined with duress, and
possibly drugs, is how the "confessions" were brought about. I have long
been interested in these trials and I believe it entirely possible to bring
these things about through these techniques. It would take a great deal of
continuous application and study of the individual to produce these results
but the enemy has plenty of time and is capable of using any methods.
Q: Can you obtain information from an individual, willing or unwilling,
by hypnotism?
A: Definitely, yes. Many of the medical cases I work on are involved in
obtaining personal, intimate information and through hypnotism, I have been
quite successful in obtaining this. If an individual refuses to co-operated
with hypnosis, the doctors with whom I work use drugs, always sodium amytal.
Q: Do you think that this system would be useful in obtaining information
from a recalcitrant, obstinate, and entirely uncooperative individual?
A: Yes, definitely. That is the only way to approach this type of
individual, but even at that you would have to study your individual
psychologically and the matter would require great skill. All people have to
be approached in different manners as far as hypnotism goes, but if you could
gain their confidence or at least indicate so, they would clearly understand
you were not hostile to them and your battle would be more than half won.
Q: How far do you think individuals could be controlled by hypnosis?
A: This is a very difficult subject. Post-hypnotics will last twenty yea
rs and will be very strong if re-enforced from time to time. However, if
direct control is wanted, and particularly without re-enforcement, perhaps
twelve hours would be the most you could expect and even than a possibility
exists that the person under hypnosis might suddenly be awakened by some
external stimulus.
Q: Have you ever had any experience with drugs?
A: Yes, many times. I have worked with doctors using sodium amytal and
pentothal and have obtained hypnotic control after the drugs were used. In
fact, many times drugs were used for the purpose of obtaining hypnotic
control.
Q: Were any other drugs used? Do you know any "new" drugs or are there
an "wonder" drugs that can be used in this business?
A: No. I have known doctors to try other drugs but they do not have any
success and almost without exception in my work, sodium amytal and pentothal
are the weapons used. If I had to tackle a case, tough and unwilling, I
would rely on sodium amytal. I do not know of any "wonder" drugs. I do not
believe they exist and none of the psychiatrists and doctors I work with use
anything but those I have mentioned.
Q: Have you ever heard of hypnosis being used in connection with
electroshock?
A: No. I am familiar with the electroshock convulsion and coma but I
have never attempted to obtain hypnotic control thereafter and have never
heard of anyone doing this. However, some of my friends who are
psychiatrists constantly use electroshock and I have complete access to
their work. I shall make some experiments along these lines in the near
future and when I see you again, we will discuss the results of this.
Q: Are there any individuals you might know who would be worthwhile in
contacting along these lines?
A: Offhand, I cannot think of anyone except two lines deletedis perhaps
one of the outstanding deleted in the country, thoroughly understands drugs
and is well acquainted with my work. As far as hypnotists are concerned, I
do not believe there are five competent professional hypnotists in the U.S.
today and I have nothing but contempt for the college professor who talks
about hypnosis. Only the professional who can handle hypnosis in front of
the public and on a large scale is capable of really giving first-rate advice
or information on hypnotic work.
Q: Would you be willing to act as a consultant to this Agency?(Deleted
was fully informed that the writer was making no offers and in no position to
recruit personnel. This offer was being made in general terms.)
A: Yes, I feel that we are at war and if I can be of any help whatsoever,
I shall be glad to give my time. If you need me on any given case, I will be
glad to come.
Q: Would you accept pupils for private caching?
(Same explanation as above)
A: Yes. I think I could train an individual or at least give him a
substantial background in two weeks, working out with him three times a
week.
Q: Do you have any ideas that hypnotism could be used as a weapon?
A: Yes, I have thought about this often. It could certainly be used in
obtaining information from recalcitrant people particularly with drugs.
Furthermore, it can be used as a morale factor and in addition, it could be
used as a recruiting source for special types of work. I will explain the
last two. You have large D.P. camps in Europe and Asia. You have to
entertain these people. A good professional hypnotist is a good
entertainer. Using mass hypnotic methods, he could drive
home thoughts that would be of great benefit to our side. Individuals that
he gained control of through hypnotic influence could be converted to strong
supporters of our viewpoint through suggestion. The opposite of this, of
course, would hold true. Furthermore, along these lines, a good hypnotist
running hypnotic shows for entertainment would pick up a great many subjects,
some of whom might be exceptionally good subjects for us. These subjects
could easily be tabbed and put to use.
Q: Have you ever been able to produce hypnosis without an individual's
knowledge?
A: Yes, through the relaxing technique and on rare occasions been able to
produce hypnotism against a person's will. However, you cannot count on
this and to attempt to attach an individual who did not want to be hypnotized
alone would be almost an impossible task. In that type of case, I would use
sodium amytal and/or sodium pentothal.
Q. Do you have any special techniques that you think are valuable?
A. All techniques are valuable. I use about 18 different approaches to
individuals ranging from fear to anxiety, to deception, etc., etc. All
individuals are different and a hypnotist always studies his subjects
carefully, psychologically and otherwise, before attempting hypnosis with
them. Only skilled professional hypnotists have proper training and work at
it often enough to be skilled hypnotists. I would be glad to show you all my
techniques when we have time to discuss them.
There is a peculiar and somewhat dangerous technique involving pressure on
the carotid artery. The technique of using pressure on this artery is
largely a matter of timing. Pressure in the right place cuts off the flow of
blood to the brain, apparently cuasing a rapid coma-like condition -- during
this condition, hypnotic control can sometimes be obtained. The technique is
not easy to learn. I have tried it only a few times but it has been
successful.
Q: How effective are post-hypnotics; over what distances and time can they
be effective?
A: Properly used post-hypnotics will last twenty years. They can be made
more effective by re-enforcement from time to time. Post-hypnotics are not
affected at all by time or travel or distance away from the person who placed
the post-hypnotic. As a rule, post-hypnotics should be 100% effective in
good subjects and they would certainly be more effective than a person
operating under direct hypnotic control, since a person in a hypnotic trance
can suddenly be brought out of it for various reasons, particularly after
many hours, while a post-hypnotic will always remain strong.
Q: Can individuals be made to do things under hypnosis that they would not
otherwise?
A: This is a muchly debated subject and, in my opinion, as a general rule,
no individual will do anything against his moral code or upbringing under a
hypnotic trance they would not do otherwise. However, it should be remembered
that by the proper type of conditioning and a very intelligent and
understanding approach using psychology, individuals could be taught to do
anything including murder, suicide, etc. This would be difficult, but I
believe it could be done by a careful process of
conditioning a person psychologically while under a hypnotic state, setting a
stage for the act as it were. I do not have much faith in test experiments
in colleges because they are, by their very nature, experiments or tests. I
do believe that you could carry out acts that would be against an
individual's moral feelings if they were rightly, psychologically
conditioned. Of course, it would not be as much of a problem to have an
immoral person commit an immoral act or a murdered commit a murder, since by
their nature they would have no hesitancy to do such a thing in their normal
life. I do not know of any drugs that would do this under any circumstance,
but I do feel that the deleted and other familiar cases in which individuals
confessed to crimes which they could not have possibly committed was brought
about by hypnosis, as I mentioned before, and lengthy
psychological conditioning. The question itself, of course, is one that has
been debated a great many times but is difficult to actually arrange a
"practical" test.
Q: Do you have any special techniques or ideas for detecting if an
individual is under hypnosis or not?
A: Yes, I have several methods for detecting this and if I see you again, I
will go over them in detail with you. There are certain tests that I make
which I think are very effective. Along this same line, I also use several
methods for detecting when individuals are faking or play acting with me or
feigning hypnosis.
Q: Do you have any system for detecting good hypnotic subjects, particularly
not along the lines of stage entertainments?
A: No particular system, but there are certain techniques that I apply in
looking for good subjects. Most of these are basically standard tests and
are, undoubtedly, known to you.(Reference was made to standard tests for
suggestibility, all known to the writer.) In this connection, when I see you
again, I will show you some of the methods I use along these lines.
Q: Can hypnosis be broken by another hypnotist if specific instructions have
been given to a subject to prevent this?
A: I have been able to do this, but this is not easy and requires a great
deal of time and effort, but I believe that almost any hypnotic control can
be detected and broken if sufficient time and a careful psychological
approach are used.
Q: Does alcohol assist in the obtaining of hypnosis in a subject?
A: I do not believe it helps. There are many other more important aids to
hypnosis than a social drink or two. The first of these I believe would be
anxiety, another would be fear, third might be exhaustion. However, in many
cases, alcohol does make individuals more pliable and in that sense might
have some results.
Q: Do you have any material that you think might be of interest to me along
these lines?
A: Yes. As you know, an individual who has been hypnotized makes a very
excellent courier. Even assuming that the post-hypnotic control could be
broken or the individual hypnotized, it could still be protected as follows:
A person could be regressed to a certain time and date and then given the
message and unless the person who subsequently gained control of the subject
regressed the subject to the correct date and time set out, he could not get
the message. Even more secure would be to move the individual forward. If
he were moved from thirty years of age to thirty-five years of age at a given
date and time and then given the message, unless the individual could guess
the age, the time and the date in the future, he could not obtain the
message. In my opinion, the use of this hypnotic technique is valuable from
your point of view. Certain it is that by hypnotic control over an
individual you can extract information probably better than any other known
way. Furthermore, in good subjects you can create complete amnesias which
should be helpful. In addition, as I mentioned above, I think this technique
could be used on a mass scale as I explained both as a morale factor or for
propaganda purposes. Some people in the Army I know are giving thought to
these items, but whether it can ever be sold at the top-level, I cannot say.
I think it would be very valuable. I will try when I return from my trip to
contact a number of individuals, psychiatrists, and doctors that I know and
without discussing any reasons, obtain from them any information that they
may
have on new drugs or techniques. I do not believe that there are any new
drugs and I do not believe there is anything such as the "wonder" drugs which
will produce instant talking when given to an individual. I believe our
hypnotic capacities are as good as the deleted and I also believe that they
have not "wonder" rugs or any other drugs we do not know about. The only
thing they have is plenty of time and they care nothing for normal
conventions.
For matter of record, deleted professed great interest in this type of work
stating that in his opinion, it had long been neglected by our Government.
He stated he would contribute time and effort if he were called upon to do so
and volunteered to assist in any case if he were called upon for assistances.
Signature deleted
-----
Aloha, He'Ping,
Om, Shalom, Salaam.
Em Hotep, Peace Be,
All My Relations.
Omnia Bona Bonis,
Adieu, Adios, Aloha.
Amen.
Roads End
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