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Venona and Nightingale intercepts reveal massive infiltrations
http://www.tbrnews.org/Archives/a073.htm
During the course of the Second World War, there was a constant flow of radio messages
from the world-wide net of active Soviet agents to Moscow, and the same flow from
Moscow to their agents in the field.
A large number of these coded messages from the NKVD and the GRU were intercepted by
the Americans and British and an analysis, in the United States, was commenced in
1943, but with scant results. The Russians, post-war U.S. intelligence agencies have
averred, used encryption methods that made it nearly impossible to decode the Soviet
spy messages with anything near completeness.
The National Security Agency (NSA) has released thick files of decoded messages,
noteworthy mainly in the incompleteness of their decoding. Most intercepts released
show the headings completely intact and a few readable paragraphs, or words scattered
throughout the text with such explanations as "120 groups unrecovered," the words ....
"and also reported by"...followed by "40 groups unrecovered," giving the impression
that even fifty years later these messages still remain a cryptographic mystery,
impossible of solution.
In many of these messages are references to American citizens identified as active
Soviet agents. In almost all cases, the names of these Americans have been redacted or
censored by the NSA, and the officially stated reason given for this censorship is "to
protect the privacy" of the persons involved. The question arises as to why one would
wish to protect the privacy of identified traitors and the answer to this question has
to be sought outside the protective compounds of the NSA.
Messages to Moscow came from many geographical areas such as the United States,
Canada, Australia, England, Switzerland and Mexico.
To obtain a full understanding of the contents of the spy messages, it is necessary to
study the intercepts from other countries. For example, coded Soviet messages from
Canberra in Australia were sent in a code that was quickly broken and read almost
immediately.
However, there was not that much traffic from Australia compared with that from the
United States. The traffic from Ottawa, Canada, on the other hand, was far more
voluminous and often contained duplication of material sent from the United States.
This material was often sent to Canada by courier and radioed to Moscow again. This
duplication of important messages was due to the fact that short-wave transmissions
often suffered from atmospheric interference with messages breaking up en route. Vital
information was often duplicated to insure its full reception in Moscow.
Like the Australian messages, the ones from Canada could be, and were, deciphered
without problems, but not in the United States. This codebreaking was accomplished in
Germany by the radio intercept units of the Gestapo.
This agency had captured a number of Soviet agents, many of whom were of some
importance and many who were conversant with various Soviet secret codes.
The messages from the United States and England were code-named "BRIDE", "TRINE" and
finally, "VENONA," while the German intercepts from Canada were called "NACHTIGAL" or
nightingale, a bird that is famous for the sweetness of its song.
Many thousands of messages from Ottawa to Moscow central were pulled out of the air by
the German intercept stations and duly decoded and translated into the German
language. Many of these reports were relatively unimportant, dealing with personnel
problems, rumors and demands for better equipment (Soviet radios were notoriously
prone to failure). Other reports contained information on spies in both the United
States and Canada which was of great importance to the German government, and it is
the significant ones that M�ller compiled and microfilmed in the last year of the war.
When one compares the complete German NIGHTINGALE messages with the incomplete VENONA
material, the incompleteness of the U.S. decrypts becomes quickly understandable. The
NIGHTINGALE material contains exactly what the VENONA material does, but it is intact
and one can see the names of the Americans who were involved with Soviet agents and
many of whom were actual paid agents.
A VENONA document that indicates a meeting between U.S. Treasury Department high
official, Harry Dexter White, with a Soviet intelligence controller is filled with
reference to "unrecovered" material, whereas the NIGHTINGALE material is complete.
It should also be noted in reading through the released VENONA material, that reports
to Moscow concerning material their U.S.-based agents had gleaned from the American
press are translated in full without a single "unrecovered" word, whereas the messages
that contain specific material on U.S. spies are so full of "unrecovered" passages as
to be virtually meaningless.
In reading over the VENONA material, one is struck by the fact that while the headings
and contents which are of no importance have been officially decoded and released to
the public, while anything else seems to have avoided the decoding process. If one
assumes that the Soviet agent sent a message to his superiors in Moscow in code, does
it not seem more than reasonable to assume that the entire message is in the same
code? And if this is the case, how is it possible only to decode just an unimportant
part of a message while failing to decode more sensitive material? In sum, if a
decrypter is able to read most of a message, why can't he read the rest of it?
A comparison of VENONA and NIGHTINGALE shows, that in nearly every case, where the
U.S. agencies claim they were unable to decode part of a Soviet message, the Germans
had the identical message decoded in its entirety. The missing sections from U.S.
papers, almost without fail, deal with treasonable activities on the part of U..S.
citizens, many of whom were very highly placed members of the Roosevelt
administration, up to and including the Vice President, the President's chief advisor,
Harry Hopkins, ranking members of the military, cabinet officers and a host of minor,
but well-placed New Deal bureaucrats.
The privacy of these people certainly has no standing in the court of public opinion,
and the insistent protection by government agencies of their former members is typical
of the behavior of governments, and is nothing more than institutional maintenance.
A very similar situation exists with the so-called JN-25 intercepts. These were U.S.
intelligence intercepts of the Japanese Naval Operations coded messages prior to the
attack on Pearl Harbor. A large number of intercepted messages have been made public
since the end of the war in the Pacific, but it is instructive to note that all of the
U.S. intercepts dealing with an attack on Pearl Harbor, even those that were months
old, were not officially read until December 8, 1941, the day after the Japanese
attack. The intended result was to liberate Roosevelt and administration officials
from their pre-knowledge of the attack. In the case of VENONA, members of his
administration who dealt with the Soviets have most conveniently fallen through the
officially decoded cracks.
Expecting any governmental agency to expose itself or any other official body to
criticism is akin to putting a hungry fox into a hen house to protect the chickens.
Recent accusations that the Central Intelligence Agency was involved in selling crack
cocaine to raise funds for their clandestine operations have been hotly denied in
stories printed and aired by friendly media outlets. But the final conclusion to this
unfortunate business came in December of 1997 when the entire story was proven to be a
complete fabrication. The source of this proof was none other than the Inspector
General of the CIA, thus guaranteeing, at least to his employers, the veracity of the
denial and the exculpation of his agency of any wrongdoing.
While postwar articles and dissertations emanating from official sources go into great
detail about the complexities of the VENONA material, in the final analysis, the
official view is that only parts of messages could be deciphered. This is an
indefensible position and U.S. authorities cannot take refuge in the myth that the
short wave broadcasts were rendered unintelligible due to atmospheric static. These
VENONA intercepts were made at the point of origin, not, like the German NIGHTINGALE,
caught en route from Canada to Moscow. The Germans, one notes, seem to have had no
trouble making full intercepts thousands of miles away from their source.
One recent statement by Michael Warner, a senior CIA historian on his special field of
published expertise, the VENONA project, was that since the Soviets sent all their
messages by transatlantic cable direct to Moscow it would not be possible for the
Germans to make any kind of an interception. Since there was no such cable extant that
ran from North America to Soviet Russia and it is well-established that VENONA came
from radio intercepts, such a statement appears to be another example of either
institutional maintenance or appalling ignorance.
The NIGHTINGALE intercepts show with terrible clarity the degree of penetration the
Soviets had achieved in the United States before and during the war. The defenders of
Roosevelt claim that this was not true, but that if it might be just a little bit
true, the President knew nothing about it and was the victim of deliberate deception.
There are three clear-cut examples of incidents that strongly refute this thesis.
* In 1942, Colonel Boris Pash, head of security for the Manhattan atomic bomb project,
uncovered active Soviet spies in the program. When Roosevelt was notified of Pash's
findings, the colonel was immediately transferred to another post and the spies left
unmolested.
* In 1944, Roosevelt was informed about the very pro-communist activities of his Vice
President, Henry Wallace. Roosevelt indicated to counterintelligence officials that he
was aware of this and again, nothing was done. Subsequent to this, Roosevelt, well
aware that he was dying, made an effort to keep Wallace on the Democratic ticket as
his Vice President and successor to the presidency.
* In the same year, Roosevelt learned that the OSS had recovered from captured German
records, a copy of a Soviet code book supplied to them by the Finnish government. He
immediately ordered General William Donovan, head of the OSS, to return the book to
the Soviets.
*
While Pash had no luck in weeding out the Soviet spies from the vital atomic bomb
project, Wallace was so disliked in the upper levels of the Democratic Party that
Roosevelt was forced to abandon him at the convention in 1944, and Donovan made a
complete copy of the code book before returning it to the Russians.
While NIGHTINGALE may have supplied its sweet song to the Gestapo, it gives nothing,
but discomfort to the adherents of VENONA.
There were thousands of intercepted messages, but this study will focus on a very
important example of the Canadian intercepts printed in full and without concern for
the "personal privacy" of anyone. The NIGHTINGALE files run to approximately 4,000
pages. They will be the subject of another publication.
The intercepts studied here deal with Harry Dexter White, one-time Assistant Under
Secretary of the U.S. Treasury and a close confidant of Henry L.. Morgenthau, Jr,
Roosevelt's Hudson Valley neighbor and his Secretary of the Treasury.
A thorough reading of the Canadian intercepts, the NIGHTINGALE file, shows that there
were three major high level Americans who acted as important Soviet agents in
Washington during the war. One was Alger Hiss, a high-ranking official in the U.S.
Department of State, another was U.S. Vice President Henry Agard Wallace and the third
was Harry Dexter White, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.
Since this study concerns White, some biographical background on him is supplied for
the benefit of the reader.
Harry Dexter White was born October 19, 1879 in Boston, Massachusetts. He served with
the American infantry in France during World War I. After the war, White ran an A.E.F.
orphanage for two years. He left this job and enrolled in Stanford University earning
a BA in 1924 and an MA in 1925. White joined the faculty at Lawrence College in
Appleton,Wisconsin, and later received a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1935. In 1934,
Professor Jacob Viner of the University of Chicago, a supporter of Roosevelt's New
Deal, brought White to the Treasury Department and in 1935, he was sent to England to
study British financial markets.
White joined a Communist Party cell along with Alger and Donald Hiss in 1936.
He became an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, was put in charge of the
Treasury's $2,000,000,000 stabilization fund, and in 1941 he began work on plans for a
world monetary system in conjunction with left-wing British economist, John Maynard
Keyes.
White was also a strong supporter of the Untermeyer economic boycott of pre-war
Germany, and was the man who developed the so-called "Morgenthau Plan" during the war
when the defeat of Germany was assured. The plan called for the destruction of all
German industry and the reduction of the highly industrialized country to a rural
economy. This plan had the hearty endorsement of Roosevelt, Morgenthau and General
Eisenhower.
The Plan would have proven so disruptive to the European and American economy that
Roosevelt was finally forced to repudiate it, but not before word of it was leaked to
the Germans, compelling them to fight to the very end. When Germany was finally
occupied, White, who had been in constant contact with his Soviet controllers, saw to
it that the printing plates for occupational currency were given to the Russians who
used them to print up millions of dollars of worthless currency from which they reaped
tremendous economic and political benefits.
After the war, White headed the International Monetary Fund until he was forced to
retire in April of 1947. White's activities as a Soviet spy had been uncovered earlier
that year and he had to defend himself before Congressional investigating bodies. As
was usual for such individuals, White hotly denied the accusations and attacked his
accusers, labeling them as fascists and witch-hunters. Finally, before his guilt could
be firmly established, he died of a heart attack on August 16, 1948.
Recent releases of VENONA material prove that beyond any doubt, White was a Soviet
agent throughout his rising career in the Roosevelt administration and that he was in
close contact with a significant spy apparatus in the Washington bureaucracy.
Herewith are several significant German intercepts of messages from Canada to Moscow
dealing with Harry Dexter White, Roosevelt's top communist functionary in his Treasury
Department.
Note: In this transcription, the Russian names for their agents and sources are
translated into English and identified. The code name of the individual is supplied in
brackets. These intercepts were translated into German from the Russian and in a
number of cases, individuals with Russian-assigned code names were more easily
identified by postwar U.S. decoding experts than by wartime Germans. The code names in
the following messages are given in brackets. The numbering of the messages comes from
the German, not the American, translations.
From: Ottawa
To: Moscow/ Pavel M. Fitin (VICTOR)
Note: General Fitin was in charge of Soviet Foreign Intelligence until 1944 when he
was replaced by P.V. Fedotov
No: 975-977
Date: August 4-5, 1944
KOLTSOV arrived in New York (TYRE) to interview Harry Dexter White (JURIST). Herewith
a report of the interview held with White at his apartment by Koltzov on July 31.
"White indicates that he does not forsee any diminution of American-Soviet Lend Lease
(DECREE) in the near future and has been pressing to increase the shipment of material
which will be more valuable to us after the end of the war. There have been no
decisions taken on his suggestions as yet, but White assures that he has the full
support, as usual, from Henry Morgenthau (NABOB) on these important matters.
White then states that he has acquired some information about the financing for the
Atom Bomb project (ENORMOUS), but he feels that too much interest on his part in this
area is too risky and might expose him.
White speaks about the economic policy in defeated Germany. In a conference between
Roosevelt (CAPTAIN) and Morgenthau that reparations must be exacted from Germany down
to the last penny and that at least 5 or 10 years must elapse before Germany can be
permitted to join the family of nations again, and then only if she is cleansed of all
fascist elements and her economy is subservient to those of Russia and the United
States (COUNTRY). In the matter of control over a conquered Germany during the time
they are paying us reparations there is at this moment no specific opinion, but there
is some agreement that if Germany is obedient and prompt in her repayment of her
reparations, she might have her payments reduced, but only if she is completely
obedient to our wishes. If not, Roosevelt said she would be at once reoccupied and the
results would indeed be terrible for Germany and the German people.
The policy of trade between the United States and Germany will be effected through
bilateral agreements with a short term, two or three years, to enable the Germans to
be kept under tight control. These conditions will vary from time to time and will not
be codified, exactly to keep the Germans apprehensive, hence obedient.
White then speaks of financial dealings with us and indicates that he and Morgenthau
have spoken with Roosevelt about extending to us a credit of 10 million dollars and
that this could be repaid by us with natural resources and other raw material at
exchange rates favorable to us. Morgenthau has not been able to finalize this project
because he has been unable to get Roosevelt aside for this agreement.
Morgenthau and White wish to come to Moscow (SMYRNA), but this has had to be put off
until after the American elections for reasons of appearance. On August 5, both of
them are leaving for France and England where they will discuss Lend Lease with the
British. The British are now enjoying better economic prospects due to a saving of
money because of the presence of the American Army in Europe, and now Roosevelt is
demanding that Britain begin to repay as much of her Lend Lease bill as she can.
White will supply us with information on the forthcoming conference on oil which he
will get from an aide to Roosevelt and also from Henry Wallace (PILOT).
The actions of the Polish Liberation Committee are causing Roosevelt some concern here
because of the importance of the Polish votes in America. Roosevelt, in agreement with
Wallace and Morgenthau, has determined that the most outspoken anti-Russian elements
in this committee be silenced. This matter will be addressed at the conference but
White assures us that both Roosevelt and Churchill (PIG) will agree to the Lublin
solution proposed by us.
The position of Finland, because of her support of the Germans, has become negative
here and Roosevelt has said that because of this, he has no problems with the
restoration of the Russian-Finnish 1940 frontiers.
Roosevelt feels that regarding the Baltic nations, we have certainly taken them by
force, but White assures us that the pre-war control of these vital areas by us will
not be seriously challenged. He points out that there are very few Balts in this
country as compared with Poles, and Roosevelt does not have to pay much attention to
their wishes.
White is fairly certain that Roosevelt will win reelection here unless, somehow, there
is a serious military reversal in Europe or Japan. Although White, Morgenthau and
Roosevelt are very unhappy about the nomination of Truman instead of Wallace, they all
feel that Truman will appeal to the conservatives in their party and that now, the
trend is running against the radicals represented by Wallace
White then spoke of his continued work for us. He, of course, is prepared for any
sacrifice on our behalf but although he does not think about his personal security, he
notes that if he is somehow exposed, there would be a great scandal in the country
which could lead to a strong movement against Roosevelt's New Deal. In view of this,
White wants to know if he should continue to work for us. He states that he has been
told that the FBI has been watching him and does not know how safe he now is. White
has no suitable meeting place or apartment we can use as a permanent meeting place. He
states that all of his friends are party members and that we could meet at their homes
on an agreed basis every few months. He also suggests that in the event of his having
very vital information, we could also conduct a meeting while we drove in his
automobile
White has determined our next meeting will be on the 17th and 18th of August and has
set this up already for us. He will return to Washington (CARTHAGE) on August 17th.
I will go to Washington on the 8th of August and leave again for Moscow on August 12.
Message submitted by P.I. Fedosimov
From: Ottawa
To: Moscow
Date: September 29, 1944
No: 1213-1214-1215
For: Victor
This is an extract of a private memorandum given by White to Morgenthau as a result of
a meeting held in Hull's (HAWK-Secretary of State, Cordell Hull) office on September
20, 1944.
"Secretary Hull wishes to discuss Morgenthau's participation in the conference in
Quebec.
Hull speaks sharply against Undersecretary Welles about his interference in South
American politics without conferring with the Secretary. He blames Roosevelt for
permitting Welles to conduct official business without consulting him.
Morgenthau discussed his participation in the conference and gave both Hull and
Secretary Stimpson a copy of the memorandum on Germany prepared by Roosevelt and
Churchill.
Secretary Hull wished to know about the dismemberment of Germany, but Morgenthau
stated that this discussion between Roosevelt and Churchill did not take place in his
presence. A map showing the borders of the zones of occupation was given to Hull by an
aide of Stimson. Roosevelt wants Britain to be in charge of the Ruhr (White says this
is so Britain can make some money with which to pay the American government back for
its Lend Lease bills). He tells us privately that Roosevelt is determined to make the
British pay back every dollar they owe to the United States.
Secretary Hull was concerned about the participation of the Soviet Union in various
discussions and expressed concern that they not be left out, and that Russia should
have a hand in the Ruhr management.
Hull is also asking about the cutting of Lend Lease aid to Russia, but this appears to
be something still being worked out by Roosevelt. White advises us that he is striving
to increase this aid because, as he has told Roosevelt, Russia must fight the Japanese
and she will need far more substantive military and economic aid to do this. Roosevelt
is perhaps willing to do this, but he has to reckon with public opinion, and if he
attempts to force the British to repay their loans he might have to do this similarly
with the Soviet Union."
There has been a good deal of sotto voce about the fact that the bulk of Soviet spies
in the United States were Jewish. This theme, although never permitted to be directly
addressed in any element of the mass media, had consistently run through many accounts
of the activities of the Soviet spy apparatus
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