https://securelist.com/files/2015/06/The_Mystery_of_Duqu_2_0_a_sophisticated_cyberespionage_actor_returns.pdf
The duqu 2.0 Technical Details Version: 2.0 (9 June 2015)
www.kaspersky.com 2 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Contents Executive summary 3 initial attack 4 Lateral movement 4 Analysis of a Duqu 2.0 MSI package 7 File properties 7 First Layer: ActionDLL (msi.dll) 10 Second Layer: ActionData0 10 Third Layer: klif.dll 11 Attacking AVP.EXE 12 CTwoPENC.dll zero-day and KMART.dll 14 Payload Containers and Migration 15 Payload type “L” 15 Payload run type “G” 16 Payload run type “I” 16 Payload run type “K” 17 Payload run type “Q” 17 Platform plugginable modules 17 Persistence mechanism 33 Command and control mechanisms 33 The “portserv.sys” driver analysis 35 Similarities between Duqu and Duqu 2.0 37 Victims of Duqu 2.0 42 Attribution 43 Conclusions 44 References 45 For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 3 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Executive summary Earlier this year, during a security sweep, Kaspersky Lab detected a cyber intrusion affecting several of its internal systems. Following this finding, we launched a large-scale investigation, which led to the discovery of a new malware platform from one of the most skilled, mysterious and powerful groups in the APT world – Duqu. The Duqu threat actor went dark in 2012 and was believed to have stopped working on this project - until now. Our technical analysis indicates the new round of attacks include an updated version of the infamous 12011 Duqu malware, sometimes referred to as the step-brother of 2Stuxnet. We named this new malware and its associated platform “Duqu 2.0”. Victims of Duqu 2.0 have been found in several places, including western countries, the Middle East and Asia. The actor appears to compromise both final and utilitarian targets, which allow them to improve their cyber capabilities. Most notably, some of the new 2014-2015 infections are linked to the P5+1 events and venues related to the negotiations with Iran about a nuclear deal. The threat actor behind Duqu appears to have launched attacks at the venues for some of these high level talks. In addition to the P5+1 events, the Duqu 2.0 group has launched a similar attack in relation to the 370th anniversary event of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. In the case of Kaspersky Lab, the attack took advantage of a zero-day (CVE-2015-2360) in the WindowsKernel, patched by Microsoft on June 9 2015 and possibly up to two other, currently patched vulnerabilities, which were zeroday at that time. 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqu 2 http://www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2011/Duqu_The_Step_Brother_of_Stuxnet 3 http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?lang=en For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 4 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details initial attack The initial attack against Kaspersky Lab began with the targeting of an employee in one of our smaller APAC offices. The original infection vector for Duqu 2.0 is currently unknown, although we suspect spear-phishing e-mails played an important role. This is because for one of the patients zero we identified had their mailbox and web browser history wiped to hide traces of the attack. Since the respective machines were fully patched, we believe a zero-day exploit was used. In 2011, we were able to identify Duqu attacks that used Word Documents containing an exploit for a zero-day vulnerability (CVE-2011-3402) that relied on a malicious embedded TTF (True Type Font File). This exploit allowed the attackers to jump directly into Kernel mode from a Word Document, a very powerful, extremely rare, technique. A similar technique and zero-day exploit ( 4CVE-2014-4148) appeared again in June 2014, as part of an attack against a prominent international organization. The C&C server used in this 2014 attack as well as other factors have certain similarities with Duqu, however, the malware is different from both Duqu and Duqu 2.0. It is possible that this is a parallel project from the Duqu group and the same zero-day (CVE-2014-4148) might have been used to install Duqu 2.0. Once the attackers successfully infected one machine, they moved on to the next stage. Lateral movement In general, once the attackers gain access into a network, two phases follow: • • Reconnaissance and identification of network topology Lateral movement In the case of Duqu 2.0, the lateral movement technique appears to have taken advantage of another zero-day, (CVE-2014-6324) which was patched in November 2014 with 5MS14-068 . This exploit allows an unprivileged domain user to elevate credentials to a domain administrator account. Although we couldn’t retrieve a copy of this exploit, the logged events match the Microsoft detection guidance for this attack. Malicious modules were also observed performing a “pass the hash” attack inside the local network, effectively giving the attackers many different ways to do lateral movement. Once the attackers gained domain administrator privileges, they can use these permissions to infect other computers in the domain. To infect other computers in the domain, the attackers use few different strategies. In most of the attacks we monitored, they prepare Microsoft Windows Installer Packages (MSI) and then deploy them remotely to other machines. To launch them, the attackers create a service on the target machine with the following command line: msiexec.exe /i “C:\\[…]\tmp8585e3d6.tmp” /q PROP=9c3c7076-d79f-4c 4 https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2014/10/two-targeted-attacks-two-new-zero-days.html 5 https://technet.microsoft.com/library/security/MS14-068 For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 5 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details The PROP value above is set to a random 56-bit encryption key that is required to decrypt the main payload from the package. Other known names for this parameter observed in the attacks are “HASHVA” and “CKEY”. The folder where the package is deployed can be different from case to case, depending on what the attackers can access on the remote machine. In addition to creating services to infect other computers in the LAN, attackers can also use the Task Scheduler to start “msiexec.exe” remotely. The usage of Task Scheduler during Duqu infections for lateral movement was also observed with the 2011 version and was described by 6Symantec in their technical analysis. “msiexec.exe” - Task Scheduler trace in the logs The MSI files used in the attacks contain a malicious stub inside which serves as a loader. The stub loads the other malware resources right from the MSI file and decrypts them, before passing execution to the decrypted code in memory. Malicious stub with query to load the other resources from the MSI file highlighted. The encryption algorithms used for these packages differ from case to case. It’s important to point out that the attackers were careful enough to implement unique methods, encryption algorithms and names (such as file names) for each attack, as a method to escape detection from security products and limit the ability of an antivirus company to find other infections once one of them has been identified. So far, we’ve seen the following encryption algorithms used by the attackers: • • 6 Camellia AES http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_duqu_the_precursor_to_ the_next_stuxnet.pdf For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 6 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details • • • XTEA RC4 Different multibyte XOR-based encryption For compression algorithms, we’ve seen the following: • • • • LZJB LZF FastLZ LZO In essence, each compiled attack platform uses a unique combination of algorithms that make it very difficult to detect. The attackers can deploy two types of packages to their victims: • • “Basic”, in-memory remote backdoor (~500K) Fully featured, C&C-capable, in-memory espionage platform (18MB) These have similar structures and look like the following: Malicious Duqu 2.0 MSI package. In the screenshot above, one can see the loader (ActionDll: 17,920 bytes) and the main payload (ActionData0: 476,736 bytes). Upon execution, ActionDll is loaded and control is passed to its only export, StartAction. The “basic” in-memory remote backdoor is pushed to computers inside the domain by the Domain Controller on a regular basis – almost like a worm infection. This gives the attackers an entry into most of the machines from the domain and if further access is needed, they can upload a more sophisticated MSI file that deploys tens of different plugins to harvest information. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 7 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details A thorough description of the malware loading mechanism from the “basic” remove backdoor MSI can be found below. Analysis of a Duqu 2.0 MSI package Filename: random / varies from case to case MD5 (example, can vary): 14712103ddf9f6e77fa5c9a3288bd5ee Size: 503,296 bytes File properties The MSI file has the following general properties: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Composite Document File V2 Document Little Endian OS: Windows, Version 6.1 Code page: 1252 Title: {7080A304-67F9-4363-BBEB-4CD7DB43E19D} (randomly generated GUIDs) Subject: {7080A304-67F9-4363-BBEB-4CD7DB43E19D} Author: {7080A304-67F9-4363-BBEB-4CD7DB43E19D} Keywords: {7080A304-67F9-4363-BBEB-4CD7DB43E19D} Comments: {7080A304-67F9-4363-BBEB-4CD7DB43E19D} Template: Intel;1033 Last Saved By: {7080A304-67F9-4363-BBEB-4CD7DB43E19D} Revision Number: {4ADA4205-2E5B-45B8-AAC2-D11CFD1B7266} Number of Pages: 100 Number of Words: 8 Name of Creating Application: Windows Installer XML (3.0.5419.0) Security: 4 It should be noted that MSI files used in other attacks can have different other properties. For example, we observed several other fields: • • Vendor: Microsoft or InstallShield Version: 1.0.0.0 or 1.1.2.0 or 2.0.0.0 For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 8 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Some of these are visible via the Windows Explorer file properties dialog box: There are two binary blocks inside this MSI package: For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 9 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details The first binary, called ActionDll, is in fact a Windows PE DLL file, while the other one is a Camellia-encrypted and LZJB-compressed data payload (the encryption and compression algorithm vary from case to case). In fact, there are several layers of executable code embedded one into another as compressed or encrypted binary blocks. Here’s a look at a Duqu 2.0 MSI package, with all its internal payloads: We describe these components in more detail below. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 10 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details First Layer: ActionDLL (msi.dll) Original filename: msi.dll MD5: e8eaec1f021a564b82b824af1dbe6c4d Size: 17’920 bytes Link time: 2004.02.12 02:04:50 (GMT) Type: 64-bit PE32+ executable DLL for MS Windows This DLL has only one export name called StartAction, which is called in the context of msiexec.exe process. When this function is called, it retrieves an MSI property called PROP and uses it as a decryption key for the bundled ActionData0 package: Next, the code iterates over 12 possible payloads that have to be decrypted and started. The payloads are part of the MSI and may have the following names: ActionData0, ActionData1, ActionData2, etc. The package described here contains only one payload named “ActionData0”. Second Layer: ActionData0 This binary chunk contains the main code, in compressed and encrypted format. It represents a composition of executable, position-independent code blocks mixed with embedded data objects. The code seems to be based on a framework and heavily uses helper structures that contain pointers to a set of system APIs and offsets to internal data blocks. Such structures are definitely a trademark of the developer. When they are initialized, one field (usually the first 4 bytes) contains a magic value that identifies the state and type of the structure. Another trademark of the coder is the way to import system API by module and export name hashes. The hashing algorithm was found all over this and other layers of executable code. It’s easily recognizable by two DWORD constants: 0x8A20C27 and 0x67F84FC6. Basically, the code in ActionData0 passes execution to an embedded executable, which we will refer by its internal name: “klif.dll”. The execution is passed to the second exported function in table of exports of this DLL file. This disregards the export name and relies only on the order of functions in the table of PE export ordinals. When this export function is called, a next stage helper structure pointer is passed to it, so that it can use some of the values set on the upper layer. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 11 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details However, before passing execution to klif.dll, the code attempts alternative routes. First, it attempts to find the name of the following format “api-ms-win-shell-XXXX. dll”, where “X” can be any decimal number. The name is valid if there is no module with such filename loaded into current process. The code attempts to iteratively find such name starting from api-ms-win-shell-0000.dll, api-ms-win-shell-0001.dll, api-ms-winshell-0002.dll and so on. This may be a dependency to the Duqu platform component that is yet to be discovered. Right after this, if the name was found, the code attempts to map a section kernel object by name, which is generated using a PRNG-based algorithm. The name of the section has the following template: “\BaseNamedObjects\{XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX}”, where “X” is any hexadecimal digit that is generated based on current system boot time. So far, the name of the section is “machine/boot time” dependent, which makes it unique but allows other processes of modules to locate such section if they use the same name generation algorithm. This section is accessed in different other parts of the code and modules. Lets refer to this section as OSBoot-section from now. Once the section name is generated the code tries to open such section and, if it is found, it takes some values from it and attempts to open a specific device and issue a number of IOCTL codes to the driver. The name of the driver device as well as IOCTL codes are located inside a section of the kernel mode driver KMART.dll that is described below. The code developer has a preference for using sections to any other ways to access data. Another use of sections appears to be in mapping the part of code/data where klif.dll is embedded and then finding that section using a hardcoded magic QWORD number: 0xA1B5F8FC0C2E1064. Once the section is found in address space of current process the code attempts to pass execution to it. This alternative execution route is not applicable to current MSI file package but simply exists in the code probably due to common code template used for building current MSI package. It may also be an indicator of another Duqu platform component that wasn’t used in the attacks that we observed. Third Layer: klif.dll Original filename: klif.dll MD5: 3fde1bbf3330e0bd0952077a390cef72 Size: 196’096 bytes Link time: 2014.07.06 08:36:50 (GMT) Type: 64-bit PE32+ executable DLL for MS Windows Apparently, this file attempts to mimic some of legitimate names of Kaspersky Lab product components: “klif.sys”. Although there is neither similarity in code nor in file information, the module uses Kaspersky Lab acronym in it’s export names: KLInit and KLDone. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 12 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details When this DLL is loaded into a new process, it simply initializes internal structures, such as those providing pointers to the required system API. The real payload of this module is located in the KLDone export function, which is second in the list of the export table. This export function is called from the previous code layer. First, it makes sure that global application structure is initialized with essential functions from ntdll.dll, kernel32.dll and user32.dll. System API functions are imported using hashes of export names. The hashing algorithm is identical to the one described one layer above and uses the same magic constants: 0x8A20C27 and 0x67F84FC6. Next the code iterates through the list of running processes and hashes lowercase name of each process. The hash is compared to a hardcoded value of 0x3E3021CB, which is a hash for the “avp.exe” string. Attacking AVP.EXE If the “avp.exe” process is running, the module attempts to open the OSBoot-section as described before and tries to attack the avp.exe process. The attack starts from identifying the exact path to the installed Kaspersky Lab product by iterating through an array of hardcoded registry keys and values for the following products: KES12 AVP15 AVP10 KES11 AVP14.0.0 KES9 KES10 AVP14 KES8 AVP16.0.0 AVP13 AVP80 AVP16 AVP12 AVP90 AVP15.0.0 AVP11 AVP9 AVP8 AVP7 AVP6 The registry values queried by the module contain a filesystem path to the root directory where the corresponding product is installed. For example: “C:\Program Files\Kaspersky Lab\Kaspersky Internet Security 15.0.0\” Once the registry key and value is found, the module confirms that avp.exe file is located in that directory. It does some basic file availability checks as well: makes sure that environment variables are resolved and the file can be opened for reading and it begins with 0x5A4D (magic “MZ” value of Windows executables). After that, the module creates a new section and maps avp.exe as a file view to this section. To allow code execution, the attributes of this memory region are also changed accordingly. This allows the module to change bytes from the mapped avp.exe in memory. The module applies two patches to the mapped avp.exe in a quite unusual way using SSE2 CPU extensions. In fact, it patches just the old DOS PE header (less than 120 bytes). The patches are simple callback mechanisms that call arbitrary function passed as an argument. Right after this, the module attempts to start a new thread that begins with one of the patched locations. So far, it looks like the new thread begins with a call originating from avp.exe module that does some other calls, i.e. jumping back to klif.dll. Apparently, this For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 13 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details attack was introduced to trick the avp.exe process into believing that further calls will be safe and trusted as the root of the call stack is coming from the legitimate avp.exe module. This is what we see further down in the code: the new thread instantly jumps from avp.exe back to klif.dll and tries to communicate with the Kaspersky Lab product minifilter driver, known as klif.sys. In fact, just before communicating with klif.sys, it opens OSBoot-section and gets an IOCTL code as well as the driver device name to send this IOCTL code to. The section and corresponding driver (KMART.dll) provide certain support to the current module. The code hashes current process name and verifies if it falls down into one of three hashes: 0x3E3021CB (avp.exe), 0xDE6D4DA0 (msiexec.exe), 0xB915B2D8 (rundll32.exe). If current process name hash is recognized, the module communicates with klif.sys by opening \KlifComm minifilter communication port and sending series of driver communication messages. According to analysis of the messages, this technique makes process or thread operations “invisible” to the klif interceptor. Such registered entity is considered to be trusted and its activity is removed from AV-scanning, process monitoring, firewall and other defense engines that are subscribed to intercepted events. In addition, the module requests support of the self-defense feature of Kaspersky Lab product, which is normally used to protect the software from aggressive malware which kills the security software processes using a number of techniques available from the OS. This of course guarantees that even a user with administrative privileges cannot stop such process. Considering that this seemed to be an attack against Kaspersky Lab products, we did some additional tests of the products and found that current products verify the caller process by checking its custom digital signature. So far, without additional driver support, this technique should fail. Verification of the digital signature of the process that opened \KlifComm minifilter communication port was implemented in all Kaspersky Lab products since 2010. So far, this could affect only older products such as KIS2010, which was released by Kaspersky Lab in 2009 ► It doesn’t look realistic now that the attackers started implementing tricks against Kaspersky Lab products in 2009 or earlier. So we looked for another rational explanation and seem to have found it. Such an attack doesn’t normally work against our products because they verify that the caller process is legitimate by checking its custom digital signature. To bypass this, the Duqu 2.0 component named “KMART.dll” patches “klif.sys” in memory to bypass this check. The attack works because the attacker’s “KMART.dll” is already running in kernel mode due to a vulnerability in the Windows kernel. After sending the codes, the module proceeds to the next stage, which is process migration, described further below. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 14 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details CTwoPENC.dll zero-day and KMART.dll The third layer klif.dll performs a multitude of functions in order to ensure the survival of the malware in memory and bypass antivirus detections. One important step is to get kernel level access. On 64-bit systems, one cannot simply load and run kernel mode code without a signed driver. While other attackers such as Equation or Turla chose to piggyback on third-party signed drivers, the Duqu 2.0 platform relies on a much more cunning trick. One of the payloads bundled together with “klif.dll” is called “CTwoPENC.dll”. This is aWindows kernel mode exploit (CVE-2015-2360) that allows them to run code with the highest privileges in the system We recovered several versions of “CTwoPENC.dll”, both for 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows, with the following compilation timestamps: • • • 2014.08.25 01:20:04 (GMT) 2014.08.25 01:19:03 (GMT) 2014.07.06 09:17:03 (GMT) Unlike other Duqu 2.0 modules, these timestamps appear to be legitimate. The reason for this remains unknown – perhaps the Duqu platform developers got this module from somebody else and forgot to patch its compilation timestamp. “CTwoPENC.DLL” exploits a zero-day vulnerability in “win32k.sys” to gain kernel privileges while being run as an unprivileged user. It creates several windows with classes named “CPer”, “Zero”, “CTwo”, “Vero” in several threads and manipulates the callback pointers. Part of the exploit code that registers window classes and creates new windows. The main purpose of the exploit is to load a driver named “KMART.dll”. If the exploit succeeds, it decompresses “KMART.dll” from the module’s body and passes control For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 15 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details to it while running in kernel mode. Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the “KMART. DLL” exist. This driver implements a kernel-mode attack against the Kaspersky Lab products filter “klif.sys”. It patches the import table addresses of system API functions PsGetCurrentProcessId, PsLookupProcessByProcessId and KlGetStringRef export of Kaspersky Lab’s anti-virus driver klflt.sys. The intercepted functions are preceded by malicious code that impersonates the other malicious modules as coming from the process/file “avp.exe” (using the actual location of the anti-virus component), thus evading monitoring by the anti-virus software. During testing, the zero-day exploit worked on all contemporary Windows versions (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1 both 32-bit and 64-bit). This vulnerability has been patched by Microsoft on June 9, 2015.” Payload Containers and Migration The module supports a number for different payloads provided in the form of containers following klif.dll in memory (located in PE overlay). A payload container contains a short header describing target CPU architecture, payload type and target process name or hash. When the module uses some embedded code or file there is normally at least two variants of code bundled inside: 32 and 64-bit. Each payload run type is identified by a single character. Current module supports the following 5 payload run types: g, i, k, l, q. Seems like the developer used ordered alphabet characters, which means that there could be other payload run types which were removed from the code at some time. Currently the container located in the overlay of subject executable contains a “l” character as a payload run type, so lets describe it first. Payload type “L” First, the code looks for privileges from other processes. The process handle can be hardcoded or obtained by looking for currently running processes, hashing their names and comparing them to one of known hashes. The module includes the following hardcoded process hashes: 0x31283314 (services.exe), 0x1026D1BA (lsass.exe), 0x3BD2498C (svchost.exe). If any of the recognized processes are found, the module opens process token and verifies that the following privileges are available: • • • • • • SeDebugPrivilege SeTcbPrivilege SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege SeIncreaseQuotaPrivilege SeImpersonatePrivilege SeRestorePrivilege If they are available the module duplicates process token and saves it into an internal structure for future use. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 16 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details The module looks for one of the available security suites installed in current system and some generic processes if nothing was found. It attempts to find executable files of the following software: • • • • • • • • • • • • • More than 20 different Kaspersky Lab products McAfee VSCore, SystemCore, HIP Symantec Internet Security Bitdefender ESET H+BEDV TrendMicro Network Security Component Rising AV Avast AVG 2012/2013/2014/2015 F-Secure Qihoo 360 Security Generic Windows Processes: oo %ProgramFiles(x86)%\Windows Defender\MsMpEng.exe oo %SystemRoot%\syswow64\svchost.exe oo %SystemRoot%\system32\lsass.exe oo %SystemRoot%\system32\svchost.exe When such an executable is found and eventually it should (at least svchost or lsass. exe should be present), it runs a new process from discovered location and replaces its executable code with own embedded into current executable in encrypted and compressed form. If the code manages to find a security token from one of the processes with required security privileges, it will try to use this token when creating a new process using CreateProcessAsUser API. Otherwise it simply spawns new process instance. The new process is started in suspended and debugged state. Just before starting the new process it disables DEP for the child processes to simplify code injection and data manipulation. So far, from the outside, it may look like a security software was started, while from the inside its code is completely different from legitimate module. Payload run type “G” This payload is almost identical to payload L described above, but the loader is simpler - it skips hijacking of privileged token. Code injection target is selected automatically depending on the availability of known processes. Payload run type “I” This payload is similar to payload G, but makes the loader parse payload header a bit differently: instead of process name string it takes only 4 bytes, which are supposedly used as a process hash. This seems to be a way to hide target process name and use only hash, however this hasn’t been implemented completely in the module we analyzed. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 17 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Payload run type “K” This payload is designed to run within the context of the current process. The code simply copies the code to be executed into separate memory and runs it in a dedicated thread. It blocks until thread finishes its execution. Payload run type “Q” This payload is identical to payload K described above but it doesn’t block execution when a new thread is started. So far, the new code runs asynchronously. After the payload container is opened and code migrated to another process, which can be elevated and protected from security software, the real malicious code is activated. In most cases, it is simple named pipe based backdoor that listens for incoming communications from the orchestrator. In rare cases, on selected machines, it can be heavy orchestrator module that communicates with command and control server, works as a bidirectional proxy and comes with a large bundle of secondary plugins. Platform plugginable modules In addition to the basic remote backdoor, the attackers deploy more sophisticated packages to domain controllers and to the victims of interest inside the LAN. These MSI packages can contain tens of different modules designed for various cyberespionage functions. The fully featured packages are much larger than the basic remote backdoor – 18MB vs 500KB. They follow the same structure, with ActionDll and the loader mechanism, except they contain a lot more plugins to load and run. During our analysis, we identified more than 100 variants of such plugins. A description of these plugins follows. To separate them, we used a virtual identifier based on the first two bytes of their MD5 sum. 03B7 – The main module of Duqu 2.0, orchestrator. Implements multiple protocol handlers for C&C communication, can start an intermediate C&C proxy server with a self-signed HTTPS certificate. Starts the plugin framework, loads and manages all additional plugins. It works via HTTP, HTTPS, SMB network pipes or direct TCP connection using a custom, encrypted protocol. Interaction via HTTP is concealed in JPEG or GIF files, similar to the 2011 version of Duqu. Request names, URLs and User-Agent strings may vary between attacks. Additional known variants: 3026, 4F11. 0682 – Collects basic system information: • • List of running processes Active desktop and terminal sessions For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 18 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Collected information is then transmitted to a named pipe provided by the caller. Additional known variants: C0B7 073C – Implements a complete Windows socket-based transport, both client and server side. Provides a class factory for the class that encapsulates various networking functions. 0872 – MSI CustomAction library that is activated when the malicious installer package is started by the Windows Installer. Loads the encrypted binary blob that contains actual malicious payload, decrypts and then executes it in memory. The names in version information vary: svcmsi_32.dll, msi3_32.dll, MSI.dll, msi4_32.dll. Encryption algorithms also vary: Camellia 256, AES, XXTEA. The decryption key is extracted from an MSI parameter, possible names: PROP, HASHVA, CKEY. The encrypted blob is searched by prefixes (can vary): ActionData, CryptHashs, CAData. Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions are known. Additional known variants: 8D7C, 16EF, E6E5, 434C, 44BD, F708. 09A0 – 64-bit, Exfiltrates file contents, particularly searching for files matching these rules: • • • *.inuse, *.hml filename contains “data.hmi” or “val.dat” files from the /Int/HMI/ or /LG/HM/ folders. File and directory names of interest for the 09A0 plugin. Additional known variants: 8858 0AB8 – Provides 25 functions for manipulating files and directories: • • • List files in directories Upload and download arbitrary files Read/write file contents For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 19 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details In several cases, the modules are looking specifically for directories named “\int”, “\lg”, “\ of\md”, “\tl”, “\ak” and files with extensions “.part”, “.manual”, “.inuse”. File and directory names of interest for the 0AB8 plugin. Additional known variants: A69E. 0B97 – Network transport. Implements API for connecting sockets and pipes provided by the caller. Additional variant: 56A2. 152B – Network and domain discovery. • • • Enumerates all servers in the domain Tries to connect to remote registries and enumerate all users in “HKEY_USERS”. Usernames are then converted to SIDs Enumerates all visible network shares Additional known variants: A987 1C71 – In-memory storage. Receives and stores string data in file mappings. 2125 – Network infection module. Tries to acquire administrative credentials from the running processes and then connect to a target machine using Windows shares. The machine is infected with a malicious DLL backdoor, the target directory varies and may be in UPDROOT$, ADMIN$ or C$. Uses custom SMB packets to identify the target OS version. The target malicious DLL is then started using a new service created with a name “svcmsi_32@”. The module communicates with the target backdoor via Windows pipes. Additional variant: DB65. Instead of the malicious DLL, it uploads a new MSI package and then relies on MSIEXEC.EXE to start the MSI via a newly created service named “msisvc_32@”, the target MSI name is generated randomly using a template “tmp%x. tmp”. Example of a Windows event log (System) entry created at the moment of infection. Administrative credentials are acquired by stealing a token from any running process that was started by a logged on user having domain administrator’s rights. For that, it first For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 20 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details queries for the first 100 administrative usernames in the current domain directly from the domain controller. Remote locations used by the network infection module. 24B7 – Remote desktop administration. Acquires the screenshots of the desktop but also can send input to the desktop, move the mouse cursor. Both 32-bit and 64-bit variants exist. Additional known variants: 65BE, 7795, BDC8, DEE2 26D6 – Detects running network sniffers (wireshark, tcpview, netstat, dumpcap, perfmon); implements a TCP server and communicates via network pipes. Internal name: “P.dll”. 2829 – Collects system information • • • • Monitors USB device attachment Collects USB drive history Enumerates network shares, windows captions, system routing tables Reads/writes encrypted files 2913 - WMI data collection • • • • Enumerate profiles with SIDs For each profile, extracts information from lnk files in the profile directory Enumerate processes via WMI (CIMV2), including terminated processes Extracts user information from available remote registries Additional known variant: C776 29D4 - Service msisvc_32@; DLL backdoor that is used for network infection by module 2125. Accepts commands via named pipe “Global\{B54E3268-DE1E-4c1e-A6672596751403AD}”. Both 32-bit and 64-bit variants exists. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 21 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Additional known variants: 6F92, A505, D242 2B46 – Extensive collection of system and user information • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Domain controller’s name List of users in the domain Administrators of the domain Enumerates domain trusts TCP tables UDP tables SNMP discovery (OS, parse all replies) USB drive history, mounted devices Installed programs Time zone OS install date ODBC.ini, SQL Server instance info, Oracle ALL_HOMES, SyBase, DB2, MS SQL, MySQL last connections DHCP/routing Network profiles Zero Config parameters Connected printers MRU list for WinRAR, WinZip, Office, IE typed URLs, mapped network drives, Visual Studio MRU Terminal Service Client default username hint User Assist history PuTTY host keys and sessions Logged on users Network adapter configuration VNC clients passwords Scan the network and identify OS using SMB packet Some of the registry locations harvested by the module. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 22 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Additional known variants: A7F8 2BF7 - Utility DLL. Provides basic API for creating new MSI packages, loading and injecting arbitrary PE modules. Also responsible for loading the first level of the VFS inside the malicious MSI files. Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions exist. Known names: “ntdll.dll”, “klif.dll”, “apiset.dll”. Additional known variants: 6DA1, 32DB, 8304, 9931, 9E60, A2D4, ABA9, B3BB, DC5F, DD32, F7BB 3395 – MS SQL discovery module. Module can send ARP packets to network and discover MS SQL Server ports. Additional functions are responsible for connecting and reading of remote registry contents. 35E9 – File system discovery. • • • Enumerate network shares Enumerate local disks Traverse files system hierarchy and enumerate files; identify reparse points 3F45 – Pipe backdoor. Opens a new globally visible named Windows pipe, receives and executes encrypted commands. The “magic” string that identifies the encrypted protocol is “tttttttt”. • • Enumerates running processes Loads and executes arbitrary PE files Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions exist. Known pipe names: • • • \\.\pipe\{AAFFC4F0-E04B-4C7C-B40A-B45DE971E81E} \\.\pipe\{AB6172ED-81054996-9D2A-597B5F827501} \\.\pipe\{0710880F-3A55-4A2D-AA67-1123384FD859} \\.\pipe\{6C51A4DB-E3DE4FEB-86A4-32F7F8E73B99} \\.\pipe\{7F9BCFC0-B36B-45EC-B377-D88597BE5D78}, \\.\pipe\{57D2DE92-CE174A57-BFD7-CD3C6E965C6A} Additional known variants: 6364, 3F8B, 5926, A90A, DDF0, A717, A36F, 8816, E85E, E927 For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 23 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 4160 - Password stealer • • Extracts Google Chrome and Firefox login data LSA credentials Data used to locate Chrome saved logins. Additional known variants: B656 41E2 – Password stealer. 64-bit module. Extracts: • • • • • • IE IntelliForms history POP3/HTTP/IMAP passwords TightVNC, RealVNC, WinVNC3/4 passwords Outlook settings SAM, LSASS cache Windows Live, .Net Passport passwords References to information collected by the module. Additional known variants: 992E, AF68, D49F 482F – Collects system information. • • • Enumerates disk drives Gets list of running processes Extensive process information including uptime For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 24 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details • • Memory information SID information Additional known variants: F3F4 559B – Active Directory survey. • • • Connects to the Active Directory Global Catalog (“GC:”) using ADSI Enumerates all objects in AD Presents every entry in a human-readable format Active Directory enumeration routine. 580C - Collects system and network information. • • • • • • • Retrieves the domain controller name Enumerates all users and groups in the domain Collects Task Scheduler logs Collects disk information, removable device history Retrieves firewall policies Enumerates all named system objects Enumerates all system services For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 25 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 5B78 - Collects system information and utilities. One of the two exported functions has a name “GetReport”. • • • • Enumerate running processes, extract tokens and SIDs, collect timing information Logon users using explicit credentials Impersonate users of running processes Build new 32-bit and 64-bit shellcode stubs using a hardcoded template Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions exist. Additional known variants: E8C7, EE6E. 5C66 – Encrypted file I/O, utilities • • File I/O operations: open/seek/read/write Manages compressed and encrypted temporary files For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 26 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 622B - Generate XML report about system using unique schema • • • • • • • Computer name Windows directory Enumerates all logical drives Lists all files OS serial number Domain name Network adapter configuration: IP addresses, MAC, MTU, adapter list XML tags used to generate the system report. 6302 - Utilities. Has internal name “d3dx9_27.dll”. Executes timer-based events. Additional known variants: FA84 669D – Utilities. Given a list of file names and directories, checks if they exist. Additional known variants: 880B For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 27 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 6914 - Sniffer-based network attacks. Uses a legitimate WinPcap driver “npf.sys”. Detects NBNS (NetBIOS protocol) requests of interest and sends its own responses: • • Responds to WPAD requests (“FHFAEBE” in NBNS packets) Sends responses to HTTP GET requests The network filter is based on the BPF library. The payloads for the HTTP and WPAD responses are provided externally. Fake HTTP response and related status messages. 6FAC - File API • • • Get file size, attributes Securely delete a file Open/close/read/write file contents Additional known variants: A7EE 7BDA – Collects system information • • • • • • • • Current state of AV and firewall protection using wscapi.dll API Detect if “sqlservr.exe” is running Computer name Workgroup info Domain controller name Network adapter configuration Time and time zone information CPU frequency Additional known variants: EF2E For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 28 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 7C23 – Extracts metadata from documents and collects system information • • • Computer name System volume serial Complete file API as in 6FAC Searches for documents and archives and implements routines to extract all valuable information from them: • • • • • • E-mail messages: eml, msg Image files: jpg, jpe, jpeg, tif, tiff, bmp, png Multimedia files: wmv, avi, mpeg, mpg, m4a, mp4, mkv, wav, aac, ac3, dv, flac, flv, h264, mov, 3gp, 3g2, mj2, mp3, mpegts, ogg, asf. These are re-encoded with libffmpeg. Contents from PDF documents Microsoft Office: doc, docx, xlsx, pptx. Dedicated routines are called accordingly: “OfficeRipDoc”, “OfficeRipDocx”, “OfficeRipXlsx”, “OfficeRipPptx”. PPT slides are extracted and converted to a HTML digest of the presentation. Archives: gz, gzip, gzX3, zip, rar Creates temporary files with extension “.fg4”. Additional known variants: EB18, C091 Part of the list of file extensions of interest and corresponding status messages. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 29 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 8172 - Sniffer-based network attacks. Performs NBNS (NetBIOS protocol) name resolution spoofing for: • • • WPAD requests Names starting with “SHR” Names starting with “3142” (log only) Status messages related to the attack. Additional feature: the module can build new shellcode blobs from hardcoded templates. 81B7 – Driver management • • • Write driver to disk Start/stop driver Safely remove the driver’s file from disk Additional known variants: C1B9 For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 30 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 8446 - Oracle DB and ADOdb client. • • • Uses “oci.dll” API to access Oracle databases Extracts all available information from the database Also connects to ADOdb providers SQL queries and related data. 8912 – Encrypted file manipulation and collects system information • • • • • • Shared file mapping communication Write encrypted data to files Enumerate windows Enumerate network shares and local disks Retrieve USB device history Collect network routing table Known mutex and mapping names: • • • Global\{DD0FF599-FA1B-4DED-AC70-C0451F4B98F0} Global\{B12F87CA-1EBA4365-B90C-E2A1D8911CA9}, Global\{B03A79AD-BA3A-4BF1-9A59-A9A1C57A3034} Global\{6D2104E6-73104A65-9EDD-F06E91747790}, Global\{DD0FF599-FA1B-4DED-AC70-C0451F4B98F0} Global\{B12F87CA-1EBA4365-B90C-E2A1D8911CA9} For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 31 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Additional known variants: D19F, D2EE 9224 – Run console applications. Creates processes using desktop “Default”, attaches to its console and redirects its I/O to named pipes. 92DB - Modified cmd.exe shell. Several CMD commands processed by the shell. 9F0D (64-bit), D1A3(32-bit) – legitimate signed driver NPF.SYS (WinPcap) distributed inside the VFS along with the plugins. It is used for sniffer-based network attacks. A4B0 – Network survey • • • • • • Uses DHCP Server Management API (DHCPSAPI.DLL) to enumerate all DHCP server’s clients Queries all known DHCP sub-networks Searches for machines that have ports UDP 1434 or 137 open Enumerates all network servers Enumerates network shares Tries to connect to remote registries to enumerate all users in HKEY_USERS, converts them to SIDs B6C1 - WNet API. Provides wrappers for the WnetAddConnection2 and WNetOpenEnum functions. Additional known variants: BC4A For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 32 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details C25B – Sniffer based network attacks. Implements a fake SMB server to trick other machines to authenticate with NTLM. • Implements basic SMB v1 commands SMB commands handled by the module • • • Pretends to have IPC$ and A: shares Accepts user authentication requests Also handles HTTP “GET /” requests NTLM challenge and SMB server data For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 33 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details ED92 – File system survey • • Enumerates all local drives and connected network shares Lists files EF97 – Filesystem utilities • • • • • Enumerate files Create and remove directories Copy/move/delete files and directories Extract version information from files Calculate file hashes Additional known variants: F71E Persistence mechanism The Duqu 2.0 malware platform was designed in a way that survives almost exclusively in memory of the infected systems, without need for persistence. To achieve this, the attackers infect servers with high uptime and then re-infect any machines in the domain that get disinfected by reboots. Surviving exclusively in memory while running kernel level code through exploits is a testimony to the technical prowess of the group. In essence, the attackers were confident enough they can survive within an entire network of compromised computers without relying on any persistence mechanism at all. The reason why there is no persistence with Duqu 2.0 is probably because the attackers wanted to stay under the radar as much as possible. Most modern anti-APT technologies can pinpoint anomalies on the disk, such as rare drivers, unsigned programs or maliciously-acting programs. Additionally, a system where the malware survives reboot can be imaged and then analyzed thoroughly at a later time. With Duqu 2.0, forensic analysis of infected systems is extremely difficult – one needs to grab memory snapshots of infected machines and then identify the infection in memory. However, this mechanism has one weakness; in case of a massive power failure, all computers will reboot and the malware will be eradicated. To get around this problem, the attackers have another solution – they deploy drivers to a small number of computers, with direct Internet connectivity. These drivers can tunnel traffic from the outside into the network, allowing the attackers to access remote desktop sessions or to connect to servers inside the domain by using previously acquired credentials. Using these credentials, they can re-deploy the entire platform following a massive power loss. Command and control mechanisms Duqu 2.0 uses a sophisticated and highly flexible command-and-control mechanism that builds on top of the 2011 variant, with new features that appear to have been inspired by other top class malware such as Regin. This includes the usage of network pipes and mailslots, raw filtering of network traffic and masking C&C traffic inside image files. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 34 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Inside a Windows LAN, newly infected clients may not have a C&C hardcoded in their installation MSI packages. Without a C&C, they are in “dormant” state and can be activated by the attackers over SMB network pipes with a special TCP/IP packet that contains the magic string “tttttttttttttttt”. If a C&C is included in the configuration part of the MSI file, this can be either a local IP address, which serves as a bouncing point or an external IP address. As a general strategy for infection, the attackers identify servers with high uptime and set them as intermediary C&C points. Hence, an infected machine can jump between several internal servers in the LAN before reaching out to the Internet. To connect the the C&C servers, both 2011 and 2014/2015 versions of Duqu can hide the traffic as encrypted data appended to a harmless image file. The 2011 version used a JPEG file for this; the new version can use either a GIF file or a JPEG file. Here’s how these image files look like: Another modification to the 2014/2015 variants is the addition of multiple user agent strings for the HTTP communication. The 2011 used the following user agent string: • Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.0; en-US; rv:1.9.2.9) Gecko/20100824 Firefox/3.6.9 (.NET CLR 3.5.30729) The new variants will randomly select an user agent string from a table of 53 different possible ones. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 35 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Another unusual C&C mechanism relies on driver files that are used to tunnel the C&C communications and attacker’s RDP/SMB activity into the network. The attackers deploy such translation drivers on servers with direct Internet connectivity. Through a knocking mechanism, the attackers can activate the translation mechanism for their IPs and tunnel their traffic directly into the LAN. Outside the LAN, the traffic can be masked over port 443; inside the LAN, it can be either direct SMB/RDP or it can be further translated over fake TCP/IP packets to IP 8.8.8.8. During our investigation, we observed several such drivers. A description can be found below. The “portserv.sys” driver analysis MD5: 2751e4b50a08eb11a84d03f8eb580a4e Size: 14336 Compiled: Sat Feb 11 21:55:30 2006 (fake timestamp) Internal name: termport.sys Type: Win32 device driver (a 64 bit version is known as well) For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 36 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details This is a malicious NDIS filter driver designed to perform manipulation of TCP/IP packets to allow the attacker to access internal servers in the victim’s infrastructure. Upon startup, the filter driver hooks into the NDIS stack and starts processing TCP/IP packets. To leverage the driver, the attacker first sends a special TCP/IP packet with the string “romanian.antihacker” to any of the hardcoded IPs belonging to infected server. In general, such servers are computers with direct Internet connectivity, such as a webserver or a proxy. The driver sees the packet, recognizes the magic string “romanian. antihacker” and saves the attacker’s IP for later use. Magic string used for knocking inside the driver. When a packet comes from the attacker’s IP (saved before), the following logic applies: • • • • Packet to server 1’s IP on port 443, is redirected on port 445 (Samba/Windows file system) Packet from server 1’s IP from port 445, is redirected to attacker’s IP port 443 Packet to server 2’s IP on port 443 is redirected on port 3389 (Remote Desktop) Packet from server 2’s IP from port 3389 is redirected to attacker’s IP port 443 This effectively allows the attackers to tunnel SMB (remote file system access) and Remote Desktop into these two servers while making it look like SSL traffic (port 443). These drivers allow the Duqu attackers to easily access servers inside the LAN from remote, including tunneling RDP sessions over Port 443 (normally SSL). It also gives them a persistence mechanism that allows them to return even if all the infected machines with the malware in memory are rebooted. The attackers can simply use existing credentials to log back into any of the servers that the driver is serving and can reinitialize the backdoors from there. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details 37 Similarities between Duqu and Duqu 2.0 The 2014/2015 Duqu 2.0 is a greatly enhanced version of the 2011 Duqu malware discovered by 7CrySyS Lab. It includes many new ideas from modern malware, such as Regin, but also lateral movement strategies and harvesting capabilities which surpasses commonly seen malware from other APT attacks. Side by side: 2011 Duqu 2014/2015 Duqu 2.0 Number of victims: <50 (estimated) <100 (estimated) Persistence mechanism: Yes No Loader: SYS driver MSI file Zero-days used: Yes Yes Main storage: PNF (custom) files MSI files C&C mechanism: HTTP/HTTPS, network pipes HTTP/HTTPS, network pipes Known plugins: 6 >100 There are many similarities in the code that leads us to conclusion that Duqu 2.0 was built on top of the original source code of Duqu. Those interested can read below for a technical description of these similarities. 7 https://www.crysys.hu/publications/files/bencsathPBF11duqu.pdf For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 38 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details One of the “trademark” features unique to the original Duqu was the set of functions that provide logging facilities. Unlike many other APTs, Duqu logs almost every important step of its activity but does it in a special way: there are no readable strings written to the log. Instead, a series of unique numbers identify every state, error, or message in the log. Comparing the functions that generate every log entry in Duqu and Duqu 2.0, we can conclude that they are almost identical: The first generation of Duqu was also written in a very rare and unique manner. It was compiled with Visual Studio and while parts of it were definitely written in C++, the majority of its classes were not natively generated by the C++ compiler. After analyzing all the possible variants, we conclude that these classes were written in OO-C, the objective variant of the C language, and then somehow converted into a compilable C/ C++ source. All these classes had a very specific feature: the virtual function table of every instance was filled “by hand” in its constructor. Interestingly, this is no longer the case for Duqu 2.0. The authors upgraded their compiler from Visual Studio 2008 (used in 2011) to Visual Studio 2013 and now use classes that look much more like native C++ ones: On the left: the “hand-made” or “compiler-assisted” classed of OO-C in Duqu. On the right: the same class in Duqu 2.0 has a native Vtable similar to native C++ one, however the offset of the pointer is not zero. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 39 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details The more concrete evidence of similarity can be found if we look for functions that actually use the logging facilities. The authors kept using the same unique numbers for identification of internal states, errors and function results. Networking functions are good candidates for comparison: Implementation of the same networking function in Duqu and Duqu 2.0. Note the same unique numbers (in red rectangles) PUSHed as parameters to the logging function. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 40 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Another networking routine: after calling recv() to receive data from network, Duqu logs the results and possible network errors (obtained via WSAGetLastError()). Unique numbers in red rectangles are used to identify the current state of the networking routine. The code of the orchestrator evolved in many aspects since 2011. One of the notable differences is a huge list of HTTP User-Agent strings that are now used instead of a single hard-coded one: For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 41 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details The authors also modified the “magic” two-byte value that identifies encrypted network traffic: “SH” was replaced with a more neutral and harder to trace “WW”: Code that verifies the “magic” value in network traffic. The chars are swapped due to little-endianness of data in x86/64 architectures. Both Duqu and Duqu 2.0 use special structures to identify the interfaces of their plugins. The orchestrator also has one for the “core” plugin that is compiled in its code. The newer version has a slightly bigger table, hence more functions, and a different notation for describing the plugin features. Special strings (i.e. “A888A8>@”) describe each function’s signature. The older Duqu had contained similar strings in binary (unreadable) form. Data structure that describes the “core” plugin of Duqu and two different version of Duqu 2.0. Note the same constants and similar functions. For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 42 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details The Duqu C&C code makes use of small image files to hide its communications over unencrypted channels, i.e. HTTP. The original Duqu used a JPEG file, and known versions of Duqu 2.0 use a similar JPEG file as well as a new, larger GIF file. Also, the layout of the data section did not change much: the image data is preceded by short AES encryption keys (string “sh123456” in Duqu, two binary DWORDs in Duqu 2.0) followed by the LZO version string “2.03”. Image data used for hiding C&C communication in them: JPEG in Duqu, similar JPEG in Duqu Bet and GIF in a different version of Duqu Bet. Note the preceding LZO version string “2.03” and encryption keys. The large number of similarities between the Duqu 2011 code and the new Duqu 2.0 samples indicates that the new code represents a new iteration of the malware platform. The new version could not have been built without access to the 2011 Duqu source code. Hence, we conclude that the authors are the same or working together. Victims of Duqu 2.0 Victims of Duqu 2.0 were found in several places, including western countries, the Middle East and Asia. The actor appears to compromise both final and utilitarian targets, which allow them to improve their cyber capabilities. Most of the final targets appear to be similar to their 2011 goals – which is to spy on Iran’s nuclear program. Some of the new 2014-2015 infections are linked to the P5+1 events and venues related to the negotiations with Iran about a nuclear deal. The threat actor behind Duqu appears to have launched attacks at the venues for some of these high level talks. In addition to the P5+1 events, the Duqu 2.0 group has launched a similar attack in relation to the 870th anniversary event of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau. 8 http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?lang=en For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 43 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details The other type of targets for the new attacks are what we call “utilitarian” targets. These are companies that the attackers compromise to improve their cyber capabilities. For instance, in 2011, the attackers compromised a certificate authority in Hungary; obviously, this would allow them to generate digital certificates, which can be further used to sign malware samples. The same pattern can be seen with the Duqu 2.0 infections. Some of the companies infected with Duqu 2.0 operate in the sector of Industrial Control Systems as well as industrial computers. Attribution As usual, attribution of cyberattacks over the Internet is a difficult task. In the case of Duqu, the attackers use multiple proxies and jumping points to mask their connections. This makes tracking an extremely complex problem. Additionally, the attackers have tried to include several false flags throughout the code, designed to send researchers in the wrong direction. For instance, one of the drivers contains the string “ugly.gorilla”, which obviously refers to 9Wang Dong, a Chinese hacker believed to be associated with the APT1/Comment Crew. The usage of the Camellia cypher in the MSI VFSes, previously seen in APT1-associated Poison Ivy samples is another false flag planted by the attackers to make researchers believe they are dealing with APT1 related malware. The “romanian.antihacker” string used in the “portserv.sys” driver is probably designed to mimic “w00tw00t.at.blackhats.romanian.anti-sec” requests that are often seen in server logs or simply point to an alleged Romanian origin of the attack. The usage of rare compression algorithms can also deceptive. For instance, the LZJB algorithm used in some of the samples is rarely seen in malware samples; it has been used by MiniDuke which we reported in early 2013. Nevertheless, such false flags are relatively easy to spot, especially when the attacker is extremely careful not to make any other mistakes. During our 2011 analysis, we noticed that the logs collected from some of the proxies indicated the attackers appear to work less on Fridays and didn’t appear to work at all on Saturdays, with their regular work week starting on Sunday. They also compiled binaries on January 1st, indicating it was probably a normal work day for them. The compilation timestamps in the binaries seemed to suggest a time zone of GMT+2 or GMT+3. Finally, their attacks would normally occur on Wednesdays, which is why we originally called them the “Wednesday Gang”. While the 2014 attack against Kaspersky Lab also took place on a Wednesday, the gang made huge OPSEC improvements compared to their older 2011 operations, including faking all the timestamps in PE files, removing the debug paths and internal module names for all plugins. The 2014 Duqu 2.0 binaries contain several strings in almost perfect English but one of them has a minor mistake indicating the involvement of non-native speakers. The usage of “Excceeded” instead of “Exceeded” in the file-harvesting module of Duqu 2.0 is the only language mistake we observed. 9 http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/cyber/wang-dong/view For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 44 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details Misspelling of the word “Exceeded” in Duqu 2.0. Most interesting, one of the victims appear to have been infected both by the Equation Group and by the Duqu group at the same time; this suggests the two entities are different and competing with each other to obtain information from this victim. Conclusions During the 2011 Duqu attacks, we concluded that its main purpose could have been to spy on Iran’s nuclear program. Some of the victims appear to have been “utilitary”, such as one certificate authority in Hungary, which was compromised by Duqu and ultimately that led to its discovery. The group behind Duqu hacks these “utilitary” victims in order to gain certain technical abilities such as signing their malware with trusted certificates or to serve as platforms for further attacks. The 2014/2015 Duqu 2.0 appears to be a massive improvement over the older “Tilded” platform, although the main orchestrator and C&C core remains largely unchanged. Back in 2011 we pointed out to the usage of 10Object Oriented C as an unusual programming technique. The 2014 version maintains the same core, although some new objects in C++ have been added. The compiler used in the 2014 is newer and it results in different code optimizations. Nevertheless, the core remains the same in functionality and it is our belief it could not have been created by anyone without access to the original Duqu source code. Since these have never been made public and considering the main interest appears to have remained the same, we conclude the attackers behind Duqu and Duqu 2.0 are the same. The targeting of Kaspersky Lab represents a huge step for the attackers and an indicator of how quick the cyber-arms race is escalating. Back in 2011 and 2013 respectively, 11RSA and 12Bit9, were hacked by Chinese-language APT groups, however, such incidents were considered rare. In general, an attacker risks a lot targeting a security company – because they can get caught and exposed. The exact reason why Kaspersky Lab was targeted is still not clear – although the attackers did seem to focus on obtaining information about Kaspersky’s future technologies, Secure OS, anti-APT solutions, KSN and APT research. 10 https://securelist.com/blog/research/32354/the-mystery-of-duqu-framework-solved-7/ 11 https://blogs.rsa.com/anatomy-of-an-attack/ 12 https://blog.bit9.com/2013/02/08/bit9-and-our-customers-security/ For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] 45 The Duqu 2.0 Technical Details From a threat actor point of view, the decision to target a world-class security company must be quite difficult. On one hand, it almost surely means the attack will be exposed – it’s very unlikely that the attack will go unnoticed. So the targeting of security companies indicates that either they are very confident they won’t get caught, or perhaps they don’t care much if they are discovered and exposed. By targeting Kaspersky Lab, the Duqu attackers have probably taken a huge bet hoping they’d remain undiscovered; and lost. For a security company, one of the most difficult things is to admit falling victim to a malware attack. At Kaspersky Lab, we strongly believe in transparency, which is why we are publishing the information herein. For us, the security of our users remains the most important thing – and we will continue to work hard to maintain your trust and confidence. References 1. Duqu: A Stuxnet-like malware found in the wild https://www.crysys.hu/publications/ files/bencsathPBF11duqu.pdf 2. Duqu: The Precursor to the next Stuxnet http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/ enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/w32_duqu_the_precursor_to_the_ next_stuxnet.pdf 3. The Mystery of Duqu: Part One https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/31177/themystery-of-duqu-part-one-5/ 4. The Mystery of Duqu: Part Two https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/31445/themystery-of-duqu-part-two-23/ 5. The Mystery of Duqu: Part Three https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/31486/themystery-of-duqu-part-three-9/ 6. The Mystery of Duqu: Part Five https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/31208/themystery-of-duqu-part-five-6/ 7. The Mystery of Duqu: Part Six (The Command and Control Servers) https://securelist. com/blog/incidents/31863/the-mystery-of-duqu-part-six-the-command-andcontrol-servers-36/ 8. The Mystery of Duqu: Part Ten https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/32668/themystery-of-duqu-part-ten-18/ 9. The Mystery of Duqu Framework Solved https://securelist.com/blog/research/32354/ the-mystery-of-duqu-framework-solved-7/ 10. The Duqu Saga Continues https://securelist.com/blog/incidents/31442/the-duqusaga-continues-enter-mr-b-jason-and-tvs-dexter-22/ For any inquiries, please contact [email protected] Securelist, the ressource for Kaspersky Lab experts’ technical research, analysis and thoughts Kaspersky Lab B2C Blog Kaspersky Lab security news service Eugene Kaspersky Blog Kaspersky Lab B2B Blog Kaspersky Lab Academy Kaspersky Lab, Moscow, Russia www.kaspersky.com All about Internet security: www.securelist.com Kaspersky Lab HQ Follow us 39A/3 Leningradskoe Shosse Moscow, 125212 Russian Federation More contact details Tel: +7-495-797-8700 Fax: +7-495-7978709 Find a partner near you: www.kaspersky.com/buyoffline Twitter.com/Kaspersky Facebook.com/Kaspersky Youtube.com/Kaspersky © 2015 Kaspersky Lab. All rights reserved. Registered trademarks and service marks are the property of their respective owners. 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