Drink Schweppes Quinine Water to cure a cold or flu (That's what the "horrible horrible WooHoo Corona virus" is. Its a fucking flu... Big whoop!). Why not?
On February 8, 2020 9:18:29 PM PST, jim bell <[email protected]> wrote: >[chloroquine is an old-line drug typically used against malaria] >[partial quote follows] > >https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/science/020620/could-an-old-malaria-drug-help-fight-the-new-coron > >ASBMB Today Science Could an old malaria drug help fight the new >coronavirus? >Could an old malaria drug >help fight the new coronavirus? >By John Arnst >February 06, 2020 > >Chloroquine might be getting new life as an antiviral treatment for the >novel coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has >infected some 25,000 people in more than 25 countries. For decades, the >drug was a front-line treatment and prophylactic for malaria. > >In a three-page paper published Tuesday in Cell Research, scientists at >the Wuhan Institute of Virology’s State Key Laboratory of Virology >write that both chloroquine and the antiviral remdesivir were, >individually, “highly effective” at inhibiting replication of the novel >coronavirus in cell culture. Their drug screen evaluated five other >drugs that were not effective. The authors could not be reached for >comment. > > >Though the paper is brief, John Lednicky, a professor at the University >of Florida’s Emerging Pathogens Institute, found its results >intriguing. “It’s interesting in that it really lacks a lot of details >but, nevertheless, if you look at the data as presented, at least in >vitro, it seems like chloroquine can be used as an early-stage drug,” >he said. “It would be very good if these types of experiments were >repeated by more laboratories to see whether the same results occur >across the board.” > >Chloroquine is a synthetic form of quinine, a compound found in the >bark of cinchona trees native to Peru and used for centuries to treat >malaria. > >Chloroquine was an essential element of mass drug administration >campaigns to combat malaria throughout the second half of the 20th >century, and remains one of the World Health Organization’s essential >medicines. However, after the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum >and Plasmodium vivax began exhibiting resistance to the drug in the >1960s and 1980s, respectively, it was replaced by similar antimalarial >compounds and combination therapies. Chloroquine is still widely used >against the three other species of plasmodium and to treat autoimmune >disorders and some cases of amebiasis, an intestinal infection caused >by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. > >Chloroquine’s antiviral properties were explored in the mid-1990s >against HIV and in the following decade against severe acute >respiratory syndrome, or SARS, which is closely related to the novel >coronavirus. In 2004, researchers in Belgium found that chloroquine >inhibited replication of SARS in cell culture. The following year, >however, another team at Utah State University and the Chinese >University of Hong Kong evaluated a gamut of compounds against SARS >replication in mice infected with the virus, finding that chloroquine >was only effective as an anti-inflammatory agent. They recommended that >it could be used in combination with compounds that prevent >replication. Nevertheless, in 2009, the Belgian group found that lethal >infections of human coronavirus OC43, a relative of SARS, could be >averted in newborn mice by administering chloroquine through the >mother’s milk. > >[end of partial quote] > >Also: > >https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-020-0282-0 > > >Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged >novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro >Manli Wang, Ruiyuan Cao, Leike Zhang, Xinglou Yang, Jia Liu, Mingyue >Xu, Zhengli Shi, Zhihong Hu, Wu Zhong & Gengfu Xiao > >Cell Research (2020)Cite this article > >171k Accesses > >1108 Altmetric > >Metrics >details > >Dear Editor, > >In December 2019, a novel pneumonia caused by a previously unknown >pathogen emerged in Wuhan, a city of 11 million people in central >China. The initial cases were linked to exposures in a seafood market >in Wuhan.1 As of January 27, 2020, the Chinese authorities reported >2835 confirmed cases in mainland China, including 81 deaths. >Additionally, 19 confirmed cases were identified in Hong Kong, Macao >and Taiwan, and 39 imported cases were identified in Thailand, Japan, >South Korea, United States, Vietnam, Singapore, Nepal, France, >Australia and Canada. The pathogen was soon identified as a novel >coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which is closely related to sever acute >respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV).2 Currently, there is no specific >treatment against the new virus. Therefore, identifying effective >antiviral agents to combat the disease is urgently needed. > >An efficient approach to drug discovery is to test whether the existing >antiviral drugs are effective in treating related viral infections. The >2019-nCoV belongs to Betacoronavirus which also contains SARS-CoV and >Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). Several drugs, such as >ribavirin, interferon, lopinavir-ritonavir, corticosteroids, have been >used in patients with SARS or MERS, although the efficacy of some drugs >remains controversial.3 In this study, we evaluated the antiviral >efficiency of five FAD-approved drugs including ribavirin, penciclovir, >nitazoxanide, nafamostat, chloroquine and two well-known broad-spectrum >antiviral drugs remdesivir (GS-5734) and favipiravir (T-705) against a >clinical isolate of 2019-nCoV in vitro. > >Standard assays were carried out to measure the effects of these >compounds on the cytotoxicity, virus yield and infection rates of >2019-nCoVs. Firstly, the cytotoxicity of the candidate compounds in >Vero E6 cells (ATCC-1586) was determined by the CCK8 assay. Then, Vero >E6 cells were infected with nCoV-2019BetaCoV/Wuhan/WIV04/20192 at a >multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.05 in the presence of varying >concentrations of the test drugs. DMSO was used in the controls. >Efficacies were evaluated by quantification of viral copy numbers in >the cell supernatant via quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and >confirmed with visualization of virus nucleoprotein (NP) expression >through immunofluorescence microscopy at 48 h post infection (p.i.) >(cytopathic effect was not obvious at this time point of infection). >Among the seven tested drugs, high concentrations of three nucleoside >analogs including ribavirin (half-maximal effective concentration >(EC50) = 109.50 μM, half-cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 400 μM, >selectivity index (SI) > 3.65), penciclovir (EC50 = 95.96 μM, >CC50 > 400 μM, SI > 4.17) and favipiravir (EC50 = 61.88 μM, >CC50 > 400 μM, SI > 6.46) were required to reduce the viral infection >(Fig. 1a and Supplementary information, Fig. S1). However, favipiravir >has been shown to be 100% effective in protecting mice against Ebola >virus challenge, although its EC50 value in Vero E6 cells was as high >as 67 μM,4 suggesting further in vivo studies are recommended to >evaluate this antiviral nucleoside. Nafamostat, a potent inhibitor of >MERS-CoV, which prevents membrane fusion, was inhibitive against the >2019-nCoV infection (EC50 = 22.50 μM, CC50 > 100 μM, SI > 4.44). >Nitazoxanide, a commercial antiprotozoal agent with an antiviral >potential against a broad range of viruses including human and animal >coronaviruses, inhibited the 2019-nCoV at a low-micromolar >concentration (EC50 = 2.12 μM; CC50 > 35.53 μM; SI > 16.76). Further in >vivo evaluation of this drug against 2019-nCoV infection is >recommended. Notably, two compounds remdesivir (EC50 = 0.77 μM; >CC50 > 100 μM; SI > 129.87) and chloroquine (EC50 = 1.13 μM; >CC50 > 100 μM, SI > 88.50) potently blocked virus infection at >low-micromolar concentration and showed high SI (Fig. 1a, b). Rr Sent from my Androgyne dee-vice
