Even more information on Ivermectin:
https://rebelem.com/covid-19-update-ivermectin/
Suggested treatment:
-
- If you believe the evidence thus far, which are severely flawed: Dosing
of Ivermectin Used in Trials
- Prophylaxis: 0.2 mg/kg on day 1 and day 3 followed by one dose/month
- Treatment 0.2mg/kg o day 1 and day 3 followed by Days 6 and 8 if not
recovered
- Suggested Dosing of Ivermectin Based on Weight [1]
[end of partial quote]
On Friday, December 18, 2020, 11:17:08 PM PST, jim bell
<[email protected]> wrote:
On Wednesday, December 16, 2020, 11:59:30 AM PST, jim bell
<[email protected]> wrote:
>Yes, I first became aware of Ivermectin in maybe 2014, when I saw that it was
>the main ingredient in 'ant-bait', ant-killer. So, I noticed it when many
>months ago, they started talking about it against COVID-19. I just bought a
>dozen tubes from Amazon, in a form intended as a horse-de-wormer. It says it
>tastes like apples! Yum!
https://www.amazon.com/Durvet-Duramectin-Equine-Wormer-Paste/dp/B01EP4TPPC/ref=sr_1_20?dchild=1&keywords=ivermectin&qid=1608148501&sr=8-20
>Would I take anything else? I say, "Nay!!!" (Neigh!!!)
> Jim Bell
More information on Ivermectin:
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Jim b
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=============================I recently sent a reference that says to prevent
COVID-19, a person should take about 0.2 mg of Ivermectin per kilogram of body
weight weekly, after a couple of quick treatments
This is probably a different cite:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043740/#:~:text=The%20half%2Dlife%20of%20ivermectin,for%20up%20to%20three%20days
Partial quote follows:
.Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2011 Feb 10; 87(2): 13–28.doi:
10.2183/pjab.87.13PMCID: PMC3043740PMID: 21321478
Ivermectin, ‘Wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective
Andy CRUMP*1 and Satoshi ŌMURA*1†Editor: Satoshi ŌMURAAuthor information
Article notes Copyright and License information DisclaimerThis article has been
cited by other articles in PMC.Go to:
Introduction
There are few drugs that can seriously lay claim to the title of ‘Wonder drug’,
penicillin and aspirin being two that have perhaps had greatest beneficial
impact on the health and wellbeing of Mankind. But ivermectin can also be
considered alongside those worthy contenders, based on its versatility, safety
and the beneficial impact that it has had, and continues to have,
worldwide—especially on hundreds of millions of the world’s poorest people.
Several extensive reports, including reviews authored by us, have been
published detailing the events behind the discovery, development and
commercialization of the avermectins and ivermectin (22,23-dihydroavermectin
B), as well as the donation of ivermectin and its use in combating
Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.1–6) However, none have concentrated in
detail on the interacting sequence of events involved in the passage of the
drug into human use.
When it first appeared in the late-1970s, ivermectin, a derivative of
avermectin (Fig. (Fig.1 )1 ) was a truly revolutionary drug, unprecedented in
many ways. It was the world’s first endectocide, forerunner of a completely new
class of antiparasitic agents, potently active against a wide range of internal
and external nematodes and arthropods. In the early-1970s, a novel
international Public Sector–Private Sector partnership was initiated by one of
us (Ōmura, then head of the Antibiotics Research Group at Tokyo’s Kitasato
Institute), forming a collaboration with the US-based Merck, Sharp and Dohme
(MSD) pharmaceutical company. Under the terms of the research agreement,
researchers at the Kitasato Institute isolated organisms from soil samples and
carried out preliminary in vitro evaluation of their bioactivity. Promising
bioactive samples were then sent to the MSD laboratories for further in vivo
testing where a potent and promising novel bioactivity was found, subsequently
identified as being caused by a new compound, which was named ‘avermectin’.7)
Despite decades of searching around the world, the Japanese microorganism
remains the only source of avermectin ever found.1) Originating from a single
Japanese soil sample and the outcome of the innovative, international
collaborative research partnership to find new antiparasitics, the extremely
safe and more effective avermectin derivative, ivermectin, was initially
introduced as a commercial product for Animal Health in 1981. It is effective
against a wide range of parasites, including gastrointestinal roundworms,
lungworms, mites, lice and hornflies.7–12) Ivermectin is also highly effective
against ticks, for example, the ixodid tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)
microplus, one of the most important cattle parasites in the tropics and
subtropics, which causes enormous economic damage. Indicative of the impact, in
Brazil, where some 80% of the bovine herd is infested, losses total about $2
billion annually.13) Today, ivermectin is being used to treat billions of
livestock and pets around the world, helping to boost production of food and
leather products, as well as keep billions of companion animals, particularly
dogs and horses, healthy. The ‘Blockbuster’ drug in the Animal Health sector,
meaning that it achieved annual sales in excess of over US$1 billion,
maintained that status for over 20 years. It is so useful and adaptable that it
is also being used off-label, sometimes, illegally, for example to treat fish
lice in the aquaculture industry, where it can have a negative impact on
non-target organisms. It also has extensive uses in agriculture.2)
Figure 1.
Molecular diagrams of avermectin and the di-hydro derivative, ivermectin.
Ivermectin proved to be even more of a ‘Wonder drug’ in human health, improving
the nutrition, general health and wellbeing of billions of people worldwide
ever since it was first used to treat Onchocerciasis in humans in 1988. It
proved ideal in many ways, being highly effective and broad-spectrum, safe,
well tolerated and could be easily administered (a single, annual oral dose).
It is used to treat a variety of internal nematode infections, including
Onchocerciasis, Strongyloidiasis, Ascariasis, cutaneous larva migrans,
filariases, Gnathostomiasis and Trichuriasis, as well as for oral treatment of
ectoparasitic infections, such as Pediculosis (lice infestation) and scabies
(mite infestation).14) Ivermectin is the essential mainstay of two global
disease elimination campaigns that should soon rid the world of two of its most
disfiguring and devastating diseases, Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic filariasis,
which blight the lives of billions of the poor and disadvantaged throughout the
tropics. It is likely that, throughout the next decade, well over 200 million
people will be taking the drug annually or semi-annually, via innovative
globally-coordinated Mass Drug Administration (MDA) programmes. Indeed, the
discovery, development and deployment of ivermectin, produced by an
unprecedented partnership between the Private Sector pharmaceutical
multinational Merck & Co. Inc., and the Public Sector Kitasato Institute in
Tokyo, aided by an extraordinary coalition of multidisciplinary international
partners and disease-affected communities, has been recognized by many experts
and observers as one of the greatest medical accomplishments of the 20th
century.15) In referring to the international efforts to tackle Onchocerciasis
in which ivermectin is now the sole control tool, the UNESCO World Science
Report concluded, “the progress that has been made in combating the disease
represents one of the most triumphant public health campaigns ever waged in the
developing world”.16)
Go to:
Onchocerciasis
The origins of ivermectin as a human drug are inextricably linked with
Onchocerciasis (or River Blindness), a chronic human filarial disease caused by
infection with Onchocerca volvulus worms. The parasites are transmitted via the
bite of infected blackflies of the genus Simulium, which breed in
highly-oxygenated, fast-flowing rivers and watercourses. In the human body,
immature larval forms of the parasite create nodules in subcutaneous tissue,
where they mature into adult worms. After mating, female worms can release up
to 1000 microfilariae a day for some 10–14 years. These move through the body,
and when they die they cause a variety of conditions, including skin rashes,
lesions, intense itching, oedema and skin depigmentation (Fig. (Fig.2 ).2 ).
Microfilariae also invade the eye, causing visual impairment and loss of
vision, onchocerciasis being the second leading cause of blindness caused by an
infectious disease.17) The disease causes visual damage for some 1–2 million
people, around half of who will become blind.18)
Open in a separate windowFigure 2.
Mali: an old man, blinded by onchocerciasis, with leopard skin on his legs and
nodules on his abdomen. Credit line: WHO/TDR/Crump.
In the early-1970s, the disease was endemic in 34 countries: 27 in Africa; 6 in
the Americas; and 1 in the Arabian Peninsula. The World Health Organization
(WHO) later estimated that 17.7 million people were infected worldwide, of whom
some 270,000 were blind, and another 500,000 severely visually disabled. The
burden of onchocerciasis was particularly extreme in the hyper-endemic belt
across sub-Saharan Africa. Communities in these areas exhibited high rates of
visual disability caused by Onchocerciasis, up to 40% in some areas, which
caused immeasurable negative impact on individual and community health,
reducing economic capacity and productivity, and leading to the abandonment of
fertile agricultural lands.19)
By 1973, Onchocerciasis had been recognised by the then head of the World Bank,
Robert McNamara, as a major disease of massive health and socioeconomic
importance and one in dire need of combating in West Africa, and he became the
key agent for change. In 1974, following international recognition of the
dramatic consequences of disabling and disfiguring Onchocerciasis in Africa,
four United Nations agencies, including the World Bank, launched the
Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP). The programme covered
1.2 million km2, protecting 30 million people in 11 countries from River
Blindness.
Go to:
Drug donation
For over a decade, OCP operations were exclusively based on the spraying of
insecticides by helicopters and aircraft over the breeding sites of vector
blackflies in order to kill their larvae. Following the registration of
ivermectin (produced under the brand name Mectizan®) for human use in 1987, in
a hitherto unprecedented move and with unheralded commitment, Mectizan® was
donated by the manufacturing company, Merck & Co. Inc., to treat onchocerciasis
in all endemic countries for as long as it was needed. The resultant drug
donation programme was the first, largest, longest running and most successful
of all—and proved a model for all others that have followed. Ivermectin began
to be distributed in 1988, with operations being organized through the
independent Mectizan Donation Program (MDP) established and funded by Merck.
Thereafter, OCP control operations changed from exclusive vector control to
larviciding combined with ivermectin treatment or, in some areas, to ivermectin
treatment alone. Ivermectin swiftly became the drug of choice for the treatment
of Onchocerciasis due to its unique and potent microfilaricidal effects, the
absence of severe side effects and its excellent safety. It is now the sole
tool being used in disease elimination campaigns in the 16 other African
countries where the disease exists, orchestrated by the African Programme for
Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), which commenced operations in 1996. A single
annual dose of 150 µg/kg of ivermectin, given orally, can reduce the level of
skin microfilariae to zero and, by interfering with worm embryogenesis, can
delay the build-up of new microfilariae for a period of up to two years. OCP
was closed in December 2002 after virtually stopping disease transmission in
all target nations except Sierra Leone where operations were hampered by civil
war.
The process, from the discovery of ivermectin’s activity against onchocercal
microfilariae to the successful distribution programme from 1988 onward, was
neither an easy or direct path. Success was achieved through groundbreaking and
innovative partnerships. The journey was a complex undertaking, incorporating
scientific uncertainty, conflicting views, ambiguity, frustration, individual
innovation and unexpected twists and turns. The actual discovery of ivermectin
was an international team effort involving a unique, pioneering Public
Sector/Private Sector partnership and the commitment and vision of several key
individuals. Ivermectin’s development into a drug for human use also involved a
number of organizational, individual and pharmacological variables—together
with a large slice of luck, educated insight and personal commitment.
Go to:
Development of ivermectin for human use
In the mid-1970s, the global community mobilized itself to address the major
problems of neglected tropical diseases. Following the setting up of the OCP in
1974, the UN-based Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical
Diseases (TDR) was established in 1975.20) Onchocerciasis, one of two filarial
infections among TDR’s eight target diseases, was at that time a major public
health problem affecting 20–40 million people in endemic areas. At exactly this
time, a specialized novel anthelmintic mouse screening model in Merck’s
research laboratories was identifying the avermectins in the microbial sample
sent by the Kitasato Institute, of which ivermectin would become the most
successful derivative.
At the time, there were no safe and acceptable drugs available to treat
Onchocerciasis, which had plagued Africa for centuries, effectively leading to
the creation of the OCP and its vector control focus. TDR quickly found that,
despite many pharmaceutical companies, such as Bayer, Hoffman-LaRoche,
CIBA-Geigy and Rhône-Poulenc, carrying out routing screening for filaricidal
compounds, no companies were interested in developing suitable anti-Onchocerca
drugs, as there was no apparent commercial market. Worse still, Onchocerca
species would not develop to maturity in any rodents, making it impossible to
screen compounds in an animal model against the target organism.21) It had been
shown that O. volvulus could infect chimpanzees (Pan troglodites) but it was
deemed unethical to use these animals for the necessary large-scale research,
even though some testing of compounds was undertaken.22,23) Consequently, the
OCP opted to devote operations to aerial larviciding via helicopters and small
fixed-wing planes. It was a very ‘vertical’ programme, mainly coordinated
through the World Bank and other UN agencies, with multimillion dollar
contracts given to a US-based helicopter company and to an American chemical
company for the insecticides.
Meanwhile, with respect to research needs, TDR had identified six specific
areas that required special attention, with the discovery of effective and safe
chemotherapeutic agents considered to be the highest priority. In 1975, only
two drugs were available for the treatment of onchocerciasis:
diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and suramin. The use of both was highly
unsatisfactory. DEC, which was known to kill microfilariae, caused violent and
even dangerous hypersensitivity reactions in the human host. Suramin, developed
50 years previously for treatment of Sleeping Sickness, was the only drug
considered for killing adult worms but was highly toxic, often causing severe
and occasionally fatal reactions. Moreover, parasitological cure of patients
using DEC and suramin required lengthy and expensive treatment given under
medical supervision. Therefore, the TDR Scientific Working Group (SWG),
composed of leading independent scientists in the field from around the globe,
including industry, decided that the priority was a new and non-toxic
macrofilaricide (to kill adult worms), a macrofilaricide being determined to be
substantially preferable to a microfilaricide (which would target immature
worms).24)
At the first meeting of TDR’s Filariasis Scientific Steering Committee in 1976,
it was reported that Programme staff had visited 16 major pharmaceutical
companies but had found none actively working on onchocerciasis. Nor was there
any validated model for screening. The Committee agreed that the high cost of
maintaining screening facilities for drugs against tropical diseases was a
significant deterrent to industrial involvement.25) TDR acted to rectify this
situation and thereby engage industry in the search for a new drug.
Unfortunately, O. volvulus parasites can only develop fully in humans and a few
primates. Fortunately, the closest relative to the human parasite is O.
ochengi, found in cattle, which is restricted to Africa and which is also
transmitted by the same vector. The O. ochengi cattle model thus facilitated
experimental studies, in the field and laboratory-based, that were not possible
in humans, leading to detailed knowledge of the parasite’s life cycle (Fig.
(Fig.3 ).3 ). From 1977 on, TDR provided technical and financial support to
establish a comprehensive screening system for Onchocercal filaricides. The
Programme identified five academic and private research institutions with
technical capacities and facilities for primary and secondary screens: the
University of Georgia (USA), University of Giessen (Germany), the Wellcome
Foundation (UK), the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (UK) and
the University of Tokyo (Japan). TDR provided some US$2.25 million to these
Public Sector institutions for primary and secondary screening of compounds,
while pressing pharmaceutical companies to donate compounds for testing with
the promise of full confidentiality. Additionally, TDR established a unique
tertiary screen, using cattle, for compounds showing positive results in any
secondary screen. Based at the James Cook University of North Queensland,
Australia, the screen, costing almost US$435,000, was the best predictor of
what a compound would do in humans. Some 10,000 compounds, many supplied by
leading pharmaceutical companies as coded samples, passed through the screening
network, including several from Merck.26)
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Ivermectin, ‘Wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective
Discovered in the late-1970s, the pioneering drug ivermectin, a dihydro
derivative of avermectin—originating sol...
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Ivermectin, ‘Wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective
Discovered in the late-1970s, the pioneering drug ivermectin, a dihydro
derivative of avermectin—originating sol...
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[partial quote ends]
