Matrix-free framework, step-37, step-48

A new interface for matrix-free implementation of finite element operators has 
been merged to the library. Functionality for CPU and memory efficient 
implementations is provided, especially beneficial for high-order elements 
(sparse-matrix computations are outperformed for orders two and higher in 
common applications). The implementation is extensively parallel, including MPI 
for distributed meshes, thread-parallelized for shared-memory computations, and 
usage of processors' vector units. As part of the project, the evaluation of 
(high-order) Gauss-Lobatto elements has been improved which are especially 
efficient in the matrix-free framework due to the diagonality of the function 
evaluation (and thus mass matrices). The new example program step-48 
demonstrates how to use the framework to solve a nonlinear problem and how the 
special structure of the Gauss-Lobatto elements can be exploited. Another 
example, step-37, explains how to use the matrix-free framework in a multigrid 
setting.

Martin Kronbichler and Katharina Kormann
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