Jan. 24
USA:
Midazolam and the Supreme Court----Only 1 week after refusing to stay Charles
Warner's execution, the justices will now hear his fellow inmates' appeal on a
questionable lethal-injection drug.
What changed?
Last week, the state of Oklahoma executed Charles Warner after the Supreme
Court refused to halt his execution while he appealed the constitutionality of
the drugs used to kill him. Warner and 3 other death-row inmates argued that
midazolam, a sedative used by Oklahoma and 3 other states in lethal injections,
did not properly induce unconsciousness and would therefore lead to a
horrifyingly painful death.
A 5-justice majority, however, denied Warner's request for a stay without
comment, and the state of Oklahoma executed Warner shortly thereafter. Justice
Sonia Sotomayor and three other justices dissented, arguing that Warner and the
other inmates had raised serious questions about Oklahoma's lethal-injection
procedures. "I hope that our failure to act today does not portend our
unwillingness to consider these questions," Sotomayor wrote.
Those hopes were not in vain. On Friday, the Supreme Court granted the three
remaining plaintiffs' petition to hear their case, titled Glossip v. Gross,
after it was relisted for further consideration. The justices gave no
indication why they would refuse to stay Warner's execution, then agree to hear
his case 7 days later. Requests for the Court to stay the other three inmates'
executions are forthcoming, said Dale Baich, one of their attorneys.
The Supreme Court has not addressed a lethal injection protocol's
constitutionality since Baze v. Rees in 2008. A 6-justice majority ruled then
that a 3-drug cocktail - the sedative sodium thiopental, the paralytic
pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride - did not violate the Eighth
Amendment. But without sodium thiopental to anesthetize a condemned inmate, the
court wrote, there would be "a substantial, constitutionally unacceptable risk
of suffocation from the administration of pancuronium bromide and of pain from
potassium chloride." In other words, the inmate would die in agony as he or she
suffocated to death.
Amid intense pressure by anti-death-penalty activists, the last American drug
maker to produce sodium thiopental withdrew from the market in 2011. State
officials scrambled to find alternative sources in overseas markets, leading to
a European Union embargo of lethal-injection drugs and raids by the U.S. Drug
Enforcement Agency to seize stockpiles of sodium thiopental that had been
imported without a license.
Without sodium thiopental, states then experimented with alternative cocktails.
Midazolam, a sedative from the benzodiazepine family, was first used for
executions in Florida as part of a 3-drug cocktail without apparent
complication. Outside of the Sunshine State, however, it has led to at least 3
botched executions. Last January, Dennis McGuire told observers during his
execution with midazolam and hydromorphone in Ohio that he could "feel his
whole body burning" as he died. In July, Joseph Wood gasped for air for 1 hour
and 57 minutes in Arizona during his executions with the same 2-drug cocktail.
Oklahoma first used a 3-drug midazolam cocktail identical to Florida's to
execute Clayton Lockett last April. During his execution, an improper IV
placement failed to deliver enough of the paralytic drug into his bloodstream,
and he died of a massive heart attack while writhing in pain. In the aftermath,
the other 4 Oklahoma death-row inmates appealed for a stay of their executions,
arguing that midazolam did not produce a "deep, comalike unconsciousness" and
was therefore an unacceptable substitute for sodium thiopental. As Justice
Sotomayor observed last week, this paralytic's absence may have revealed pain
and suffering that would otherwise be unobservable. This possibility raises
serious questions about all executions performed with midazolam, including
those carried out without incident in Florida.
The Supreme Court has never struck down an existing method of execution as
unconstitutional. A ruling that forbids midazolam would reverberate even
throughout states that do not use the sedative. No execution chamber in the
U.S. currently uses the Baze cocktail, and no pharmaceutical company currently
provides its key ingredient to American death rows. Even states like Texas,
which uses a single-drug protocol with pentobarbital in its lethal injections,
could find themselves on unsure constitutional footing.
(source: The Atlantic)
********************
US death penalty: Supreme Court to decide lethal injection case ---- US high
court last week allowed Oklahoma execution to go on, despite questions over
drugs used
The US Supreme Court revealed on Friday that it would look into lethal
injections in Oklahoma, just a week after it allowed the execution of a man in
that state, despite questions about the deadly drugs combined for the lethal
injections.
The Oklahoma case was brought by 3 death row inmates in the state who say that
lethal injections violate the US Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual
punishment, according to a report from Reuters. All 3 of the inmates who
brought the case are scheduled to be put to death within the next 2 months.
Questions have surrounded the 3-drug lethal injection process used in Oklahoma
since April 2014, when the state botched the execution of convicted murderer
Clayton Lockett. Execution officials had a difficult time placing Lockett's IV
for the injection and it took 43 minutes for him to die, during which he was
seen writing in pain, according to reports of the incident.
An investigation into Lockett's execution revealed that it wasn't the drugs
that caused the slow, painful death, but the IV connection. Still, the state
altered its lethal injection procedure following the Lockett debacle.
The Lockett case brought up questions of whether the Supreme Court would halt
further executions in Oklahoma, pending a procedural review. On 15 January, the
Supreme Court declined to halt the execution of Charles Warner, who was
convicted of raping and murdering an 11-month-old baby.
The inmates who brought the case before the high court are Richard Glossip,
John Grant and Benjamin Cole. Glossip is slated to be killed on 29 January for
arranging the murder of his former boss. Grant's execution is scheduled for 19
February, after he was convicted of stabbing a correctional officer to death.
Cole, who is to be killed on 5 March, was convicted of killing his 9-month-old
daughter.
It was not immediately clear if the Supreme Court would halt any of the 3
executions while it's waiting to hear the case, which is to be argued on April,
with a decision expected before July.
(source: The Independent)
*****************************
Supreme Court To Take Up Use Of Lethal Injection
The Supreme Court on Friday agreed to review Oklahoma's method of execution by
lethal injection, taking up a case brought by three death row inmates who
accuse the state of violating the U.S. Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual
punishment.
The high court just last week allowed the execution of a convicted killer to go
ahead in Oklahoma over the objection of its four liberal members.
The 3-drug process used by Oklahoma prison officials for carrying out the death
penalty has been widely debated since the April 2014 botched execution of
inmate Clayton Lockett, a convicted murder. He could be seen twisting on the
gurney after death chamber staff failed to place the IV properly.
The inmates challenging the state's procedures argue that the sedative used by
Oklahoma, midazolam, cannot achieve the level of unconsciousness required for
surgery and was therefore unsuitable for executions.
On Jan. 15, the high court declined to halt the execution of another Oklahoma
inmate, Charles Warner, who was convicted of raping and murdering an
11-month-old baby. The court was divided 5-4, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor
writing a dissenting opinion.
Although 5 votes are needed to grant a stay application, only 4 are required
for the court to take up a case.
The inmates say the 3-drug protocol used by the state can cause extreme pain in
violation of the U.S. Constitution's ban on cruel and unusual punishment.
After the Lockett execution, the state revised its protocols by increasing the
amount of midazolam used to render an inmate unconscious. Lower courts signed
off on the change, as did the divided Supreme Court.
In her dissent in the Warner case, Sotomayor said she was "deeply troubled by
this evidence suggesting that midazolam cannot be constitutionally used as the
1st drug in a 3-drug lethal injection protocol."
The inmates want the court to decide whether its 2008 decision in a case called
Baze v. Rees in which the justices upheld the three-drug execution protocol
used by Kentucky applies to Oklahoma's procedures. Lawyers for the inmates say
that the Oklahoma protocol is different, so the reasoning of the 2008 ruling
should not apply.
The inmates are Richard Glossip, John Grant and Benjamin Cole. Glossip, who
arranged for his employer to be beaten to death, is scheduled to be executed on
Jan. 29. Grant, who stabbed a correctional worker to death, is due to be put to
death on Feb. 19. Cole, convicted of killing his 9-month-old daughter, is
scheduled to be executed on March 5.
The brief court order did not note whether the court had agreed to stay the
executions.
The case will be argued in April, with a decision due by the end of June.
(source: Reuters)
********************
The botched executions behind the Supreme Court case on lethal injection
Late Friday afternoon, the Supreme Court announced it would review lethal
injection procedures used for many death row inmates across the country after a
few of botched executions raised concerns about whether the procedure is
unconstitutional.
Those problematic executions include Clayton Lockett, an Oklahoma inmate in
April who died of a heart attack 43 minutes after the lethal injection process
was started. After the 1st of a 3-drug cocktail was supposed to make him
unconscious, Lockett began writhing on the gurney. Months earlier in Ohio,
Dennis McGuire struggled and choked for several minutes and took nearly 25
minutes to die from the lethal injection. Arizona inmate Joseph R. Wood took
nearly 2 hours to die, with witnesses saying he gasped and snorted for much of
it. Other cases of problematic executions have been reported.
The question before the court now is whether the lethal injection protocol,
which has undergone unexpected changes in the past few years, amounts to cruel
and unusual punishment.
How lethal injection has changed
Until a few years ago, most lethal injections used a three-drug combination -
an anesthetic, a paralytic drug and a drug stopping the heart. The most common
anesthetic used was sodium thiopental, but in 2011, its sole manufacturer said
it would no longer make it after Italian officials banned export of the drug
for capital punishment. So states started using a different anesthetic,
pentobarbital - until its manufacturer, a Danish company known as Lundbeck,
protested its use in executions.
In turn, states started using new and untested combinations to carry out lethal
injections, which is still the main method of executions in the United States.
A Germany company said it would stop providing its anesthetic for lethal
injections, and a compounding pharmacy last year refused to provide drugs to
execute a Missouri inmate.
There's been a high level of secrecy
There's also been secrecy about where and how states are getting these new
drugs. As my colleagues reported last April, following Lockett's execution:
In their scramble to carry out death sentences, prison officials from different
states have made secret handoffs of lethal-injection drugs. State workers have
carried stacks of cash into unregulated compounding pharmacies to purchase
chemicals for executions. Some states, like Oklahoma, have relied on unproven
drug cocktails, all while saying they must conceal the source of the drugs
involved to protect suppliers from legal action and harassment.
"It looks like a street-level drug deal," said Dean Sanderford, a lawyer for
Lockett. "And they're keeping all the information secret from us. .?.?. They
don't need to be carrying out any more executions until they come clean, until
we know exactly what happened with Clayton???s execution and everything about
these drugs, where they???re getting them."
What's changed in Oklahoma
After a review of Lockett's death, Oklahoma a few months ago announced changes
to its lethal injection procedure. The state says it will now use 5 times as
much of the sedative midazolam, which it used for the 1st time in Lockett's
execution last year. The state last week executed its 1st inmate since Lockett,
and there were no apparent signs of distress.
What other states have done
The high-profile botched executions haven't changed much for states around the
country. As the Boston Globe reported last month, some states are looking at
other ways of executing death row inmates. Oklahoma is apparently looking at
becoming the first state to use "forced deprivation of oxygen," while Tennessee
may bring back the electric chair and Utah may reinstate the firing squad,
according to the Globe.
Support for the death penalty is down
Nationwide support for the death penalty has been declining, but at least 60 %
of people still favor it. After series of botched executions, pollsters
expressed doubt those incidents would change public attitudes in a significant
way. Still, at least 6 states have abolished the death penalty since 2007, and
18 states in total ban it.
(source: Jason Millman, Washington Post)
**************************
Dzhokhar Tsarnaev case jury is slow to form
The 1st full work week of jury selection in the trial of alleged Boston
Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev ended Friday with a total of 81 prospective
jurors facing questioning in what is turning into a tedious process, as both
prosecutors and defense attorneys challenge the suitability of potential
panelists.
Tsarnaev, 21, faces the possibility of the death penalty if convicted in the
April 2013 bombing that killed 3 and injured hundreds more, and lawyers on both
sides of the case have sparred over whether potential jurors are suitable to
serve.
Jurors must be willing to hand out the death penalty if Tsarnaev is convicted,
but they must also be open to granting a lesser sentence of life in prison. And
many jurors seemed to struggle to give definitive answers when questioned.
"I'm not a huge fan of the death penalty, but I also know I don't really know.
. . . I don't know what to think about it," said 1 potential juror, a software
developer for a consulting firm.
"It's one of those things you wish you never have to do, but there are times
you realize you need to do it," he said.
The potential jurors have not been identified by name.
US District Judge George A. O'Toole Jr. plans to seat a final panel of 12
jurors and 6 alternates, though he has abandoned his goal of completing the
task by Monday. The selection of a jury for a death penalty trial could take a
month, if not longer. It took O'Toole 6 days to question the 81 potential
jurors, and the process of culling jurors from the initial pool of 1,373 people
will continue next week.
The judge has not said how many of the jurors he has questioned so far have
been entered into the final pool of qualified panelists, and he has let lawyers
and prosecutors argue over their qualifications in closed hearings.
Defense lawyers have asked the judge to be more thorough in determining whether
jurors have any bias or presumptions in the case. They also asked in a 3rd
request Thursday to relocate the trial to a district outside Boston, saying it
will be impossible to pick a jury in the same city where the bombs went off.
The judge has not decided on the latest request.
3 people were killed and more than 260 were injured when the bombs went off at
the finish line on April 15, 2013.
Tsarnaev and his older brother Tamerlan also allegedly shot and killed an MIT
police officer. Tamerlan Tsarnaev was killed during a confrontation with police
in Watertown.
(source: Boston Globe)
******************
Death Penalty Fast Facts
Here's a look at the death penalty in the United States.
Facts:
Capital punishment is legal in 32 U.S. states.
Connecticut and New Mexico have abolished the death penalty, but it is not
retroactive. Prisoners on death row in those states will still be executed.
As of October 2014 there were 3,035 inmates awaiting execution.
Since 1976, when the death penalty was reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court,
1,394 people have been executed. (as of December 2014)
Japan is the only industrial democracy besides the United States that has the
death penalty. In Japan, the 2013 per capita execution rate was 1 execution per
15,809,458 persons.
Federal Government: (source: Death Penalty Information Center)
The U.S. government and U.S. military have 69 people awaiting execution. (as of
October 2014)
The U.S. government has executed 3 people since 1976.
Females:
There are 57 women on death row in the United States. (as of October 2014)
15 women have been executed since the reinstatement of the death penalty in
1976. (as of October 2014)
Juveniles:
22 individuals were executed between 1985 and 2003 for crimes committed as
juveniles aged 16 and 17.
March 1, 2005 - Roper v. Simmons. The Supreme Court rules that the execution of
juveniles is unconstitutional. This means that 16 and 17-year-olds are
ineligible for execution. And reverses 2 1989 cases in Kentucky and Missouri.
Clemency:
Clemency Processes around the Country.
275 clemencies have been granted in the United States since 1976.
For federal death row inmates, the president alone has the power to grant a
pardon.
Timeline:
1834 - Pennsylvania becomes the 1st state to move executions into correctional
facilities, ending public executions.
1838 - Discretionary death penalty statutes are enacted in Tennessee.
1846 - Michigan becomes the 1st state to abolish the death penalty for all
crimes except treason.
1890 - William Kemmler becomes the 1st person executed by electrocution.
1907-1917 - 9 states abolish the death penalty for all crimes or strictly limit
it. By 1920, 5 of those states had reinstated it.
1924 - The use of cyanide gas is introduced as an execution method.
1930s - Executions reach the highest levels in American history, averaging 167
per year.
June 29, 1972 - Furman v. Georgia. The Supreme Court effectively voids 40 death
penalty statutes and suspends the death penalty.
1976 - Gregg v. Georgia. The death penalty is reinstated.
January 17, 1977 - A 10-year moratorium on executions ends with the execution
of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah.
1977 - Oklahoma becomes the 1st state to adopt lethal injection as a means of
execution.
December 7, 1982 - Charles Brooks becomes the 1st person executed by lethal
injection.
1984 - Velma Barfield of North Carolina becomes the 1st woman executed since
reinstatement of the death penalty.
1986 - Ford v. Wainwright. Execution of insane persons is banned.
1987 - McCleskey v. Kemp. Racial disparities are not recognized as a
constitutional violation of "equal protection of the law" unless intentional
racial discrimination against the defendant can be shown.
1988 - Thompson v. Oklahoma. Executions of offenders age 15 and younger at the
time of their crimes are declared unconstitutional.
1989 - Stanford v. Kentucky, and Wilkins v. Missouri. The Eighth Amendment does
not prohibit the death penalty for crimes committed at age 16 or 17.
1994 - President Bill Clinton signs the Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act that expands the federal death penalty.
1996 - The last execution by hanging takes place in Delaware, with the death of
Billy Bailey.
January 31, 2000 - A moratorium on executions is declared by Illinois Governor
George Ryan. Since 1976, Illinois is the 1st state to block executions.
2002 - Atkins v. Virginia. The Supreme Court rules that the execution of
mentally retarded defendants violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and
unusual punishment.
January 2003 - Before leaving office, Governor George Ryan grants clemency to
all of the remaining 167 inmates on Illinois's death row, due to the flawed
process that led to the death sentences.
June 2004 - New York's death penalty law is declared unconstitutional by the
state's high court.
March 1, 2005 - Roper v. Simmons. The Supreme Court rules that the execution of
juvenile killers is unconstitutional. The 5-4 decision tosses out the death
sentence of a Missouri man who was 17-years-old when he murdered a St. Louis
area woman in 1993.
December 2, 2005 - The execution of Kenneth Lee Boyd in North Carolina marks
the 1,000th time the death penalty has been carried out since it was reinstated
by the Supreme Court in 1976. Boyd, 57, is executed for the 1988 murders of his
wife, Julie Curry Boyd, and father-in-law, Thomas Dillard Curry.
June 12, 2006 - The Supreme Court rules that death row inmates can challenge
the use of lethal injection as a method of execution.
December 15, 2006 - Florida Governor Jeb Bush suspends the death penalty after
the execution of prisoner Angel Diaz. Diaz had to be given 2 injections, and it
took more than 30 minutes for him to die.
December 15, 2006 - Judge Jeremy Fogel of the U.S. District Court in San Jose
rules that lethal injection in California violates the constitutional
prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment.
December 17, 2007 - Governor Jon Corzine signs legislation banning the death
penalty in New Jersey. The death sentences of 8 men are commuted to life terms.
September 2007 - The U.S. Supreme Court takes up the case of Baze and Bowling
v. Rees, in which two Kentucky death row inmates challenged Kentucky's use of a
3-drug mixture for death by lethal injection.
December 31, 2007 - Due to the de facto moratorium on executions, pending the
Supreme Court's ruling, only 42 people in the U.S. are executed in 2007. It is
the lowest total in more than 10 years.
April 14, 2008 - In a 7-2 ruling, the Supreme Court upholds Kentucky's use of
lethal injection. Between September 2007, when the Court took on the case, and
April 2008 no one was executed in the U.S.
March 18, 2009 - Governor Bill Richardson of New Mexico signs legislation
repealing the death penalty in his state. His actions will not affect 2
prisoners currently on death row, Robert Fry, who killed a woman in 2000, and
Tim Allen, who killed a 17-year-old girl in 1994.
November 13, 2009 - Ohio becomes the 1st state to switch to a method of lethal
injection using a single drug, rather than the 3-drug method used by other
states.
2010 - Execution by firing squad is used for the last time in Utah, with the
death of Ronnie Lee Gardner.
March 9, 2011 - Illinois Gov. Pat Quinn announces that he has signed
legislation eliminating the death penalty in his state, more than 10 years
after the state halted executions.
March 16, 2011 - The Drug Enforcement Agency seizes Georgia's supply of
thiopental, over questions of where the state obtained the drug. U.S.
manufacturer Hospira stopped producing the drug in 2009. The countries that
still produce the drug do not allow it to be exported to the U.S. for use in
lethal injections.
May 20, 2011 - The Georgia Department of Corrections announces that
pentobarbital will be substituted for sodium thiopental in the 3-drug lethal
injection process.
July 2011 - Lundbeck Inc., the company that makes pentobarbital (brand name
Nembutal), the drug used in lethal injections, announces it will restrict the
use of its product from prisons carrying out capital punishment. "After much
consideration, we have determined that a restricted distribution system is the
most meaningful means through which we can restrict the misuse of Nembutal.
While the company has never sold the product directly to prisons and therefore
can't make guarantees, we are confident that our new distribution program will
play a substantial role in restricting prisons' access to Nembutal for misuse
as part of lethal injection." Lundbeck also states that it "adamantly opposes
the distressing misuse of our product in capital punishment."
July 7, 2011 - Humberto Leal Garcia, Jr., a Mexican national, is executed by
lethal injection, in Texas for the 1994 kidnap, rape and murder of Adra Sauceda
in San Antonio. Despite pleas from the U.S. State Department and the White
House, Texas Governor Rick Perry does not grant clemency and the U.S. Supreme
Court does not intervene.
November 22, 2011 - Governor John Kitzhaber of Oregon grants a reprieve to Gary
Haugen, who was scheduled to be executed December 6. Kitzhaber, a licensed
physician, also puts a moratorium on all state executions for the remainder of
his term in office.
April 25, 2012 - Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy signs S.B. 280, An Act
Revising the Penalty for Capital Felonies, into law. The law goes into effect
immediately and replaces the death penalty with life without the possibility of
parole. The law is not retroactive to those already on death row.
June 22, 2012 - The Arkansas Supreme Court strikes down the state's execution
law, calling the form of lethal injection the state uses unconstitutional.
August 7, 2012 - The Supreme Court allows the execution of Marvin Wilson, 54, a
Texas inmate with low IQ.
November 6, 2012 - A measure to repeal the death penalty in California fails.
May 2, 2013 - Maryland's governor signs a bill repealing the death penalty. The
legislation goes into effect October 1.
June 26, 2013 - Texas executes its 500th prisoner since 1982, Kimberly
McCarthy, for the 1997 murder of Dorothy Booth. McCarthy is the 1st female
executed in the U.S. since 2010.
November 20, 2013 - Missouri executes white supremacist serial killer Joseph
Paul Franklin for the 1977 murder of Gerald Gordon. He was blamed for 22
killings between 1977 and 1980.
January 16, 2014 - Ohio executes inmate Dennis McGuire with a new combination
of drugs, due to the unavailability of drugs such as pentobarbital. The state
used a combination of the drugs midazolam, a sedative, and the painkiller
hydromorphone, according to the state corrections department. According to
witness Alan Johnson of the Columbus Dispatch, the whole execution process took
24 minutes, and McGuire appeared to be gasping for air for 10 to 13 minutes.
February 11, 2014 - Washington Gov. Jay Inslee announces that he is issuing a
moratorium on death penalty cases during his term in office.
May 22, 2014 - Tennessee becomes the 1st state to make death by electric chair
mandatory when lethal injection drugs are unavailable.
May 28, 2014 - A judge in Ohio issues an order temporarily suspending
executions in the state so that authorities can further study new lethal
injection protocols.
July 23, 2014 - Arizona uses a new combination of drugs for the lethal
injection to execute convicted murderer Joseph Woods. After he was injected it
took him nearly 2 hours to die. Witness accounts differ as to whether he was
gasping for air or snoring as he died.
September 4, 2014 - The Oklahoma Department of Public Safety issues a report on
the controversial April execution of inmate Clayton Lockett. Complications with
the placement of an IV into Lockett played a significant role in problems with
his execution, according to the report. An autopsy confirmed that Lockett died
from the execution drugs and not from a heart attack, but many consider it
botched nonetheless because it took 43 minutes for him to die.
November 19, 2014 - A Utah legislative committee votes 9-2 to endorse a bill
that will allow the execution of condemned prisoners by firing squad if drugs
needed for lethal injection are not available. The bill is scheduled to be
heard by full Utah Legislature convening in January 2015.
December 22, 2014 - A U.S. district court judge in Oklahoma rules that future
scheduled executions may proceed after he denies a preliminary injunction
request filed by 21 Oklahoma death row inmates stemming from the problematic
execution of Clayton Lockett on April 29th.
December 22, 2014 - Arizona's state-commisioned review board decides that the
execution of Joseph Woods was "handled appropriately," but that it will be
changing the combination they use in future executions from a 2 drug formula to
a 3 drug formula, or a single drug injection if the State can obtain it
(pentobarbital).
December 31, 2014 - Outgoing Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley takes the state's
last 4 inmates off death row, commuting their sentences to life in prison
without parole in one of his final acts in office.
January 8, 2015 - Ohio announces that it is reincorporating thiopental sodium,
a drug which it used in executions from 1999-2011, into it's execution policy.
The state is also dropping the two-drug regimen of midazolam and hydromorphone.
(source: CNN)
_______________________________________________
DeathPenalty mailing list
DeathPenalty@lists.washlaw.edu
http://lists.washlaw.edu/mailman/listinfo/deathpenalty
Search the Archives: http://www.mail-archive.com/deathpenalty@lists.washlaw.edu/
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A free service of WashLaw
http://washlaw.edu
(785)670.1088
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
