Hello! The output of `mysql_upgrade --socket=/run/user/1000/akonadi/mysql.socket` in your log from a Fedora machine is not relevant. The output is exactly the same as any normal mysql_upgrade run in Debian or elsewhere.
Your Fedora example would only be relevant if you copy the crashed database from the Debian host to Fedora, and prove that the exact same database in a cracked state recovers on Fedora but does not recover on Debian.