Confirm this problem with qemu 6.1 https://wiki.qemu.org/ChangeLog/6.1
Section: Incompatible changesWhen creating an image with a backing file, or changing the backing file of an existing image, qemu-img requires now that the backing file format is specified as well.
with qemu 6.0 works fine -- Aleksey I. Zavilohin +7-9028968180