after realizing (see man binfmt.de) that files /usr/lib/binfmt.d/*.conf should contain a configuration string, I added a file /usr/lib/binfmt.d/wine.conf containing :Wine:M::MZ::/usr/bin/wine: and rebootet the pc. Now it works as expected. I can start an application with ./file.exe
Surprisingly the wine-binfmt package contains a file/usr/lib/binfmt.d/wine but that file misses the extension conf and the content is not a configuration string, but
package wine
interpreter /usr/bin/wine
magic MZ
