▎ Tested booting a live Ubuntu 26.04 USB image (no install) on the same 
hardware, as suggested.
▎
▎ Result: GNOME Shell starts completely normally from the live image — no 
crash, no "Failed to open gpu" / "No GPUs found" errors, full graphical session 
works. Same Alder Lake iGPU (PCI ID 8086:46a8, /dev/dri/card1), same machine.
▎
▎ This confirms the regression is not a hardware, kernel, or Mesa/mutter driver 
defect — the exact same graphics stack works fine from a clean image. It's 
specific to this particular installation's state, most likely a side effect of 
a package purge/reinstall cascade this system went through around 2026-07-04 to 
2026-07-06 (an apt remove --purge of unrelated packages cascaded into 
removing/reinstalling gnome-shell, gdm3, ubuntu-desktop, and ~200+ other 
packages). A full reinstall of the gnome-shell/mutter/mesa stack from the same 
archive snapshot (done 2026-07-14) did not fix it, so whatever's wrong isn't 
captured by package content alone — likely a stale/inconsistent file, config, 
or systemd state left over from that cascade rather than corrupted package 
files.
▎
▎ Happy to dig into anything specific if there's a good way to diff the live 
image's state against this installation — let me know what would be useful to 
check.

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Desktop Bugs, which is subscribed to gnome-shell in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2160652

Title:
  gnome-shell/mutter 50.1 fails to start on Intel Alder Lake iGPU:
  gbm_create_device() returns EINVAL ("Failed to open gpu ... No GPUs
  found"

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