Here's a hacky workaround for you:

I found a strange entry in ~/.local/share/applications/mimeapps.list

application/octet-stream=gedit.desktop;

This means open almost any kind of binary file in gedit.

Perhaps you have something similar.

Deleting that line has solved the problem for me, until next time.

There is very likely to be a next time; let me explain:

Probably, one day I asked Ubuntu to open a file that I thought was text
in gedit, only to get some kind of scrambled nonsense since the file was
actually binary.

My particular case aside, opening an unkown file in the wrong
application is a very easy mistake to make.

Ubuntu quietly, and insidiously, saved my mistake as a mime-application
override (nothing indicates that your one-time choice will become
permanent).

Fortunately, this had no apparent affect on my everyday work in Ubuntu
(this time, other times it has had an effect.).

How could I have known that firefox gets its half-brained ideas about
what applications open what from that list of overrides.

-- 
You received this bug notification because you are a member of Desktop
Packages, which is subscribed to firefox in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/918019

Title:
  Firefox does not use default application to open PDF files

Status in “firefox” package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  This is beyond me, so I would like some help.

  Up until a software update within the last few months (maybe the
  upgrade to Ubuntu 11.100, I can't remember), if I opened a PDF file in
  Firefox, it would always ask, and the default aplication for that file
  type was Document Viewer.

  Now it defaults to 'gedit'.

  I have tried (through 'Edit --> Preferences') setting my default
  application for PDF files to 'Document Viewer', and then downloading a
  PDF file to open it, but for some reason the dialog box then says
  'Open with...' and 'gedit'.

  I will attach screenshots of:

  1. Application Preferences; and
  2. Dialog box showing Open with... gedit (default).

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 11.10
  Package: firefox 9.0.1+build1-0ubuntu0.11.10.2
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 3.0.0-14.23-generic 3.0.9
  Uname: Linux 3.0.0-14-generic i686
  AddonCompatCheckDisabled: False
  AlsaVersion: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.24.
  AplayDevices:
   **** List of PLAYBACK Hardware Devices ****
   card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 0: ALC260 Analog [ALC260 Analog]
     Subdevices: 1/1
     Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
  ApportVersion: 1.23-0ubuntu4
  Architecture: i386
  ArecordDevices:
   **** List of CAPTURE Hardware Devices ****
   card 0: Intel [HDA Intel], device 0: ALC260 Analog [ALC260 Analog]
     Subdevices: 1/1
     Subdevice #0: subdevice #0
  AudioDevicesInUse:
   USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
   /dev/snd/controlC0:  el_gallo_azul   1675 F.... pulseaudio
  BuildID: 20111228084953
  CRDA: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
  Card0.Amixer.info:
   Card hw:0 'Intel'/'HDA Intel at 0xe8a00000 irq 44'
     Mixer name : 'Realtek ALC260'
     Components : 'HDA:10ec0260,103c3011,00100400'
     Controls      : 24
     Simple ctrls  : 13
  Channel: release
  Date: Wed Jan 18 14:31:02 2012
  ForcedLayersAccel: False
  IfupdownConfig:
   auto lo
   iface lo inet loopback
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 10.10 "Maverick Meerkat" - Release i386 (20101007)
  IpRoute:
   default via 192.168.0.253 dev eth0  proto static 
   169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0  scope link  metric 1000 
   192.168.0.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.0.2  metric 1
  Profiles: Profile0 (Default) - LastVersion=9.0.1/20111228084953 (Running)
  RfKill:
   0: phy0: Wireless LAN
        Soft blocked: no
        Hard blocked: no
  RunningIncompatibleAddons: False
  SourcePackage: firefox
  UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to oneiric on 2011-11-13 (65 days ago)
  dmi.bios.date: 05/18/2005
  dmi.bios.vendor: Hewlett-Packard
  dmi.bios.version: 786D1 v01.03
  dmi.board.name: 09F8h
  dmi.board.vendor: Hewlett-Packard
  dmi.chassis.asset.tag: 43e0119
  dmi.chassis.type: 4
  dmi.chassis.vendor: Hewlett-Packard
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnHewlett-Packard:bvr786D1v01.03:bd05/18/2005:svnHewlett-Packard:pnHPCompaqdc7600SmallFormFactor:pvr:rvnHewlett-Packard:rn09F8h:rvr:cvnHewlett-Packard:ct4:cvr:
  dmi.product.name: HP Compaq dc7600 Small Form Factor
  dmi.sys.vendor: Hewlett-Packard

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