I found the simplest workaround: switching off the HDMI sound card in
pavucontrol.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1310260

Title:
  Pulseaudio fails to detect card (probably due to hybrid graphics)

Status in “pulseaudio” package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  Hi,
  I wanted to install Trusty on my Elitebook 850 G1 with hybrid graphics (Intel 
/ AMD) but pulseaudio goes nuts on me as soon as I try to play any music / 
sound, try to change volume, etc.
  I've tried it with Ubuntu, Kubuntu and now with Xubuntu with the same result 
everytime.

  My guess is that pulseaudio has problems with the AMD GPU and it's sound 
processor being switched off automatically as enabled by Kernel 3.13 (formerly 
achieved by adding the radeon.runpm=1 kernel parameter)
  (http://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dri-devel/2013-September/045650.html)

  root@HP-EliteBook-850-G1:~# cat /sys/kernel/debug/vgaswitcheroo/switch
  0:IGD:+:Pwr:0000:00:02.0
  1:DIS: :DynOff:0000:03:00.0
  2:DIS-Audio: :Off:0000:03:00.1

  As you can see, the AMD GPU has been turned off automatically. Pulseaudio, 
the (X)Ubuntu volume applet and KMix on the other hand list it as still 
available.
  Based on that I asume pulseaudio tries to access a switched-off device and 
fails.

  I've followed the steps listed
  here: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DebuggingSoundProblems
  and
  here: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PulseAudio/Log

  I'll attach the logs right away. (pulseverbose1.log and my dmesg
  output)

  Pusleverbose is full of messages like this one:
  (   0.013|   0.000) I: [pulseaudio] alsa-util.c: Error opening PCM device 
hw:0: No such file or directory

  This output of dmesg also caught my attention:
  [  354.927935] HDMI ATI/AMD: no speaker allocation for ELD
  [  357.695010] hda-intel 0000:03:00.1: Disabling via VGA-switcheroo

  One thing I noticed using Kubuntu is that after pulseaudio becomes 
unresponsive the taskmanager lists 4 pulseaudio processes two of which are 
"active on harddrive" ("Aktiv auf Festplatte"). Those two processes cannot be 
killed even as root.
  Currently being on Xubuntu the same thing is true, although it lists only one 
process in the taskmanager that cannot be killed.

  I hope you can help me.

  Best regards,
  Paul

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 14.04
  Package: pulseaudio 1:4.0-0ubuntu11
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 3.13.0-24.46-generic 3.13.9
  Uname: Linux 3.13.0-24-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.14.1-0ubuntu3
  Architecture: amd64
  AudioDevicesInUse: Error: command ['fuser', '-v', '/dev/snd/by-path', 
'/dev/snd/controlC2', '/dev/snd/hwC2D0', '/dev/snd/pcmC2D3p', 
'/dev/snd/pcmC2D7p', '/dev/snd/controlC1', '/dev/snd/hwC1D0', 
'/dev/snd/pcmC1D0c', '/dev/snd/pcmC1D0p', '/dev/snd/pcmC1D2c', 
'/dev/snd/controlC0', '/dev/snd/hwC0D0', '/dev/snd/pcmC0D3p', 
'/dev/snd/pcmC0D7p', '/dev/snd/pcmC0D8p', '/dev/snd/seq', '/dev/snd/timer'] 
failed with exit code 1:
  CurrentDesktop: XFCE
  Date: Sun Apr 20 13:47:09 2014
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2014-04-20 (0 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Xubuntu 14.04 LTS "Trusty Tahr" - Release amd64 
(20140416.2)
  PulseList: Error: command ['pacmd', 'list'] failed with exit code 1: No 
PulseAudio daemon running, or not running as session daemon.
  SourcePackage: pulseaudio
  Symptom: audio
  Symptom_Card: HDA-Intel - HDA Intel PCH
  Symptom_Jack: Speaker, Internal
  Title: [HP EliteBook 850 G1, IDT 92HD91BXX, Speaker, Internal] Pulseaudio 
fails to detect card
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  dmi.bios.date: 02/19/2014
  dmi.bios.vendor: Hewlett-Packard
  dmi.bios.version: L71 Ver. 01.08
  dmi.board.name: 198F
  dmi.board.vendor: Hewlett-Packard
  dmi.board.version: KBC Version 15.54
  dmi.chassis.asset.tag: CNU345BY96
  dmi.chassis.type: 10
  dmi.chassis.vendor: Hewlett-Packard
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnHewlett-Packard:bvrL71Ver.01.08:bd02/19/2014:svnHewlett-Packard:pnHPEliteBook850G1:pvrA3008CC10003:rvnHewlett-Packard:rn198F:rvrKBCVersion15.54:cvnHewlett-Packard:ct10:cvr:
  dmi.product.name: HP EliteBook 850 G1
  dmi.product.version: A3008CC10003
  dmi.sys.vendor: Hewlett-Packard

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