Similar thing happened to me in Ubuntu 18.04.  Today is the first day of
my installation of 18.04.  At first Firefox worked fine.  Then I was
tweaking a few things after the system upgrade to 18.04, and added the
date to the top menu bar / task bar by typing "sudo gsettings set
org.gnome.desktop.interface clock-show-date true" in the terminal window
at the bash prompt.  It didn't show the date, so I rebooted, and then it
showed the date.  Then I clicked on Firefox.  And it was not a black
screen, not a white screen, but a clear screen.  That is, a transparent
screen.

"sudo apparmor_parser -R /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.firefox" fixed it for
me.

Thank you Olivier Tilloy (osomon) !

I have edited /etc/apparmor.d/usr.bin.firefox in the past when Firefox
gave a black screen, after updating to Firefox version 51.0.1 two years
ago.  What fixed it the black screen then is described here:

  https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1334748#c7

but now my copy of usr.bin.firefox is the same as usr.bin.firefox.dpkg-
dist

which I think means it's the same as the current distribution file,
although I'm not sure, so I don't know what's going on or why this
happened.

** Bug watch added: Mozilla Bugzilla #1334748
   https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1334748

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1798999

Title:
  firefox windows are black in Ubuntu 18.10

Status in firefox package in Ubuntu:
  Fix Released

Bug description:
  1) The release of Ubuntu you are using, via 'lsb_release -rd' or System -> 
About Ubuntu
      Description:    Ubuntu 18.10
      Release:        18.10

  2) The version of the package you are using, via 'apt-cache policy
  pkgname' or by checking in Software Center

  firefox:
    Installed: 63.0+build1-0ubuntu1
    Candidate: 63.0+build1-0ubuntu1
    Version table:
   *** 63.0+build1-0ubuntu1 500
          500 http://ubuntu.osuosl.org/ubuntu cosmic/main amd64 Packages
          100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

  3) What you expected to happen
  Normal web browsing experience

  4) What happened instead
  Graphical elements are black.  After upgrading to 18.10, firefox graphical 
elements (window contents, context menus) are black.  The only exception is a 
small rectangle in the upper left corner.

  Right-clicking within the window creates a context menu, which I am
  able to verify by observing a new black rectangle of the correct width
  that can be made to occlude the task bar by initiating it at a
  suitable starting position.

  If I launch firefox from a terminal then I get messages like the
  following:

  --------code

  [GFX1-]: Failed to lock new back buffer.
  [Parent 25238, Main Thread] WARNING: failed to open shm: Permission denied: 
file 
/build/firefox-MtV3KQ/firefox-63.0+build1/ipc/chromium/src/base/shared_memory_posix.cc,
 line 129

  --------/code

  
  This occurs regardless of which desktop environment I use.  Other browsers 
are working fine.

  I'm guessing the problem is related to the reported problem accessing
  shm. However, for the sake of completeness, I am using an AMD gpu with
  standard driver:

  01:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
  [AMD/ATI] Curacao XT / Trinidad XT [Radeon R7 370 / R9 270X/370X]
  [1002:6810]

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