No, pkexec per default does not start a graphical application for security 
reasons.
If you want to start a graphical application with pkexec, you need a policy in 
/usr/share/polkit-1/actions.

But, nowadays, it mostly isn't necessary to start a graphical
application with elevated privileges, because there are better
alternatives.

On *buntu 18.04, synaptic does have a policy => 
https://packages.ubuntu.com/bionic/amd64/synaptic/filelist
You can start it with synaptic-pkexec. The same command is used in 
/usr/share/applications/synaptic.desktop

If it does not work and you have a policy, please check, that the
PolicyKit Authentication Agent is running (lxsession-default-apps in
section autostart) and logout/login.

I don't understand, how "su -l $other_user" is related to this bug
report?

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You received this bug notification because you are a member of Desktop
Packages, which is subscribed to policykit-1 in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1288786

Title:
  pkexec does not launch graphical authentication

Status in policykit-1 package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  Installed Trusty Tahr Lubuntu Beta1 version and added xubuntu desktop.  In 
buth desktops, I tried to launch synaptic to install some packages.  If I try 
to launch from menu, nothing seems to happen.  From a terminal, I ran
    pkexec "/usr/sbin/synaptic"
   and saw that it asks for password in the terminal window, instead of popping 
up an authentication window like previous Ubuntu version did.  That was why I 
saw no authentication request when launching from menu..  I have a 
workaround)launching from Terminal window), but this should be fixed before 
release.

  ralph@minnie:~$ cat /etc/lsb-release 
  DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
  DISTRIB_RELEASE=14.04
  DISTRIB_CODENAME=trusty
  DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu Trusty Tahr (development branch)"
  ralph@minnie:~$ pkexec --version
  pkexec version 0.105

  Thanks

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