Fix:
If you search your journalctl output and find an event like this:
Jul 07 20:45:20 ubuntu dbus-daemon[1064]: [system] Activating via systemd: 
service name='org.freedesktop.ColorManager' unit='colord.service' requested by 
':1.168' (uid=1000 pid=23634 comm="/usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-color " 
label="unconfined")

and the timestamp coincides with the second (successful) login (look for
"GNOME Shell started" if you are using Gnome), and the first (failed)
login doesn't have a matching event like the above, then the following
might help:

# copy /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target to /etc/systemd/system/

# edit /etc/systemd/system/graphical.target, so that when you diff it against 
the original, you get something like this:
$ diff /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target /etc/systemd/system/graphical.target
14c14
< Wants=display-manager.service
---
> Wants=display-manager.service colord.service
16c16
< After=multi-user.target rescue.service rescue.target display-manager.service
---
> After=multi-user.target rescue.service rescue.target display-manager.service 
> colord.service

# next time you reboot the issue should be gone.


Explanation:
gsd-color is invoked by org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Color.desktop.
The event above is logged presumably when gsd-color requests the dbus service 
provided by colord.service.
One can reasonably guess a failed login happens when gsd-color makes the 
request but colord hasn't yet started, so it fails and when gnome shell gets 
tired waiting, it kills itself.
So we add colord as a dependency to be run prior to graphical.target.

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You received this bug notification because you are a member of Desktop
Packages, which is subscribed to gnome-settings-daemon in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1764417

Title:
  Unrecoverable failure in required component
  org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Color.desktop

Status in gnome-settings-daemon package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  I've had this happen a couple of times now since upgrading to 18.04:
  soon (perhaps within a minute) after logging in, Gnome session ends
  abruptly and I'm thrown back to the login screen. IIRC, in both
  instances this occurred on the first login after boot, so it does not
  reoccur on the subsequent re-login, and not on every login (very
  rarely in fact), and for now I have no better steps to reproduce this
  other than "boot, log in".

  Bug #1663839 (reported against 17.04) seems similar, as does bug
  #1731428 (reported against 17.10).

  journalctl output during the issue:

  Apr 16 07:00:30 saegusa gnome-session[4342]: gnome-session-binary[4342]: 
WARNING: Application 'org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Color.desktop' failed to 
register before timeout
  Apr 16 07:00:30 saegusa gnome-session-binary[4342]: WARNING: Application 
'org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Color.desktop' failed to register before timeout
  Apr 16 07:00:30 saegusa gnome-session-binary[4342]: Unrecoverable failure in 
required component org.gnome.SettingsDaemon.Color.desktop
  Apr 16 07:00:30 saegusa gnome-session[4342]: gnome-session-binary[4342]: 
CRITICAL: We failed, but the fail whale is dead. Sorry....
  Apr 16 07:00:30 saegusa gnome-session-binary[4342]: CRITICAL: We failed, but 
the fail whale is dead. Sorry....

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 18.04
  Package: gnome-settings-daemon 3.28.1-0ubuntu1
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 4.15.0-15.16-generic 4.15.15
  Uname: Linux 4.15.0-15-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.20.9-0ubuntu4
  Architecture: amd64
  CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
  Date: Mon Apr 16 17:07:14 2018
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2016-10-13 (550 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu-Server 16.04.1 LTS "Xenial Xerus" - Release amd64 
(20160719)
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=xterm-256color
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set>
   LANG=fi_FI.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  SourcePackage: gnome-settings-daemon
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)

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