Hi Penghui,
Thanks for your reply and the evidence provided. We can fix this problem by 
improving the implementation of method `getNumberOfDelayedMessages()`, which is 
a simple patch. I can help to do this.

thanks,
Wenzhi Feng.

On 2025/06/18 23:26:08 PengHui Li wrote:
> Hi Wenzhi,
> 
> After upgrading our broker environment from version 3.0.x to 4.0.x,
> we observed a critical performance regression.
> The broker's CPU usage has consistently been more than three times
> higher than pre-upgrade levels, causing it to hit its allocated CPU limit.
> 
> The stacktrace from the process during this high-utilization period is
> attached below for diagnostics.
> 
> ```
> "broker-topic-workers-OrderedExecutor-1-0" #51 [95] prio=5 os_prio=0
> cpu=1678706.57ms elapsed=15712.43s tid=0x00007fa0da32b820 nid=95 runnable
>  [0x00007fa0d6c00000]
>    java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapSink(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapAndCopyInto(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.ReduceOps$ReduceOp.evaluateSequential(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.evaluate(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.reduce(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.sum(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.lambda$getNumberOfDelayedMessages$3(InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:231)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker$$Lambda/0x0000000100e73078.applyAsLong(Unknown
> Source)
>         at 
> java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline$5$1.accept(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.Iterator.forEachRemaining(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.ObjectSpliterators$SpliteratorFromIterator.forEachRemaining(ObjectSpliterators.java:1158)
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.copyInto(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapAndCopyInto(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.ReduceOps$ReduceOp.evaluateSequential(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.evaluate(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.reduce(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.sum(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.getNumberOfDelayedMessages(InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:231)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.AbstractDelayedDeliveryTracker.updateTimer(AbstractDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:91)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.addMessage(InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:128)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.trackDelayedDelivery(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:1314)
>         - locked <0x00000000c21d88b8> (a
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.AbstractBaseDispatcher.filterEntriesForConsumer(AbstractBaseDispatcher.java:228)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.trySendMessagesToConsumers(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:864)
>         - locked <0x00000000c21d88b8> (a
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.sendMessagesToConsumers(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:769)
>         - eliminated <0x00000000c21d88b8> (a
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.handleSendingMessagesAndReadingMore(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:729)
>         - locked <0x00000000c21d88b8> (a
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.lambda$readEntriesComplete$9(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:719)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers$$Lambda/0x0000000100c0f440.run(Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> org.apache.bookkeeper.common.util.SingleThreadExecutor.safeRunTask(SingleThreadExecutor.java:128)
>         at
> org.apache.bookkeeper.common.util.SingleThreadExecutor.run(SingleThreadExecutor.java:99)
>         at
> io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
>         at java.lang.Thread.runWith(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown Source)
>         at java.lang.Thread.run(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown Source)
> 
> "broker-topic-workers-OrderedExecutor-2-0" #52 [96] prio=5 os_prio=0
> cpu=1797445.47ms elapsed=15712.43s tid=0x00007fa0d9419fc0 nid=96 runnable
>  [0x00007fa0d6aff000]
>    java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.copyInto(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapAndCopyInto(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.ReduceOps$ReduceOp.evaluateSequential(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.evaluate(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.reduce(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.sum(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.lambda$getNumberOfDelayedMessages$3(InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:231)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker$$Lambda/0x0000000100e73078.applyAsLong(Unknown
> Source)
>         at 
> java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline$5$1.accept(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.Iterator.forEachRemaining(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.ObjectSpliterators$SpliteratorFromIterator.forEachRemaining(ObjectSpliterators.java:1158)
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.copyInto(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapAndCopyInto(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> java.util.stream.ReduceOps$ReduceOp.evaluateSequential(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.evaluate(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.reduce(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at java.util.stream.LongPipeline.sum(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.getNumberOfDelayedMessages(InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:231)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.AbstractDelayedDeliveryTracker.updateTimer(AbstractDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:91)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.delayed.InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.getScheduledMessages(InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker.java:217)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.getMessagesToReplayNow(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:1327)
>         - locked <0x00000000b8cd7968> (a
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.readMoreEntries(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:386)
>         - locked <0x00000000b8cd7968> (a
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.handleSendingMessagesAndReadingMore(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:743)
>         - locked <0x00000000b8cd7968> (a
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.lambda$readEntriesComplete$9(PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers.java:719)
>         at
> org.apache.pulsar.broker.service.persistent.PersistentDispatcherMultipleConsumers$$Lambda/0x0000000100c0f440.run(Unknown
> Source)
>         at
> org.apache.bookkeeper.common.util.SingleThreadExecutor.safeRunTask(SingleThreadExecutor.java:128)
>         at
> org.apache.bookkeeper.common.util.SingleThreadExecutor.run(SingleThreadExecutor.java:99)
>         at
> io.netty.util.concurrent.FastThreadLocalRunnable.run(FastThreadLocalRunnable.java:30)
>         at java.lang.Thread.runWith(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown Source)
>         at java.lang.Thread.run(java.base@21.0.7/Unknown Source)
> ```
> The flamegraph and stacktrace I provided are the primary evidence
> we've captured for the performance regression.
> 
> https://github.com/apache/pulsar/pull/23611/files#diff-f159b4e262ff6213bba19d20e6dc01d07ea8c19f4675524e4ceb1470f456e8fcR229-R231
> Here is the change that caused this issue. Each message added to the
> DelayedMessageTracker will call `getNumberOfDelayedMessages()` method
> which will iterate the map defined in InMemoryDelayedDeliveryTracker
> 
> ```
> 
> protected final Long2ObjectSortedMap<Long2ObjectSortedMap<Roaring64Bitmap>>
>         delayedMessageMap = new Long2ObjectAVLTreeMap<>();
> 
> ```
> 
> Regards
> 
> Penghui
> 
> 
> On Wed, Jun 18, 2025 at 4:01 PM WenZhi Feng <thetumb...@apache.org> wrote:
> 
> > -1 until much clearer proof is shown.
> >
> > On 2025/06/18 22:26:26 PengHui Li wrote:
> > > Hi team,
> > >
> > > I am writing to propose an urgent revert of PR #23611
> > >
> > > - https://github.com/apache/pulsar/pull/23611
> > >
> > > *Reason for Revert:*
> > >
> > > This PR has introduced a significant performance regression in the Pulsar
> > > broker.
> > > The attached flame graph visually demonstrates increased CPU utilization
> > > and time
> > > spent in the code paths related to DelayedDeliveryTracker and stream
> > > operations.
> > >
> > > While the intention was to optimize memory usage, the current
> > > implementation
> > > appears to have an adverse effect on CPU performance, leading to overall
> > > degraded
> > > broker throughput and increased latency.
> > >
> > > *Impact:*
> > >
> > > This regression is impacting the stability and performance of our Pulsar
> > > clusters,
> > > especially when you have large-scale delayed messages. Reverting the
> > change
> > > will
> > > allow us to restore the previous performance characteristics while we
> > > investigate
> > > a more robust and performant solution for DelayedDeliveryTracker memory
> > > optimization.
> > >
> > > *Proposed Action:*
> > >
> > > I propose to revert PR #23611 as soon as possible to reduce the risk to
> > > other users,
> > > and we can then collectively work on a more thoroughly tested and
> > > performant approach
> > > to optimize the DelayedDeliveryTracker memory.
> > >
> > > Please let me know your thoughts, and if there are any immediate concerns
> > > with this proposed revert.
> > >
> > > Regards,
> > > Penghui
> > >
> >
> 

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