After doing a bit more digging, seems to be related to this change
https://issues.apache.org/jira/projects/WW/issues/WW-5370 org.apache.struts2.dispatcher. HttpParameters private HttpParameters(Map<String, Parameter> parameters) { this.parameters = new TreeMap<>(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER); this.parameters.putAll(parameters); } Previously private HttpParameters(Map<String, Parameter> parameters) { this.parameters = parameters; } Which subtly breaks things, so check your forms!
