carloea2 commented on code in PR #3774:
URL: https://github.com/apache/texera/pull/3774#discussion_r2438422320


##########
common/workflow-operator/src/main/scala/org/apache/amber/operator/sort/StableMergeSortOpExec.scala:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.amber.operator.sort
+
+import org.apache.amber.core.executor.OperatorExecutor
+import org.apache.amber.core.tuple.{AttributeType, Schema, Tuple, TupleLike}
+import org.apache.amber.util.JSONUtils.objectMapper
+
+import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
+
+class StableMergeSortOpExec(descString: String) extends OperatorExecutor {
+
+  private val desc: StableMergeSortOpDesc =
+    objectMapper.readValue(descString, classOf[StableMergeSortOpDesc])
+
+  private var inputSchema: Schema = _
+
+  private case class ResolvedKey(
+      index: Int,
+      attributeType: AttributeType,
+      descending: Boolean
+  )
+
+  private var resolved: Array[ResolvedKey] = _
+
+  private var runs: ArrayBuffer[ArrayBuffer[Tuple]] = _
+
+  override def open(): Unit = {
+    runs = ArrayBuffer.empty[ArrayBuffer[Tuple]]
+  }
+
+  override def close(): Unit = {
+    if (runs != null) runs.clear()
+  }
+
+  override def processTuple(tuple: Tuple, port: Int): Iterator[TupleLike] = {
+    if (inputSchema == null) {
+      inputSchema = tuple.getSchema
+      resolved = resolveKeys(inputSchema)
+    }
+    val run = ArrayBuffer[Tuple](tuple) // size-1 sorted run
+    pushRun(run)
+    Iterator.empty
+  }
+
+  override def onFinish(port: Int): Iterator[TupleLike] = {
+    if (runs.isEmpty) return Iterator.empty
+
+    // Collapse all remaining runs left-to-right, preserving stability
+    var acc = runs(0)
+    var i = 1
+    while (i < runs.length) {
+      acc = mergeRuns(acc, runs(i))
+      i += 1
+    }
+
+    runs.clear()
+    runs.append(acc)
+
+    acc.iterator
+  }
+
+  private def resolveKeys(schema: Schema): Array[ResolvedKey] = {
+    desc.keys.map { k: SortCriteriaUnit =>
+      val name = k.attributeName
+      val idx = schema.getIndex(name)
+      val tpe = schema.getAttribute(name).getType
+      val descOrder = k.sortPreference == SortPreference.DESC
+      ResolvedKey(idx, tpe, descOrder)
+    }.toArray
+  }
+
+  private def pushRun(initial: ArrayBuffer[Tuple]): Unit = {
+    runs.append(initial)
+    // merge top two runs if they have equal sizes; preserve left-before-right 
for stability
+    while (runs.length >= 2 && runs(runs.length - 1).size == runs(runs.length 
- 2).size) {
+      val right = runs.remove(runs.length - 1) // newer
+      val left = runs.remove(runs.length - 1) // older
+      val merged = mergeRuns(left, right)
+      runs.append(merged)
+    }
+  }
+
+  private def mergeRuns(left: ArrayBuffer[Tuple], right: ArrayBuffer[Tuple]): 
ArrayBuffer[Tuple] = {
+    val out = new ArrayBuffer[Tuple](left.size + right.size)
+    var i = 0
+    var j = 0
+    while (i < left.size && j < right.size) {
+      if (compareTuples(left(i), right(j)) <= 0) {
+        out += left(i); i += 1
+      } else {
+        out += right(j); j += 1
+      }
+    }
+    while (i < left.size) { out += left(i); i += 1 }
+    while (j < right.size) { out += right(j); j += 1 }
+    out
+  }
+
+  private def compareTuples(a: Tuple, b: Tuple): Int = {
+    var k = 0
+    while (k < resolved.length) {
+      val r = resolved(k)
+      val va = a.getField[Any](r.index)
+      val vb = b.getField[Any](r.index)
+
+      // Null policy: ALWAYS last, regardless of ASC/DESC
+      if (va == null || vb == null) {
+        if (va == null && vb == null) {
+          k += 1
+        } else {
+          return if (va == null) 1 else -1
+        }
+      } else {
+        val base = compareNonNull(va, vb, r.attributeType)
+        if (base != 0) return if (r.descending) -base else base
+        k += 1
+      }
+    }
+    0
+  }
+
+  private def compareNonNull(va: Any, vb: Any, tpe: AttributeType): Int = {

Review Comment:
   https://github.com/apache/texera/issues/3923



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